The document discusses the past, present, and future of the internet and related technologies. It notes that computing power and internet connectivity have increased dramatically over time, enabling billions of devices to connect. Issues around data volume, security, applications, and societal impacts are discussed. The future internet is predicted to involve trillions of connected devices, data-driven applications, integrated physical and digital worlds, and challenges around privacy, ownership and control of data, and ensuring open access.

1. The Future of the Internet
1
Payam Barnaghi
Institute for Communication Systems (ICS)
Electronic Engineering Department
University of Surrey
Guildford, United Kingdom
The Grand Challenge
(Tracking 21st Century challenges together)
University of Exeter, June 2015

2. 2
IBM Mainframe 360, source Wikipedia

3. Apollo 11 Command Module (1965) had
64 kilobytes of memory
operated at 0.043MHz.
An iPhone 5s has a CPU running at speeds
of up to 1.3GHz
and has 512MB to 1GB of memory
Cray-1 (1975) produced 80 million Floating
point operations per second (FLOPS)
10 years later, Cray-2 produced 1.9G FLOPS
An iPhone 5s produces 76.8 GFLOPS – nearly
a thousand times more
Cray-2 used 200-kilowatt power
Source: Nick T., PhoneArena.com, 2014

4. Computing Power
4
−Smaller size
−More Powerful
−More memory and more storage
−"Moore's law" over the history of computing, the
number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit
has doubled approximately every two years.

5. Smaller in size but larger in scale
5

6. The Internet:A brief history
6
− 1961: Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on
packet switching theory in July 1961.
− 1962: J.C.R. Licklider of MIT discussed his "Galactic Network"
concept - a globally interconnected set of computers through
which everyone could quickly access data and programs from
any site.
− 1968: an RFQ was released by DARPA for the development of
one of the key components, the packet switches called
Interface Message Processors (IMP's).
− The RFQ was won in December 1968 by a group headed by
Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN).
Source: Internet Society

7. The Internet:A brief history
7
− 1970: the Network Working Group (NWG) working under S.
Crocker finished the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol,
called the Network Control Protocol (NCP).
− 1972: Bob Kahn organized a large, very successful
demonstration of the ARPANET at the International
Computer Communication Conference (ICCC).
− This was the first public demonstration of this new network
technology to the public.
− 1972: the first "hot" application, electronic mail, was
introduced.
Source: Internet Society

8. The old Internet timeline
8Source: Internet Society

9. TCP/IP in the early days of the Internet
9
− The original Cerf/Kahn paper on the Internet described one
protocol, called TCP, which provided all the transport and
forwarding services in the Internet.
− A 32 bit IP address was used of which the first 8 bits signified
the network and the remaining 24 bits designated the host on
that network.
− The assumption was that 256 networks would be sufficient
for the foreseeable future…
− Obviously this was before LANs (Ethernet was under
development at Xerox PARC at that time)

10. Expansion beyond estimation
10
In November 1979, a proposal was submitted
to NSF to fund a consortium of eleven
universities at an estimated cost of $3 million
over five years. This is viewed as too costly by
the NSF.
Source: Computer History museum
4 node Arpanet

11. Predicting the future (in 1999)!
11
− 1999:“The number of hosts (locatable through DNS) will
exceed 100 M, very soon!”
− A few years later in 2013, 80 “things” per second were
connecting to the internet. In 2014 that number was around
100 per second, and by 2020, more than 250 things will
connect each second. (source Cisco)
− It is estimated that by 2020 there will be more than 50 billion
internet connected devices. (source Cisco)

12. Submarine cables
12
Image source: mail online

13. Fiber optic cables around the world
A single fibre can
transmit as much as 100
billion bits per second
(100 Gbps, about ten
thousand times faster
than a typical home
broadband connection)
- A cable can contain
hundreds of fibres, a
single cable can have
enough capacity for the
communications of
millions of users.
Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps
Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

15. Countries at risk of getting disconnected from
the internet
Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

16. Connectivity and information exchange was
(and is ) one of the main motivations behind
the Internet; but Content and Services are
now the key elements;
and all started growing rapidly by the
introduction of the World Wide Web.
16

17. The World Wide Web
17
Tim Berners-Lee

18. Early days of the Web
18

19. Search on the Internet/Web in the early days
19

20. And there came Google!
20
Google says that the web has now 30 trillion
unique individual pages;

21. 21

22. Source: Intel, 2012

23. Source: http://www.techspartan.co.uk

24. Source: http://www.techspartan.co.uk

25. 25
AnyPlace AnyTime
AnyThing
Data Volume
Security, Reliability,
Trust and Privacy
Societal Impacts, Economic Values
and Viability
Services and Applications
Networking and
Communication

26. 26
Sensor devices are becoming widely available
- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

27. 27
More “Things” are being connected
Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
…

28. 28
People Connecting to Things
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
ECG sensor
Internet

29. 29
Things Connecting to Things
- Complex and heterogeneous
resources and networks

30. 30

31. Connected world
31Image courtesy: Wilgengebroed
DataData
SemanticsSemantics
Social
networks
Social
networks
M2M
Communic
ations
M2M
Communic
ations

32. 32
Internet of Things (IoT)
− Extending the current Internet and providing connection,
communication, and inter-networking between devices and
physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is often
referred to as the Internet ofThings.
− “The technologies and solutions that enable integration of
real world data and services into the current information
networking technologies are often described under the
umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)”

33. Mobile Technologies
33
Image courtesy: Economist

34. 1G
AMPS, NMT,
TACS
2G
GSM. GPRS,
TDMA IS-136,
CDMA IS-95, PDC
3G
UMTS, CDMA2000,
4G
5G
LTE, LTE-A
People
Things
Voice
Text
Data
5G technologies
and standards
Connection + Control M2M/IoT
Change in the communication
technologies

35. Mobile Services and Applications
35
Image courtesy: Economist

36. 36
Things, Devices, Data, and lots of it
image courtesy: Smarter Data - I.03_C by Gwen Vanhee

37. “delivering only data is not often sufficient, the
systems should be able to provide machine-
interpretable and/or human-understandable
insights (actionable-information)”
Sink
node Gateway
Core network
e.g. Internet
What is the temperature at home?Freezing!

38. 38

39. Internet of Things: The story so far
RFID based
solutions
Wireless Sensor and
Actuator networks
, solutions for
communication
technologies, energy
efficiency, routing, …
Smart Devices/
Web-enabled
Apps/Services, initial
products,
vertical applications, early
concepts and demos, …
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
ECG sensor
Physical-Cyber-Social
Systems, Linked-data,
semantics, M2M,
More products, more
heterogeneity,
solutions for control and
monitoring, …
Future: Cloud, Big (IoT) Data
Analytics, Interoperability,
Enhanced Cellular/Wireless Com.
for IoT, Real-world operational
use-cases and Industry and B2B
services/applications,
more Standards…

40. The scale
40
Things Data
Devices
2.5 quintillion
bytes per day
Billions and
Billions of
them…
Estimated 50
Billion by 2020

41. The IoT is a dynamic, online and rapidly
changing world
41
isPartOf
Publishing content/data on the Web
Data in the IoT
Image sources: ABC Australia and 2dolphins.com

42. What type of problems we expect to solve?

43. 43Source LAT Times, http://documents.latimes.com/la-2013/
Future cities: A view from 1998

44. 44
Source: http://robertluisrabello.com/denial/traffic-in-la/#gallery[default]/0/
Source: wikipedia
Back to the Future: 2013

45. 45

46. Applications and potentials
− Analysis of thousands of traffic, pollution, weather, congestion, public
transport, waste and event sensory data to provide better transport and
city management.
− Converting smart meter readings to information that can help prediction
and balance of power consumption in a city.
− Monitoring elderly homes, personal and public healthcare applications.
− Event and incident analysis and prediction using (near) real-time data
collected by citizen and device sensors.
− Turning social media data (e.g.Tweets) related to city issues into event and
sentiment analysis.
− Any many more…
46

47. The physical world data
− Multi-modal and heterogeneous
− Noisy and incomplete
− Time and location dependent
− Dynamic and varies in quality
− Crowed sourced data can be unreliable
− Requires (near-) real-time analysis
− Privacy and security are important issues
− Data can be biased- we need to know our data!
− Data alone may not give a clear picture -we need contextual
information, background knowledge, multi-source information
and obviously better data analytics solutions…
47

48. Some examples
48

49. Live data visualisation
49P. Source: Lasse Steenbock Vestergaard, CityPulse Project

50. Live event visualisation
50P. Source: Lasse Steenbock Vestergaard, CityPulse Project

51. Learning form data
51
F. Ganz, P. Barnaghi, F. Carrez, "Information Abstraction for Heterogeneous Real World Internet Data", IEEE Sensors Journal, 2013.

52. Ontology learning from real world data
52

53. Extraction of events and semantics from social media
53
City Infrastructure
Tweets from a city
P. Anantharam, P. Barnaghi, K. Thirunarayan, A. Sheth, "Extracting city events from social streams,“, 2014.
https://osf.io/b4q2t/

54. The Future of the Internet
54
In next 5 years

55. The rise of sharing economy
55Source: the Economist

56. More broadband in remote areas
56

57. More people getting connected
57Source: the Economist

58. More connected wearable devcies
58

59. The rise of village notebook/internet kiosks
59Source: wikipedia, green diary

60. More privacy/control issues
60
Source: wikipedia, the economist

61. Applications and Services
61

62. Data-centric networking
62

63. Smart Grid
63
Source: Economist, http://www.economist.com/node/13725843

64. The Future of the Internet
64
In next 25 years

65. Mind will be the machine
65
Pushing the boundaries between human and the machine!

66. The borders blend
66Source: IEEE Internet Computing

67. Information will find you, instead of you finding the
information
67

68. Boundary between human, technology and devices
68

69. Accumulated and connected knowledge?
69
Image courtesy: IEEE Spectrum

70. Global Challenges
− Net neutrality
− Openness and freedom of access
− Privacy and control on personal data
− Cyber security and trust
− Dependability and resilience
− Who owns what, and who controls what
− Digital divide
− Social impacts
70

71. Technical challenges
− (Automated) data to actionable-information process
− Finding and linking complimentary and related information
− Energy resources and bandwidth
− Quality of Service
− (near-) real-time access to information for
everything/everywhere
− Autonomous machine-to-machine interactions
− Fast speed networking
− Security, privacy, trust for applications and servcies
71

72. Let’s hope
−The Internet of the Future will be
−Open and accessible for everyone, everywhere,
available at anytime,
−People will have control on their data
−Data will be used for helping people
−Smart applications will contribute to a better life
and to a better use of of our resources in the
world!
72

73. Thank you.
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/P.Barnaghi/
@pbarnaghi
p.barnaghi@surrey.ac.uk