This document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) and provides definitions and architectures for IoT. It defines IoT as a global infrastructure that connects physical and virtual things through technologies that enable services. It discusses standard organization definitions and how IoT connects objects through sensors, actuators and communication technologies. The document outlines IoT architectures including layers for applications, information processing, resource management, networking and sensing/control. It also discusses cloud of things and reference architectures for IoT middleware and infrastructure.

1. Internet of Things (IoT)
Dr.P.Karthikeyan
Associate Professor
Department of Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai - 625 015

2. Google Trends - World

3. Google Trends - India

4. Internet of Things
Courtesy: Giacomo Morabito et al., 2010, The Internet of things: A survey, Computer Networks, Vol.54, pp.2787 – 2805

5. A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling
advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual)
things based on existing and evolving interoperable information
and communication technologies.
-ITU 2005
Machine to Machine (M2M) communications is the
communication between two or more entities that do not
necessarily need any direct human intervention. M2M services
intend to automate decision and communication processes
- ETSI 2010
IoT Definitions - Standard Organizations

6. The basic idea is that IoT will connect objects around us
(electronic, electrical, non-electrical) to provide seamless
communication and contextual services provided by them.
Development of RFID tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones
make it possible to materialize IoT which interact and cooperate
each other to make the service better and accessible anytime, from
anywhere.
-IETF 2010
A network of items - each embedded with sensors - which are
connected to the Internet
- IEEE 2014
IoT Definitions - Standard Organizations

7. Cyber physical systems (CPS) – sometimes referred to as the
Internet of Things (IoT) – involves connecting smart devices and
systems in diverse sectors like transportation, energy,
manufacturing and healthcare in fundamentally new ways.
Smart Cities/Communities are increasingly adopting CPS/IoT
technologies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their
operation and improve the quality of life.
- NIST 2014
System where the Internet is connected to the physical world via
ubiquitous sensors
- OASIS 2014
IoT Definitions - Standard Organizations

8. Applications
Courtesy: Giacomo Morabito et al., 2010, The Internet of things: A survey, Computer Networks, Vol.54, pp.2787 – 2805

9. Courtesy: http://malonemediagroup.com/history-of-the-internet-timeline-an-ever-evolving-digital-world/
Evolution of Internet

10. About Web
• Internet - Interconnection of networks (Infrastructure)
• Web is a part of Internet
• Access information through Internet
• Web is an interconnected documents
Web 1.0
• Information portal/ static HTML sites
• Consumer follow the links, Keyword based search
• Technical – HTML – frameset, marquee, blink
Web 2.0
• User specific content (read & write) management
• Technical – Rich Internet App (RIA), SOA, Social Web
• Ajax, Adobe Flex, XML, RSS etc
Courtesy: https://www.slideshare.net/ghazalhina/detail-history-of-web-10-to-30

11. Quiz
Find the irrelevant item from the following
1. Wikipedia
2. You Tube
3. University Website
4. Face Book
Answer: 3

12. Quiz
Find the relevant items with Web 2.0
1. University Website
2. Wikipedia
3. Face Book
4. Linked In
Answer: 2, 3, 4

13. Quiz
Find the terminology matching with Web 3.0
1. Intelligent search
2. Semantic Web
3. Advanced Search
4. Explore
Answer: 1, 2

14. Web 3.0
• More interactive than Web 2.0
• More connected & intelligent
• Ubiquitous – available anytime, anywhere and any channel or
device
• Individualized – Filtered and shared by friends (trusted
network)
• Efficient – relevant and contextual
• Semantic web – machine readable/understandable
– Linked with other data objects (hyper data)
– OWL (Web Ontology Language)
– Challenge - Security issues
https://www.slideshare.net/tokey_sport/web-10-web-20-web-30-29507092

15. Web of Things (WoT)
Using web technologies to harness the potential of the IoT
together with the Semantic Web to enable an open ecosystem of
services
-by Dave Ragget, W3C 2013
• WoT is a subset of IoT
• WoT provide solutions for fast prototyping, data integration
and interaction with objects
• Semantic Web

16. WoT Architecture
Courtesy: Dieter Uckelmann, Mark Harrison, Florian Michahelles, Architecting the Internet of Things, Springer, 2011

17. Web 3.0 view WoT
Example – Car break down due to wheel puncture
• When you find the nearby vulcanizing centre through web,
– The search result will give a list of vulcanizing centres and their
address, phone number
• Based on your earlier search history or based on the search context,
the browser also
– List few coffee shops and restaurants based on the time &
location
– List petrol bulk, four wheeler workshop and automobile shop
– Show free oil service/price concession advertisements

18. Web 3.0 view IoT (Smart Car)
Example – Getting car wheel puncture
– Get notifications to your phone to inform this issue
– Show the gas pressure level of the wheel
– Give a notifications to stop/slow down the car
– Show nearby vulcanizing centre and the owners phone number
based on your location
– Send a message to the tyre/tube manufacturing company
– Send a message to the highway toll plaza
– List few coffee shops and restaurants based on the time &
location
– List petrol bulk, four wheeler workshop and automobile shop
– Show free oil service/price concession advertisements

19. From the video shown,
• List the devices
– Mobile Phones, Tablets, Sensors etc
• List the communication technologies
– WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM, etc
• List the storage & Processing component
– Device Memory, Cloud, Server
• List the applications
– Smart Home, Office/Home Scheduling, Safety, Smart
Agriculture, Health monitoring etc

20. IoT Architecture
Donghee Shin, A socio-technical framework for Internet-of-Things design: A human-centered design for the Internet of Things, Tele and Info, 2014
Application
Layer
• After analyzing and processing the sensing data, this application layer uses the
data to provide users with a variety of different types of services.
• IoT applications can be divided into network monitoring, control type, scanning
type, etc.
• Support technologies, such as network security, fault-tolerant mechanism and
quality control throughout all levels, to provide application support.
Information
Processing
Layer
• Realizes the reasoning and semantic understanding of sensing data
• Provides data query, storage, analysis, mining, etc.
• Cloud computing could provide a good platform for sensing data storage and
analysis.
Resource
Mgmt. Layer
• Initialization of resources, monitoring the operation status of resources,
• Coordination of work between various resources,
• Achieve cross domain interactions between resources.
Networking
Layer
• Responsible for - networks integration, such as the Internet, Mobile
Communications Network, and Broadcast Television Network.
• Provide routing, format conversion, address conversion, etc.
Sensing and
Control
Layer
• RFID readers, smart sensor nodes and access gateways, etc.
• A variety of sensor nodes sense the relevant information of the target environment
• Pass it to the nearest gateway, then gateways submit their data.

21. https://iotco.org/

22. IoT Architecture
Qingping Chi, Hairong Yan, Chuan Zhang, Zhibo Pang, and Li Da Xu, A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN in IoT
Environment, IEEE Trans Indust Infor, 2014

23. Social IoT Architeture
Luigi Atzori a, Antonio Iera b, Giacomo Morabito c,⇑, Michele Nitti, SIoT, Comp Net, 2012

24. IoT – Reference Architecture
24http://wso2.com/whitepapers/a-reference-architecture-for-the-internet-of-things/

25. SOA – based Arch for IoT Middleware
• Object Abstraction – A
procedure to access the
heterogeneous objects through
a common language
• Service Management – service
repository, object dynamic
discovery, status monitoring,
service configuration, functions
for each object
• Service Composition –
networked objects for a service
specific to the application
Courtesy: Giacomo Morabito et al., 2010, The Internet of things: A survey, Computer Networks, Vol.54, pp.2787 – 2805

26. IoT Infrastructure – 3 Domains
Jiong Jin, Jayavardhana Gubbi, Slaven Marusic, and Marimuthu Palaniswami, An Information Framework for Creating a Smart City Through
Internet of Things, IEEE IoT, 2014

27. IoT Architecture - Application Specific (For disabilities)
Mari Carmen Domingo , An overview of IoT for disabilities, JNCA, 2012

28. Major Components of IoT
• Control Unit
• Sensors
• Power sources
• Wireless Communication technologies
– RFID
– Bluetooth
– ZigBee
– WiFi
– RF Links
– Cellular Networks
• Wired Communication technology
– Ethernet

29. Control Unit
• Integrated Circuit (IC) chip
• Processor core, memory, programmable input and output
peripherals
• GPIO – general purpose IO pins
• Inputs – sensors
• Outputs – LEDs, relays switches, motors
• Communication with modems, other modules
• ADC – Analog to Digital converter
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

30. Sensors
• Used for measure a physical quantity (temperature, humidity)
and convert into signal
• Connect with the input pin of the IC
• Two types of sensors
– Analog - produce voltage signals
– Digital – discrete signal (binary) – states like logic gates 0
or 1
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

31. Power Sources
• Electronic devise – Two points
– Voltage input point (Vin or Vcc)
– Ground
• Power by battery, thermocouples, solar cells
• Batteries – electrochemical component
– Convert chemical power into electrical generating direct
current (DC)
• Wearable devices - Small light weight Batteries (330mg &
3.6V)
• Battery Capacity – Watt per hour (Wh)/ Ampere per hour
(Ah)
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

32. Communication Technologies
• ‘Things’ connected with internet need to communicate with
each other for
– Exchange sensor output
– Triggers
– Status messages
• Wireless
– RFID, Bluetooth, WiFi, RF links, Cellular Networks
• Wired
– Ethernet

33. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
• Tracking objects
• Small electronic chip (tag)
• Asset tracking (parcel)
• Identifying objects (toll)
• Three category – active, passive and battery assisted passive (BAP)
• Passive tags
– Powered and activated by the reader
– Transmit – small amount of information (ID number)
• Active tags – own power, broadcast data continuously
• BAP – hybrid – own power but activate through reader
• Antenna and module – working with radio communication
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

34. Bluetooth
• Exchange data
– short distances (2400 -2480 MHz)
• Creating PAN
• Low power consumption technique
• Devices are communicate without line of sight
– Essential for sensor network deployment
• No direct connectivity to Internet
• Through intermediate node – Internet Connectivity
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

35. ZigBee
• Recently popular device – Home automation
• Design - Low cost, low power, M2M networks
• Operate unlicensed bands
– 2.4GHz, 900MHz, 868MHz
• Power consumption 50mA
• Max. Data rate 250kbps
• Coverage - 100 m to 1Km
– Depends on output power
• Need gateway for internet connection
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

36. Wi-Fi
• IEEE 802.11x standard
• Easy to establish connection
• More power is required
than the others
RF Links
• RF interface
• Cheap and small
• Cover 100m – 1Km
• Connect with IC via serial
port
• Low data rate
• Need gateway to connect
Internet
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

37. Networks
• Cellular Networks
– Mobile broadband network
– High data rates than the other
– High coverage
– GPRS, 3G, Wi-Max and LTE
– Complexity of protocol – information coding
– High power consumption during low signal
• Wired Networks
– Ethernet
Courtesy: Wikipedia, google

38. Protocols
• Standard IEEE 802.15.4
• BACNet Protocol
• KNX
• Modbus
• DTLS
• CoAP

39. IEEE 802.15.4
• Physical and Medium Access Control Layer
• Low Rate WPAN (LR-WPAN)
• Basis for Zigbee
• Used in 6LoWPAN
• Low cost, low speed communication, low power consumption
• Opposite of WiFi technology
• 10 Meter communications
• Datarate 250 Kbit/s
• CSMA/CA, support secure communication
• Power management - link quality, energy detection
• Frequency band – 2400 – 2483.5 MHz
Courtesy: Wikipedia

40. BACNet Protocol
• Building Automation and Control networks
• Network Layer level
• Designed to allow communication and control systems
• Heating, Ventilating, Air-conditioning, light, fire detection
• Exchange information for building service
• Maximize building energy efficiency, indoor air quality,
Green building
Courtesy: Wikipedia

41. BACNet Protocol
• Protocol services
– Who Is
– I Am
– Who Has
– I Have
• Device and Object discovery
• Services - Read & Write property
• Totally 54 Objects (Analog Input, Analog Output, Analog Value,
Binary Input, Binary Output, Binary Value, MultiState, Input,
MultiState, Output, Calendar, EventEnrollment, File,
NotificationClass, Group, Loop, Program, Schedule, Command, and
Device etc)
Courtesy: Wikipedia

42. KNX
• KNX is network communication protocol
• European Home Systems (EHS), European Installation Bus
(EIB)
• All physical media – wiring (EIB), radio(KNX-RF), Infrared,
Ethernet (EIBNet/IP or KNXnet/IP
• Controlled by any 8bit microcontroller to PC
• KNX system components
– Sensors (push buttons, movement, temperature, wind)
– Actuators (dimming units, electrical heating valves,
displays)
– System devices (line – couplers)
• Three categories of devices – Automatic, Easy, System-modes
Courtesy: Wikipedia

43. Modbus
• Serial communication protocol
• Designed for connecting industrial electronic devices
• Reasons
– Openly published & royalty free
– Easy to deploy and maintain
– Moves raw bits or words without placing many
restrictions
• Connect 247 devices
• Acting as a remote terminal unit (RTU)
• supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems
Courtesy: Wikipedia

44. Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)
• Provides communication security for datagram protocol
• Stream oriented transport layer security
• Prevent – eves dropping, tampering, message forgery
• Deal with packet reordering, loss of datagram
Courtesy: Wikipedia

45. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
• Software protocol – application layer level
• Used to connect small devices with internet
• Easily translated to HTTP for simplified integration with the
web
• Multicast support, low over head, simplicity
• It run all UDP supported devices
• Group communication
• URI support
• Support for discovery of resources
Courtesy: Wikipedia

46. Cloud of Things (CoT)

47. Cloud of Things (CoT)
• Cloud – For shared infrastructure, computation platform,
Software
• IaaS, PaaS and SaaS
• Cloud of things is a superset of Internet of things
• Additional Services in CoT
– TaaS (Things as a Service)
– DaaS (Data as a Service)
– SAaaS (Sensing and Actuation as a Service)
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44534771/Enabling_the_Cloud_of_Things20160408-13797-
45dmz5.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1504592562&Signature=nNONWq48NGUZBUMOYTDlvta8%2BZU%3
D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEnabling_the_Cloud_of_Things.pdf

48. Cloud of Things (CoT)
Implementation through C6
• Connectivity: connection between the devices (For mobile
and constrained objects)
• Content: Huge data from various sources
• Cloud: Storage and Service
• Context: Provide solutions/Performance based on the context
• Collaboration: Communication between the things, sharing
services
• Cognition: Knowledge mining (Intelligence) from the Big
data and adjust automatically for improving the system
Courtesy: Dieter Uckelmann, Mark Harrison, Florian Michahelles, Architecting the Internet of Things, Springer, 2011

49. Courtesy:DieterUckelmann,MarkHarrison,FlorianMichahelles,ArchitectingtheInternetofThings,
Springer,2011

50. Thanks
Expecting your feedback, comments