This document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and next generation IoT technologies. It begins with definitions of IoT and describes current IoT platforms and reference models. The document outlines the four main layers of an IoT architecture: sensors and actuators, communication technologies, processing and computing, and applications. Challenges of IoT like standards, regulation and security are presented. The presentation concludes that while many companies are still in the proof of concept stage of IoT applications, the potential economic value of IoT is estimated to be over $11 trillion by 2025.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses key features of IoT including artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, engagement, and small devices. It also outlines the history and development of IoT from early concepts in the 1800s to its naming in 1999. Advantages include improved customer engagement and data collection, while disadvantages include security, privacy, complexity, and flexibility challenges.
1) The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects or 'things' embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable the collection and exchange of data.
2) IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely via existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities to directly integrate the physical world with computer systems.
3) IoT includes a wide range of devices from sensors implanted in farm animals to automobiles to environmental monitoring devices that can autonomously exchange data to improve efficiency.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It provides definitions of IoT from various organizations and describes IoT as a network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software and network connectivity. These devices can collect and exchange data over the internet without human interaction. The document outlines the key components of IoT including sensing devices, network connectivity, data processing and applications. It also discusses the architecture of IoT devices and describes the various layers involved. Examples of application areas for IoT such as smart homes, healthcare and agriculture are provided. The benefits and challenges of IoT are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by defining IoT and describing its key features such as artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and use of small devices. It then explains how IoT works and describes its architecture which includes sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. The document discusses the history of IoT and provides examples of its applications in various domains like smart homes, healthcare, transportation, and agriculture. It also outlines some of the pros and cons of IoT such as improved customer engagement but also security and privacy risks. In the end, the document discusses some IoT tools and platforms.
The document discusses key topics related to the Internet of Things (IoT) including:
1. It defines IoT and lists its main characteristics as intelligence, connectivity, enormous scale, dynamic nature, heterogeneity, sensing, and security.
2. It describes the physical design of IoT including IoT devices and protocols used for communication between devices and cloud servers.
3. It outlines the logical design of IoT including functional blocks, common communication models like request-response, publish-subscribe, and push-pull, as well as communication APIs.
The document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as connecting devices, machines and tools to the internet using wireless technologies. Over 9 billion devices are currently connected, projected to exceed 20 billion. IoT unifies technologies like embedded systems, cloud computing, big data, machine learning and networking. The term originated from a 2005 report discussing internet-connected machines to machine connectivity networks extending to common household devices. IoT enables efficient monitoring and control of physical objects through embedded sensors and communication across networks.
This document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and next generation IoT technologies. It begins with definitions of IoT and describes current IoT platforms and reference models. The document outlines the four main layers of an IoT architecture: sensors and actuators, communication technologies, processing and computing, and applications. Challenges of IoT like standards, regulation and security are presented. The presentation concludes that while many companies are still in the proof of concept stage of IoT applications, the potential economic value of IoT is estimated to be over $11 trillion by 2025.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses key features of IoT including artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, engagement, and small devices. It also outlines the history and development of IoT from early concepts in the 1800s to its naming in 1999. Advantages include improved customer engagement and data collection, while disadvantages include security, privacy, complexity, and flexibility challenges.
1) The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects or 'things' embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable the collection and exchange of data.
2) IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely via existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities to directly integrate the physical world with computer systems.
3) IoT includes a wide range of devices from sensors implanted in farm animals to automobiles to environmental monitoring devices that can autonomously exchange data to improve efficiency.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It provides definitions of IoT from various organizations and describes IoT as a network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software and network connectivity. These devices can collect and exchange data over the internet without human interaction. The document outlines the key components of IoT including sensing devices, network connectivity, data processing and applications. It also discusses the architecture of IoT devices and describes the various layers involved. Examples of application areas for IoT such as smart homes, healthcare and agriculture are provided. The benefits and challenges of IoT are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by defining IoT and describing its key features such as artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and use of small devices. It then explains how IoT works and describes its architecture which includes sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. The document discusses the history of IoT and provides examples of its applications in various domains like smart homes, healthcare, transportation, and agriculture. It also outlines some of the pros and cons of IoT such as improved customer engagement but also security and privacy risks. In the end, the document discusses some IoT tools and platforms.
The document discusses key topics related to the Internet of Things (IoT) including:
1. It defines IoT and lists its main characteristics as intelligence, connectivity, enormous scale, dynamic nature, heterogeneity, sensing, and security.
2. It describes the physical design of IoT including IoT devices and protocols used for communication between devices and cloud servers.
3. It outlines the logical design of IoT including functional blocks, common communication models like request-response, publish-subscribe, and push-pull, as well as communication APIs.
The document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as connecting devices, machines and tools to the internet using wireless technologies. Over 9 billion devices are currently connected, projected to exceed 20 billion. IoT unifies technologies like embedded systems, cloud computing, big data, machine learning and networking. The term originated from a 2005 report discussing internet-connected machines to machine connectivity networks extending to common household devices. IoT enables efficient monitoring and control of physical objects through embedded sensors and communication across networks.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable the collection and exchange of data. This allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely, improving efficiency. Examples mentioned include smart home devices, medical devices, and field operation devices. The document then covers how IoT works, involving sensors, connectivity, data processing, and user interfaces. It discusses applications, technological challenges, and the relationship between IoT and big data. Both advantages and disadvantages of IoT are provided.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors that can collect and exchange data. It discusses how IoT works and the key technologies involved, including RFID, sensors, and network connectivity. It also outlines some of the top companies involved in IoT, how IoT can benefit different industries, current challenges and criticisms of IoT, and its future potential to connect many everyday objects and systems.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the history and definition of IoT, as well as key enabling technologies like miniaturization, sensors, IPv6, gateways, cloud computing, and wireless connectivity. The document also outlines the typical layers of an IoT architecture including the sensor, gateway/network, management service, and application layers. Challenges of IoT are noted and Philips Hue light is given as an example. Finally, IoT platforms and benefits like improved customer engagement and technical optimization are mentioned.
This presentation covers:
What is IoT (Internet Of Things) ?
Brief History of IoT
IoT Architecture & Perspective
IoT Applications
IoT Challenges and Solutions
IoT future
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT and discusses its key components including sensors, connectivity, artificial intelligence, active engagement, and small devices. The document then discusses IoT architecture including sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. It also outlines some common applications of IoT such as smart homes, smart cities, and smart farming. Finally, the document discusses some of the advantages and challenges of implementing IoT systems.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software and network connectivity that allows them to collect and exchange data. Key points include:
- IoT enables objects to be sensed and controlled remotely via existing network infrastructure, improving efficiency.
- IoT connects a wide range of devices from medical implants to smart cars.
- It allows these devices to collect data using technologies like RFID and sensors and share it autonomously.
- Realizing the full potential of IoT will depend on continued development of its underlying technologies and addressing challenges around scalability, standardization, and security/privacy.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, and sensors that allows objects to connect and exchange data. Examples include devices that monitor heart health, track farm animals, or assist firefighters. The document outlines key components of the IoT ecosystem like device manufacturers, network providers, and application developers. It also discusses current and future applications of IoT in areas like manufacturing, healthcare, transportation and more. The document highlights both the vast potential and technological challenges of IoT for creating smarter systems and improving lives.
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the history and concept of IoT, how IoT systems work, applications of IoT, the current state and future prospects. It also outlines key research areas like artificial intelligence and machine learning in IoT. The document details the typical architecture layers in an IoT system and new wireless technologies used in IoT like ZigBee, SigFox, and LTE-M. Finally, it discusses some criticisms, problems and controversies with IoT including issues around security, platform fragmentation, privacy and data storage.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT), defining IoT as the network connection of physical objects through embedded systems and sensors that can communicate and interact with each other. It provides an overview of the state of IoT technology including RFID, sensors, and smart technologies that enable object identification, data collection, and network enhancement. Challenges and limitations of IoT are also examined such as standardization issues, privacy and security concerns, and the lack of governance frameworks.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT and traces its history from 1997. Key enabling technologies for IoT include RFID, sensors, smart technologies, and nanotechnology. The document discusses some applications of IoT such as smart homes, healthcare, and transportation. It also examines the state of IoT research and the main challenges facing IoT development, including standardization, privacy, security, and lack of governance. The future of IoT is predicted to impact areas like traffic, production, daily life, logistics, retailing, and resource and power control.
The Internet helped people to connect with static information available but now it is helping to build connection from people to people, people to physical objects and physical objects to other physical objects.
The speedy growth of Internet data is making networked connections more relevant and valuable. Also it creates exciting business opportunities for industries. Almost all every area, every device, every sensor,
every software are connected to each other. The ability to access these devices through a Smartphone or through a computer is called IoT (Internet of Things). These devices are accessed remotely. The Internet of things (IoT) is one of the top three technological advancements of the next decade together with the mobile, internet and the automation of knowledge work.
mis 32220 pprx for all just uyse and die caz my faculty sucks2020731
Resistance around the diagonal ends of the wire = 5R/6 = 50/6 = 25/3 = 8.333 Ohms
Likes: 1
Dislikes: 0
Answer 1
key concept is in this symmetrical arrangement current goes symmmetrically through wires which
are identical
combine those nodes alogn which voltage dropped is same
R/3 + R/6 + R/3
: 5R/6
Likes: 0
Dislikes: 0
IoT Challenges: Technological, Business and Social aspectsRoberto Minerva
Internet of Things is promising to be a set of technologies able to have a high impact on how people live, produce, modify and interact with the environment. Such a transformation is driven by increasing technologies capabilities of sensors/actuators, communications, general-purpose hardware, availability of software and programmability of devices. The integration of so different technologies is a problem in itself and IoT is also trying to solve cogent issues of specific problem domains, such as e-health, transportation, manufacturing, and so on. Large IoT systems (e.g., smart cities) stand on their own because the smartness requires integration of different technologies, processes and different administrative domains creating the needs to deal with a complex system. In addition to technological and problem domain specific challenges, there exist further challenges that fall in business, social and regulation realms. They can greatly impact the deployment and the success of IoT deployment. The speech aims at providing a view on some major technologies challenges of IoT and to cover a few critical business and social issues that could hamper the large deployment of IoT systems by providing some examples of implementation.
WIRELESS SENSORS INTEGRATION INTO INTERNET OF THINGS AND THE SECURITY PRIMITIVEScsandit
The common vision of smart systems today, is by and large associated with one single concept,
the internet of things (IoT), where the whole physical infrastructure is linked with intelligent
monitoring and communication technologies through the use of wireless sensors. In such an
intelligent vibrant system, sensors are connected to send useful information and control
instructions via distributed sensor networks. Wireless sensors have an easy deployment and
better flexibility of devices contrary to wired setup. With the rapid technological development of
sensors, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will become the key technology for IoT and an
invaluable resource for realizing the vision of Internet of things (IoT) paradigm. It is also
important to consider whether the sensors of a WSN should be completely integrated into IoT or
not. New security challenges arise when heterogeneous sensors are integrated into the IoT. Security needs to be considered at a global perspective, not just at a local scale. This paper gives an overview of sensor integration into IoT, some major security challenges and also a
number of security primitives that can be taken to protect their data over the internet.
Fundamental Concept of Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses how IoT allows physical objects to be connected to the internet and be remotely detected and controlled. The document outlines the history and development of IoT, including early technologies like ARPANET and advances like IPv6 that enabled greater connectivity. It also describes common IoT communication models including device-to-device, device-to-cloud, device-to-gateway, and back-end data sharing. The goal of the document is to provide insight into IoT for researchers and help enable application developers.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as a network of physical objects embedded with sensors that collect and exchange data. It explains how IoT works through technologies like RFID, sensors, and nanotechnology. It outlines current and future applications of IoT in various industries. It also discusses technological challenges of IoT such as scalability, standardization, and data interpretation and criticisms around privacy, security, and social control issues.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors and connectivity to collect and exchange data. It describes how IoT works through devices collecting data using sensors and communicating with other devices autonomously or through machine-to-machine communication. It provides examples of applications of IoT such as home automation, manufacturing, healthcare, transportation and more. The document also discusses current challenges of IoT including scalability, standardization, and security and privacy concerns.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable the collection and exchange of data. This allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely, improving efficiency. Examples mentioned include smart home devices, medical devices, and field operation devices. The document then covers how IoT works, involving sensors, connectivity, data processing, and user interfaces. It discusses applications, technological challenges, and the relationship between IoT and big data. Both advantages and disadvantages of IoT are provided.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors that can collect and exchange data. It discusses how IoT works and the key technologies involved, including RFID, sensors, and network connectivity. It also outlines some of the top companies involved in IoT, how IoT can benefit different industries, current challenges and criticisms of IoT, and its future potential to connect many everyday objects and systems.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the history and definition of IoT, as well as key enabling technologies like miniaturization, sensors, IPv6, gateways, cloud computing, and wireless connectivity. The document also outlines the typical layers of an IoT architecture including the sensor, gateway/network, management service, and application layers. Challenges of IoT are noted and Philips Hue light is given as an example. Finally, IoT platforms and benefits like improved customer engagement and technical optimization are mentioned.
This presentation covers:
What is IoT (Internet Of Things) ?
Brief History of IoT
IoT Architecture & Perspective
IoT Applications
IoT Challenges and Solutions
IoT future
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT and discusses its key components including sensors, connectivity, artificial intelligence, active engagement, and small devices. The document then discusses IoT architecture including sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. It also outlines some common applications of IoT such as smart homes, smart cities, and smart farming. Finally, the document discusses some of the advantages and challenges of implementing IoT systems.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software and network connectivity that allows them to collect and exchange data. Key points include:
- IoT enables objects to be sensed and controlled remotely via existing network infrastructure, improving efficiency.
- IoT connects a wide range of devices from medical implants to smart cars.
- It allows these devices to collect data using technologies like RFID and sensors and share it autonomously.
- Realizing the full potential of IoT will depend on continued development of its underlying technologies and addressing challenges around scalability, standardization, and security/privacy.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, and sensors that allows objects to connect and exchange data. Examples include devices that monitor heart health, track farm animals, or assist firefighters. The document outlines key components of the IoT ecosystem like device manufacturers, network providers, and application developers. It also discusses current and future applications of IoT in areas like manufacturing, healthcare, transportation and more. The document highlights both the vast potential and technological challenges of IoT for creating smarter systems and improving lives.
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the history and concept of IoT, how IoT systems work, applications of IoT, the current state and future prospects. It also outlines key research areas like artificial intelligence and machine learning in IoT. The document details the typical architecture layers in an IoT system and new wireless technologies used in IoT like ZigBee, SigFox, and LTE-M. Finally, it discusses some criticisms, problems and controversies with IoT including issues around security, platform fragmentation, privacy and data storage.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT), defining IoT as the network connection of physical objects through embedded systems and sensors that can communicate and interact with each other. It provides an overview of the state of IoT technology including RFID, sensors, and smart technologies that enable object identification, data collection, and network enhancement. Challenges and limitations of IoT are also examined such as standardization issues, privacy and security concerns, and the lack of governance frameworks.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT and traces its history from 1997. Key enabling technologies for IoT include RFID, sensors, smart technologies, and nanotechnology. The document discusses some applications of IoT such as smart homes, healthcare, and transportation. It also examines the state of IoT research and the main challenges facing IoT development, including standardization, privacy, security, and lack of governance. The future of IoT is predicted to impact areas like traffic, production, daily life, logistics, retailing, and resource and power control.
The Internet helped people to connect with static information available but now it is helping to build connection from people to people, people to physical objects and physical objects to other physical objects.
The speedy growth of Internet data is making networked connections more relevant and valuable. Also it creates exciting business opportunities for industries. Almost all every area, every device, every sensor,
every software are connected to each other. The ability to access these devices through a Smartphone or through a computer is called IoT (Internet of Things). These devices are accessed remotely. The Internet of things (IoT) is one of the top three technological advancements of the next decade together with the mobile, internet and the automation of knowledge work.
mis 32220 pprx for all just uyse and die caz my faculty sucks2020731
Resistance around the diagonal ends of the wire = 5R/6 = 50/6 = 25/3 = 8.333 Ohms
Likes: 1
Dislikes: 0
Answer 1
key concept is in this symmetrical arrangement current goes symmmetrically through wires which
are identical
combine those nodes alogn which voltage dropped is same
R/3 + R/6 + R/3
: 5R/6
Likes: 0
Dislikes: 0
IoT Challenges: Technological, Business and Social aspectsRoberto Minerva
Internet of Things is promising to be a set of technologies able to have a high impact on how people live, produce, modify and interact with the environment. Such a transformation is driven by increasing technologies capabilities of sensors/actuators, communications, general-purpose hardware, availability of software and programmability of devices. The integration of so different technologies is a problem in itself and IoT is also trying to solve cogent issues of specific problem domains, such as e-health, transportation, manufacturing, and so on. Large IoT systems (e.g., smart cities) stand on their own because the smartness requires integration of different technologies, processes and different administrative domains creating the needs to deal with a complex system. In addition to technological and problem domain specific challenges, there exist further challenges that fall in business, social and regulation realms. They can greatly impact the deployment and the success of IoT deployment. The speech aims at providing a view on some major technologies challenges of IoT and to cover a few critical business and social issues that could hamper the large deployment of IoT systems by providing some examples of implementation.
WIRELESS SENSORS INTEGRATION INTO INTERNET OF THINGS AND THE SECURITY PRIMITIVEScsandit
The common vision of smart systems today, is by and large associated with one single concept,
the internet of things (IoT), where the whole physical infrastructure is linked with intelligent
monitoring and communication technologies through the use of wireless sensors. In such an
intelligent vibrant system, sensors are connected to send useful information and control
instructions via distributed sensor networks. Wireless sensors have an easy deployment and
better flexibility of devices contrary to wired setup. With the rapid technological development of
sensors, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will become the key technology for IoT and an
invaluable resource for realizing the vision of Internet of things (IoT) paradigm. It is also
important to consider whether the sensors of a WSN should be completely integrated into IoT or
not. New security challenges arise when heterogeneous sensors are integrated into the IoT. Security needs to be considered at a global perspective, not just at a local scale. This paper gives an overview of sensor integration into IoT, some major security challenges and also a
number of security primitives that can be taken to protect their data over the internet.
Fundamental Concept of Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses how IoT allows physical objects to be connected to the internet and be remotely detected and controlled. The document outlines the history and development of IoT, including early technologies like ARPANET and advances like IPv6 that enabled greater connectivity. It also describes common IoT communication models including device-to-device, device-to-cloud, device-to-gateway, and back-end data sharing. The goal of the document is to provide insight into IoT for researchers and help enable application developers.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as a network of physical objects embedded with sensors that collect and exchange data. It explains how IoT works through technologies like RFID, sensors, and nanotechnology. It outlines current and future applications of IoT in various industries. It also discusses technological challenges of IoT such as scalability, standardization, and data interpretation and criticisms around privacy, security, and social control issues.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors and connectivity to collect and exchange data. It describes how IoT works through devices collecting data using sensors and communicating with other devices autonomously or through machine-to-machine communication. It provides examples of applications of IoT such as home automation, manufacturing, healthcare, transportation and more. The document also discusses current challenges of IoT including scalability, standardization, and security and privacy concerns.
Similar to IoTConcept&Architecture.grt kerning gud to seeppt (20)
This document discusses the potential roles of artificial intelligence in education. It outlines how AI could be used for personalizing learning, assisting teachers, processing and structuring educational content and student information, and assessing students. It also addresses what skills students should learn to work with AI, such as responsibility, critical thinking, and ethics. Finally, it presents a vision of open, global education enabled by collaborative AI systems that are transparent, accessible to all, and respect privacy.
This document outlines a community capacity building program on leadership and motivation. It discusses how leadership and motivation affect individual and organizational performance. It defines motivation and different types of motivation like intrinsic and extrinsic. Several motivation theories are explained, including how needs influence motivation. Leadership styles like directive, supportive, and participative are covered. Situational factors that influence leadership success are identified. The importance of adapting leadership style to different situations is emphasized. The document concludes with discussing qualities of successful leaders and an activity on applying leadership considerations.
The document discusses several Internet of Things (IoT) data link protocols, including IEEE 802.15.4, WirelessHART, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee Smart Energy, DASH7, LTE-A, LoRaWAN, and DECT/ULE. It provides details on their network architectures, medium access control methods, and suitability for various IoT applications.
Motivation is the driving force that causes the flux from desire to will in action. It is an inner drive that activates behavior toward particular goals. Motivation determines what one can and will do. It is key to managing employees effectively. Motivation results from an interaction between individual and situational factors and is greater in people who find their work able to satisfy personal needs. Various theories describe factors influencing motivation, such as needs, goals, feedback, and job design.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
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Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
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Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
2. 2
Internet appears everywhere in the world
It is primarily connection between people
Move from Internet of People Internet of Things
Internet of Things is a plan to connect
things also using the same medium
3. Quick Look:
What Is Web?????
A network of fine threads constructed by a spider
from fluid secreted by its spinnerets, used to catch its
prey.
A complex system of interconnected elements.
In terms Of Internet Web is…….
Web pages are formatted in a language called
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). ... The Web uses
HTTP protocol to transmit data and share information.
Browsers such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome or
Mozilla Firefox are used to access Web documents,
or Web pages, which are connected via links.
5. India in 2021..
Immense Opportunities to explore new services and business models…
Source: Statista and Frost & Sullivan
Mobile
Internet Users
Social
Network Users
Pay TV
Subscribers
DTH Subscribers
Online
Video Viewers
IoT devices
Mobile Gamers
Internet Users
Online Video
Subscribers
Smartphones
7. Shift in Revenue Generating Capabilities
for Telecom Services…
Source: Era refers to the prominence of a particular technology in the period. More than one technology can
coexist. As explained in the accompanying text, it is expected that 2G and 4G will exist simultaneously. Source: Frost & Sullivan
Exhibit 03: Evolution of Telecom Services, India, 2000-2025
2010 2017 2025
Era of 2G Era of 3G Era of 4G Era of 5G
Higher Revenue
Generating
Medium Revenue
Generating
Lower Revenues
Generating
Voice
Voice Voice
Voice
Voice Voice
Voice Voice
Data
Data Data
Data Data
Data Data
Data driven
Services
Data driven
Services
Data driven
Services
Data driven
Services
Data driven
Services
Data driven
Services
Voice over
IP
Voice over
IP
Voice over
LTE
Voice over
LTE
Voice over
LTE
IP Video IP Video
IP Video IP Video
Augmented
Reality/Virtu
al Reality
Augmented
Reality/Virtu
al Reality
Augmented
Reality/Virtu
al Reality
Internet of
Things
Internet of
Things
Home
Automation
8. Advanced Technologies Adoption to Address Challenges…
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Self
Organising
Networks
Software
Defined
Networks
(SDN)
Artificial
Intelligence
and Machine
Learning
Robotic
Process
Automation
Enable planning,
configuration, management,
optimization and self-
healing of mobile radio
access networks.
Network Function
Virtualisation (NVF)
Cloud Native
Business
Intelligence to
Artificial Intelligence
Automate non-
critical applications
and services
10. The next step in internet evolution
Source: Alcatel-Lucent
Pre-
internet
Internet of
CONTENT
Internet of
SERVICES
Internet of
PEOPLE
Internet of
THINGS
+ IP
networks
+ IT platforms
& services
+ devices
& apps
+ sensors,
more devices
& tags,
big data
“SOCIAL
MEDIA”
“WEB 2.0”
“WWW”
“HUMAN
TO
HUMAN”
• Fixed &
mobile
telephony
• SMS
• e-mail
• Information
• Entertainment
• …
• e-productivity
• e-commerce
• …
• Skype
• Facebook
• YouTube
• …
• Identification, tracking,
monitoring, metering, …
• Automation, actuation,
payment, …
• …
“MACHINE
TO
MACHINE”
+ ambient
context,
data
semantics
The Internet gave us the opportunity to connect in ways we could never have dreamed possible.
The Internet of Things will take us beyond connection to become part of a living, moving, global nervous system
14. 14
- Complex and heterogeneous
resources and networks
IoT: Things connecting with Things
15. • First mentioned in 1999 by the MIT Auto-ID Center.
• IoT meant to “create a universal environment in which
computers understand the world without human
intervention.”
• IoT was simply the tool that would be used to merge the
worlds of bits and atoms.
• Over 15 years after its inception, IoT is now seen as a
modern, fresh concept in our connected world…with
many different definitions.
16. • The Web of Things (WoT) is a term used to describe
approaches, software architectural styles and
programming patterns that allow real-world objects to be
part of the World Wide Web.
• While IoT is about creating a network of objects, things ,
people, system and applications ,WoT tries to integrate
them to Web.
• WoT can be thought as flavor/Option of an application
layer added over the IoT‘s network layer .
What is WoT?
17. Automation
Merging of the physical world with the virtual world in
order to give virtual lives to inanimate objects,
ideas and concepts and through those lives to impact
both the physical and the virtual lives of man,
machine and things.
6th Sense of World
Monitoring
Improved Visibility
Distributed Control
Augmented Reality
Ant-like Intelligence
Disembodied Intelligence
Augmented Virtuality
Internet of Things
20. IoT Overview
IoT Definition
Note1 - Through the exploitation of identification, data capture, processing and
communication capabilities, the IoT makes full use of things to offer services to all
kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that security and privacy requirements are
fulfilled.
Note 2 – From a broader perspective, the IoT can be perceived as a vision with
technological and societal implications.
20
A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by
interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving
interoperable information and communication technologies
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
21. IoT Overview 21
All of the definitions describe scenarios in which network connectivity and
computing capability extends to a constellation of objects, devices, sensors, and
everyday items that are not ordinarily considered to be “computers’’; this allows
the devices to generate, exchange, and consume data, often with minimal
human intervention.
The various definitions of IoT do not necessarily disagree—rather they emphasize
different aspects of the IoT phenomenon from different focal points and use
cases.
22. ALTERNATE DEFINATION:
The Internet of Things (IOT)is the Network of physical objects that contain
embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal
states or the external environment.
23. Fundamental Characteristics of IoT
Fundamental
Characteristics of
IoT
Interconnecti
vity
Things-related
services
Hetero-
geneity
Dynamic
changes
Enormous
scale
Source: ITU
23
24. Fundamental Requirements of IoT
Identification-based
connectivity
Interoperability
Autonomic
networking
Autonomic services
provisioning
Location-based
capabilities
Security Privacy protection
High quality and
highly secure
human body
related services
Plug and play Manageability
Source: ITU
24
25. IoT Elements
•Object ID
•Addressing
Identification
•Gatherning Data from related objects
Sensing
•Using low power
Communication
•Processing units and Software Applications represent “brain”
and computational ability of IoT
Computation
•Use cases
Services
•Ability to extract knoweldge smartly by different machines to
provide the required services
Semantics
25
27. 27
Integrated Application
Information Processing
Network Construction
Sensing & Identification
Smart Grid Green Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor
Data Center Search
Engine
Smart Decision Info. Security Data Mining
WWAN
WPAN
WMAN
WLAN
Internet
GPS Smart Device RFID Sensor Sensor
IoT Architecture
28. IoT Overview 28
IoT Communications Models
Device-To-Device Communications
Device-To-Cloud Communications
Device-to-Gateway Model
Back-End Data Sharing Model
IAB RFC 7452 - “Architectural Considerations in Smart Object Networking’’
41. 41
IoT Makes Smart
Smart means: Dictionery Meaning:
smart definition: 1. having a clean, tidy, and stylish
appearance: 2. A place or event that is fashionable, stylish,
or rich people: 3. intelligent, or able.
Eg;
She tends to wear quite smart clothes for work.
I need some smart trousers for work.
in a clever and effective way:
We have to work hard and worksmart.
They are encouraging people to eatsmart
and adopt a healthy lifestyle
42. IoT Overview
Applications
42
SMART Healthcare
Devices connects to hospitals, doctors, relatives to alert
them of medical emergencies take the measures
accordingly.
Smart Vehicles
Vehicles Self diagnosed themselves and alert owners
about system failure
Smart Cities
City wide infrastructure communicating amongst
themselves for unified and synchronized operations
43. IoT Overview
Applications
43
Smart Dust
Computers smaller than a grain of Sand can be sprayed
or injected almost anywhere to measure the chemicals in
the soil or to diagnose the problems in the human body
in the human body
44. IoT Overview
Modern Day IOT
44
Smart Parking
Smart Health
Noise Urban Maps
Smart Phone Detection
Traffic Congestion
Smart Lighting
Waste Managements
Smart Roads
………..are only very few.
45. IoT Overview
Modern Day IOT
45
Forest Fire Detection
Air pollution
Earth Quake early detection
Water Leakages
Radiation Levels
Intelligent Shopping applications
Inventory/Retail Management
55. A “DEVICE”,
sensor, meter, etc.,
captures “something”,
e.g., location, level, heat,
motion, vital sign, usage,
etc.
that is transported through a
“NETWORK”
(wireless, wired or mixed)
to an “APPLICATION”,
which makes sense of the
captured data, e.g., stolen
vehicle location, etc.
What is M2M?
A Conceptual Picture
55
66. Industry
4.0
Industry 4.0 is a name for the
current trend of automation
and data exchange in
manufacturing technologies. It
includes cyber-physical systems,
the Internet of things, cloud
computing and cognitive
computing.
Industry 4.0 is commonly
referred to as the
Fourth Industrial Revolution.
1784 1870 1969 TODAY
INDUSTRY 1.0
INDUSTRY 2.0
INDUSTRY 3.0
INDUSTRY 4.0
Mechanization,
steam power,
weaving loom
Mass production,
assembly line,
electrical energy
Automation,
computers and
electronics
Cyber Physical
Systems, Internet of
Things, Networks
68. -
Resource and Energy
Monitoring
Employee Monitoring
Customer
Recognition
Physical
Security
Connected
Production Floor
Traffic and Fleet
Management
Connected Retail
Asset Tracking
Logistics
4.0
69. 69
ATIS Board of Directors’ Meeting
Two Paradigms for IoT are Emerging
• Brain-Body Merge – intelligence is added to everyday things
in your world, so that your life can be more awesome.
• Head in the Clouds – identification and wireless connectivity
is added to everyday things in your world and intelligence is
supported in the cloud, so that your life can be more
awesome.
69
70. 70
• The IoT technologies have been around for a long time
• Advances in communication and connectivity are allowing
the “interconnectedness” needed for IoT
• The value is in the data not the connections
• The data allows you to make autonomous decision based
on business rules closer to the edge
It’s all about the data!™
Slide courtesy of Evanhoe and Associates
71. • Data Confidentiality
• Privacy Preserving Data Correlation
– Personal and population privacy
– Privacy enhancing techniques
– Data service monetization
• Data publication
• Privacy implication of data quality
• Data ownership
• Data lifecycle management
(Some) Big Data Security Challenges
72. 72
•IoT has been widely deployed with limited to no security.
•As massive amounts of data are being collected, stored,
manipulated, merged, analyzed, and expunged, security and
privacy concerns will have begun to explode.
•Need scalable and practical solutions to Big Data Security and
Privacy as well as applying Big Data Management and Analytics
for Cyber Security.
•
Final Thoughts
73. 73
FUTURE OF IoT
It may soon become rare to find an IoT
implementation that does not make some use of AI.
The International Data Corp. predicts that by 2019,
AI will support “all effective” IoT efforts and
without AI, data from the deployments will have
“limited value.”
Final Thoughts
74. 74
•
•Need to develop technologies guided by policies to
address security and privacy issues throughout the
lifecycle of the data.
•Need to understand not only the societal impact of IoT
and its ubiquitous data collection, use and analysis,
also need to formulate appropriate laws and policies for
such activities.
Final Thoughts
The legacy telecom ecosystem has been designed considering voice as the major service provided on networks. The entire operations related to network optimization, monitoring, performance and customer experience was built around voice and a bit of data on it. It has become imperative to analyse how networks behave in data intensive traffic, to address the challenges related to customer acquisition and retention. There is a need for new tools and solutions for analysing this paradigm.
The legacy telecom ecosystem has been designed considering voice as the major service provided on networks. The entire operations related to network optimization, monitoring, performance and customer experience was built around voice and a bit of data on it. It has become imperative to analyse how networks behave in data intensive traffic, to address the challenges related to customer acquisition and retention. There is a need for new tools and solutions for analysing this paradigm.
With proliferation of smartphones and app-based solutions, the revenue had shifted from voice to data and data related services. In 2017, telecom operators realised that the revenue was not just dependent on voice and data and data related solutions but video as well. Though TV is still the major video viewing platform, over the top (OTT) video habit has risen among the GenY who want to view videos online secluded from others in the family.
After 2017, in order to improve the viewing experience of online video, technologies like augmented reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) will gain traction. Internet of Things(IoT) will be enabled by wide spread 4G adoption.
telecom operators want to utilise new age technologies such as automation, robotics, Machine Learning(ML), Artificial Intelligence(AI), network virtualisation, software defined networks(SDN) and self-optimising networks (SON) to address the current challenges and make the networks future-proof. Telecom operators are embracing these technologies at various levels of maturity and will expand their adoption based on the demands of the existing systems and development of advanced service capabilities.
By 2020 the Internet traffic will shift dramatically!. Most of the IP traffic will originate from other than personal computers (PCs). Wi-Fi traffic will exceed wired traffic and Full HD video will generate more traffic than standard video. According to a recent report issued by Cisco, the number of connected devices (i.e. through IPv6 and evolution) will grow to some 50 billion devices by 2020. The internet traffic will get close to 44 Zettabytes (i.e. 10^21 bytes)! In the Football World Cup in Brazil (June 2014), the Video streaming and internet broadcasting have generated 4.3 Exabytes (i.e. 10^18 bytes) of IP traffic, which is 3X the monthly IP traffic typically generated by Brazil.
M2M has been around for several decades now
Some deployments date back more than 20 years. However M2M markets are struggling to realise the full M2M market potential
What exactly is Internet of Things : Smart Systems and the Internet of Things are driven by a combination of Sensors & Actuators, Connectivity, People & Processes
Trillion Dollar Opportunity - Unlimited possibilities;
Harbor Research – $180 Billion in 2014 will grow to $1 Trillion
IDC forecasts - The worldwide market for IoT solutions will grow from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1 trillion in 2020
Cisco - $19 trillion forecast for the economic value created by the “Internet of Everything” by 2020
India and China are biggest contributor..
The term “Internet of Things” (IoT) was first used in 1999 by British technology pioneer Kevin Ashton to describe a system in which objects in the physical world could be connected to the Internet by sensors.
Ashton coined the term to illustrate the power of connecting Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags used in corporate supply chains to the Internet in order to count and track goods without the need for human intervention
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are:
Interconnectivity: Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure.
Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things which requires changes in the technologies for both physical world and information world.
Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks.
Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.
Enormous scale: The magnitude of number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The ratio of communication triggered by devices as compared to communication triggered by humans will noticeably shift towards device-triggered communication. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.
The following provide high-level requirements which are relevant for the IoT:
Identification-based connectivity: The IoT needs to support that the connectivity between a thing and the IoT is established based on the thing's identifier. Also, this includes that possibly heterogeneous identifiers of the different things are processed in a unified way.
Interoperability: Interoperability needs to be ensured among heterogeneous and distributed systems for provision and consumption of a variety of information and services.
Autonomic networking: Autonomic networking (including self-management, self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing and self-protecting techniques and/or mechanisms) needs to be supported in the networking control functions of the IoT, in order to adapt to different application domains, different communication environments and large numbers and types of devices.
Autonomic services provisioning: The services need to be able to be provided by capturing, communicating and processing automatically the data of things based on the rules configured by operators or customized by subscribers. Autonomic services may depend on the techniques of automatic data fusion and data mining.
Location-based capabilities: This need to be supported in the IoT. Something-related communications and services will depend on the location information of things and/or users. It is needed to sense and track the location information automatically. Location-based communications and services may be constrained by laws and regulations, and should comply with security requirements.
Security: In the IoT, every 'thing' is connected which results in significant security threats, such as threats towards confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of both data and services. A critical example of security requirements is the need to integrate different security policies and techniques related to the variety of devices and user networks in the IoT.
Privacy protection: Privacy protection needs to be supported in the IoT. Many things have their owners and users. Sensed data of things may contain private information concerning their owners or users. The IoT needs to support privacy protection during data transmission, aggregation, storage, mining and processing. Privacy protection should not set a barrier to data source authentication.
High quality and highly secure human body related services: Human body related services refer to the services provided by capturing, communicating and processing the data related to human static features and dynamic behaviour with or without human intervention. Different countries have different laws and regulations on these services.
Plug and play: Plug and play capability needs to be supported in the IoT in order to enable on-the-fly generation, composition or the acquiring of semantic-based configurations for seamless integration and cooperation of interconnected things with applications, and responsiveness to application requirements.
Manageability: Manageability needs to be supported in the IoT in order to ensure normal network operations. IoT applications usually work automatically without the participation of people, but their whole operation process should be manageable by the relevant parties.
There are six main elements to deliver the functionality of the IoT:
1. Identification:
Identification is
identification methods - Electronic product codes (EPC) and ubiquitous codes (uCode).
Ucode- 128 bits. Ucode is application and technology agnostic.
Furthermore, addressing the IoT objects is critical to differentiate between object ID and its address. Object ID refers to its name such as “T1” for a particular temperature sensor and object’s address refers to its address within a communications network. In addition, addressing methods of IoT objects include IPv6 and IPv4. 6LoWPAN, provides a compression mechanism over IPv6 headers that makes IPv6 addressing appropriate for low power wireless networks. Distinguishing between object’s identification and address is imperative since identification methods are not globally unique, so addressing assists to uniquely identify objects.
In addition, objects within the network might use public IPs and not private ones. Identification methods are used to provide a clear identity for each object within the network.
2. Sensing
The IoT sensing means gathering data from related objects within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse, database, or cloud.
The collected data is analyzed to take specific actions based on required services. The IoT sensors can be smart sensors, actuators or wearable sensing devices. For example, companies like Wemo, revolv and SmartThings offer smart hubs and mobile applications that enable people to monitor and control thousands of smart devices and appliances inside buildings using their smartphones.
Single Board Computers (SBCs) integrated with sensors and built-in TCP/IP and security functionalities are typically used to realize IoT products (e.g., Arduino Yun, Raspberry PI, BeagleBone Black, etc.). Such devices typically connect to a central management portal to provide the required data by customers.
3. C. Communication
The IoT communication technologies connect heterogeneous objects together to deliver specific smart services. Typically, the IoT nodes should operate using low power in the presence of lossy and noisy communication links. Examples of communication protocols used for the IoT are WiFi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-wave, and LTE-Advanced.
Some specific communication technologies are also in use like RFID, Near Field Communication (NFC) and ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB). RFID is the first technology used to realize the M2M concept (RFID tag and reader). The RFID tag represents a simple chip or label attached to provide object’s identity. The RFID reader transmits a query signal to the tag and receives reflected signal from the tag, which in turn is passed to the database. The database connects to a processing center to identify objects based on the reflected signals within a (10 cm to 200 m) range. RFID tags can be active, passive or semi-passive/active. Active tags are powered by battery while passive ones do not need battery. Semi-passive/active tags use board power when needed.
The NFC protocol works at high frequency band at 13.56MHz and supports data rate up to 424 kbps. The applicable range is up to 10 cm where communication between active readers and passive tags or two active readers can occur.
The UWB communication technology is designed to support communications within a low range coverage area using low energy and high bandwidth whose applications to connect sensors have been increased recently.
Another communication technology is WiFi that uses radio waves to exchange data amongst things within 100 m range. WiFi allows smart devices to communicate and exchange information without using a router in some ad hoc configurations.
Bluetooth presents a communication technology that is used to exchange data between devices over short distances using short-wavelength radio to minimize power consumption.
Recently, the Bluetooth special interest group (SIG) produced Bluetooth 4.1 that provides Bluetooth Low Energy as well as high-speed and IP connectivity to support IoT.
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies both a physical layer and a medium access control for low power wireless networks targeting reliable and scalable communications.
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is originally a standard wireless communication for high-speed data transfer between mobile phones based on GSM/UMTS network technologies. It can cover fast-travelling devices and provide multicasting and broadcasting services. LTE-A (LTE Advanced) is an improved version of LTE including bandwidth extension which supports up to 100 MHz, downlink and uplink spatial multiplexing, extended coverage, higher throughput and lower latencies.
D. Computation
Processing units (e.g., microcontrollers, microprocessors,
SOCs, FPGAs) and software applications represent the “brain”
and the computational ability of the IoT. Various hardware platforms
were developed to run IoT applications such as Arduino,
UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, Gadgeteer,
BeagleBone, Cubieboard,Z1,WiSense, Mulle, and T-Mote Sky.
Furthermore,many software platforms are utilized to provide
IoT functionalities. Among these platforms, Operating Systems
are vital since they run for the whole activation time of a
device. There are severalReal-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
that are good candidates for the development ofRTOS-based IoT
applications. For instance, the Contiki RTOS has been used
widely in IoT scenarios. Contiki has a simulator called Cooja
which allows researcher and developers to simulate and emulate
IoT and wireless sensor network (WSN) applications [36].
TinyOS [37], LiteOS [38] and Riot OS [39] also offer light
weight OS designed for IoT environments. Moreover, some
auto industry leaders with Google established the Open Auto
Alliance (OAA) and are planning to bring new features to the
Android platform to accelerate the adoption of the Internet of
Vehicles (IoV) paradigm [40]. Some features of these operating
systems are compared in Table I.
Cloud Platforms form another important computational part
of the IoT. These platforms provide facilities for smart objects
to send their data to the cloud, for big data to be processed
in real-time, and eventually for end-users to benefit from the
knowledge extracted from the collected big data. There are a
lot of free and commercial cloud platforms and frameworks
available to host IoT services. Some of these services are
introduced in Section VII-B.
Devices use protocols like Bluetooth, Z-Wave, or ZigBee to establish direct device-to-device communications
It allows devices to adhere to a particular communication protocol to communicate and exchange messages to achieve their function commonly used in applications like home automation systems
Devices usually have built-in security and trust mechanisms (Device-specific data models require redundant development efforts by device manufacturers).
Underlying device-to-device communication protocols are not compatible, forcing the user to select a family of devices that employ a common protocol.
IoT device is directly connected to an Internet cloud service using existing communications mechanisms like IP network.
Enables the user to obtain remote access to their devices and their software updates.
This model adds value to the end user by extending the capabilities of the device beyond its native features.
Interoperability challenges can arise when attempting to integrate devices made by different manufacturers.
“vendor lock-in’’ - If proprietary data protocols are the user may be tied to a specific cloud service, limiting or preventing the use of alternative service providers.
Also known as device-to-application-layer gateway (ALG) model
IoT device connects through an ALG service as a conduit to reach a cloud service.
Application software operating on a local gateway device, which acts as an intermediary between the device and the cloud service and provides security and other functionality such as data or protocol translation.
Several forms of this model are found
Smartphone App e.g. personal fitness trackers
SmartThings hub devices e.g. Home automation applications. Can also bridge the interoperability gap between devices themselves.
Frequently used to integrate new smart devices into a legacy system with devices that are not natively interoperable with them.
The development of the ALG software and system adds complexity and cost to the overall system.
It is expected that in the future, more generic gateways will be deployed to lower cost and infrastructure complexity for end consumers, enterprises, and industrial environments.
CoAP-Constrained Application Protocol
JSON-JAVA SCRIPT OBJECT NOTATION
users to export and analyze smart object data from a cloud service in combination with data from other sources.
This approach is an extension of the single device-to-cloud communication model, which can lead to data silos where “IoT devices upload data only to a single application service provider’’.
A back-end sharing architecture allows the data collected from single IoT device data streams to be aggregated and analyzed.
Effective back-end data-sharing architectures allow users to move their data when they switch between IoT services, breaking down traditional data silo barriers.
This architecture model is an approach to achieve interoperability among these back-end systems.
As the IETF Journal suggests, “Standard protocols can help but are not sufficient to eliminate data silos because common information models are needed between the vendors.”
The IoT ecosystem is composed of a variety of business players. Each business player plays at least one business role, but more roles are possible. The identified IoT business roles are shown in Figure.
Device provider: The device provider is responsible for devices providing raw data and/or content to the network provider and application provider according to the service logic.
Network provider: The network provider plays a central role in the IoT ecosystem. In particular, the network provider performs the following main functions:
access and integration of resources provided by other providers;
support and control of the IoT capabilities infrastructure;
offering of IoT capabilities, including network capabilities and resource exposure to other providers.
Platform provider:The platform provider provides integration capabilities and open interfaces. Different platforms can provide different capabilities to application providers. Platform capabilities include typical integration capabilities, as well as data storage, data processing or device management. Support for different types of IoT applications is also possible.
Application provider:The application provider utilizes capabilities or resources provided by the network provider, device provider and platform provider, in order to provide IoT applications to application customers.
Application customer:The application customer is the user of IoT application(s) provided by the application provider.
The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are:
Interconnectivity: Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure.
Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things which requires changes in the technologies for both physical world and information world.
Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks.
Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.
Enormous scale: The magnitude of number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The ratio of communication triggered by devices as compared to communication triggered by humans will noticeably shift towards device-triggered communication. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT adds the dimension "Any THING communication" to the information and communication technologies (ICTs) which already provide "any TIME" and "any PLACE" communication.
“Things” are objects of the physical world (physical things) or of the information world (virtual world) which are capable of being identified and integrated into communication networks. Things have associated information, which can be static and dynamic.
Physical things exist in the physical world and are capable of being sensed, actuated and connected. E.g. surrounding environment, industrial robots, goods and electrical equipment.
Virtual things exist in the information world and are capable of being stored, processed and accessed. Examples of virtual things include multimedia content and application software.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
Network Connectivity
Key aspects when considering network connectivity:
• Range - are you deploying to a single office floor or an entire city?
• Data Rate - how much bandwidth do you require? How often does your data change?
• Power - is your sensor running on mains or battery?
• Frequency - have you considered channel blocking and signal interference?
• Security - will your sensors be supporting mission critical applications?
type of access required will depend on the nature of the application.
SIGFOX and LoRa, have been developed and designed solely for machine-type communication (MTC) applications addressing the ultra-low-end sensor segment, with very limited demands on
throughput, reliability or QoS.
eMTC – delivering further LTE enhancements for Machine Type Communications, building on the work that started in Release-12 (UE Cat 0, new power saving mode)
NB-IOT - a new radio added to the LTE platform, optimized for the low end of the market
EC-GSM-IoT – bringing EGPRS enhancements, which in combination with Power Save Mode (PSM) makes GSM/EDGE systems IoT ready.