The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•2,533 views
The document summarizes the First Northern Expedition led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1926-1928 to conquer China and defeat the warlords. It was initially successful with political agents gaining support and key areas captured with little resistance. However, the campaign had limited long term success as many warlords kept private armies and power. The document also describes the Shanghai Massacre of 1927 where Chiang purged communists from the cities, with hundreds arrested, tortured, and shot in an attempt to minimize CCP power and influence.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
War with Japan
The document discusses Japan's invasion of China in the early 20th century. It provides background on Japan's increasing control over areas of China from 1895. It then examines the reasons for Japan's full invasion of Manchuria in 1931, including Japan viewing China as weak and seeking to replace it as Asia's dominant power. The document also looks at the impact of the Japanese invasion on China, including the brutal Nanjing Massacre that sought to terrify the Chinese population into submission but had the opposite effect of galvanizing resistance. Finally, it evaluates how the war with Japan contributed to the growth of the Chinese Communist Party by allowing it to position itself as a force resisting foreign aggression.
Civil War - 1945-49
The document discusses the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the nationalist Kuomintang (GMD) from 1946-1949. It examines their differing aims and policies. The CCP aimed to empower peasants by reducing rents and taxes, banning outdated practices, and establishing women's groups. They gained widespread rural support. In contrast, the GMD struggled with inflation, worker strikes, and unrest in the cities they controlled. Ultimately, the CCP's shift to conventional warfare tactics in their "Strong Point Offensive" allowed them to defeat the GMD and take control of China by 1949.
The Northern Expeditions
1. The Northern Expedition led by the Guomindang armies took control of major cities in China from 1926-1927 but faced resistance from warlords and could not establish full control over the country.
2. In 1927, the Guomindang turned on their Communist allies and massacred them in Shanghai and other cities, forcing the Communists to retreat to rural bases like the Jiangxi Soviet.
3. While the Guomindang nominally unified northern China by 1928 with the help of warlords, real control was limited as warlords still held power in their own territories and the Communists grew stronger in the countryside, gaining peasant support through land reforms. The Guomindang struggled to establish authority
Warlord China, 1912-27
Yuan Shi Kai dissolved the elected National Assembly in 1914 and ruled as a dictator, becoming increasingly unpopular. After his death in 1916, China fell into a period of warlordism as regional military leaders fought for control. During this era from 1916-1927, the central government collapsed and the country saw brutal warfare, rampant taxation, and economic problems. Law and order broke down as the warlords prioritized gaining territory over people's welfare.
Civil War - 1945-49
The document provides background information on the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Kuomintang (GMD) nationalist party. It examines why the CCP was ultimately victorious over the GMD in 1949. Key reasons for the CCP's success included that they offered land reform that appealed to peasants, built strong rural bases of support, and effectively utilized guerilla warfare tactics. Meanwhile, the GMD faced issues of corruption, economic problems in the cities they controlled, and an inability to counter the CCP's shifting military strategies. By 1949, the CCP had defeated the GMD and established control over most of China, culminating in the founding of the People's Republic of China
Guomingdang
The Guomindang/Kuomintang (KMT) was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 as the Revive China Society to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a republic. Sun helped plan the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that established the Republic of China, but he lacked military support. Under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership, the KMT became anti-communist and sought to reduce foreign influence in China. A civil war between the KMT and Chinese Communist Party began in 1927 and ended in 1937 when they allied against Japan, but ultimately resulted in separate governments in Taiwan and mainland China after 1949. Today the KMT remains influential in Taiwan and advocates Sun Yat-sen's
The Long March
The document discusses the key events and significance of the Long March undertaken by the Chinese Communist Party from 1934-1935. It describes how the Communists were surrounded and attacked by the Kuomintang forces using blockhouse tactics on the advice of German advisors. This led to major losses for the CCP who were forced to abandon their bases. The march south and breakout was led and organized poorly by Otto Braun, but leadership was handed to Mao Zedong in 1935 who guided the Communists over difficult terrain and across rivers to establish a new base in Yanan. The Long March demonstrated the Communists' survival and boosted their reputation and support across China.
China Pre 1911
The document provides an overview of the 1911 Revolution in China. It discusses:
1) How China was traditionally ruled through dynasties, but by the late 1900s the Qing dynasty was in decline due to internal problems, foreign humiliation, and modernization elsewhere.
2) Sun Yat Sen emerged as a revolutionary leader advocating for nationalism, democracy, and socialism. He founded the Tongmenghui group to overthrow the Qing.
3) In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out and quickly spread. A provisional republican government was formed in Nanjing. Yuan Shi Kai negotiated for the abdication of the child emperor, becoming China's first president.
Recommended
War with Japan
The document discusses Japan's invasion of China in the early 20th century. It provides background on Japan's increasing control over areas of China from 1895. It then examines the reasons for Japan's full invasion of Manchuria in 1931, including Japan viewing China as weak and seeking to replace it as Asia's dominant power. The document also looks at the impact of the Japanese invasion on China, including the brutal Nanjing Massacre that sought to terrify the Chinese population into submission but had the opposite effect of galvanizing resistance. Finally, it evaluates how the war with Japan contributed to the growth of the Chinese Communist Party by allowing it to position itself as a force resisting foreign aggression.
Civil War - 1945-49
The document discusses the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the nationalist Kuomintang (GMD) from 1946-1949. It examines their differing aims and policies. The CCP aimed to empower peasants by reducing rents and taxes, banning outdated practices, and establishing women's groups. They gained widespread rural support. In contrast, the GMD struggled with inflation, worker strikes, and unrest in the cities they controlled. Ultimately, the CCP's shift to conventional warfare tactics in their "Strong Point Offensive" allowed them to defeat the GMD and take control of China by 1949.
The Northern Expeditions
1. The Northern Expedition led by the Guomindang armies took control of major cities in China from 1926-1927 but faced resistance from warlords and could not establish full control over the country.
2. In 1927, the Guomindang turned on their Communist allies and massacred them in Shanghai and other cities, forcing the Communists to retreat to rural bases like the Jiangxi Soviet.
3. While the Guomindang nominally unified northern China by 1928 with the help of warlords, real control was limited as warlords still held power in their own territories and the Communists grew stronger in the countryside, gaining peasant support through land reforms. The Guomindang struggled to establish authority
Warlord China, 1912-27
Yuan Shi Kai dissolved the elected National Assembly in 1914 and ruled as a dictator, becoming increasingly unpopular. After his death in 1916, China fell into a period of warlordism as regional military leaders fought for control. During this era from 1916-1927, the central government collapsed and the country saw brutal warfare, rampant taxation, and economic problems. Law and order broke down as the warlords prioritized gaining territory over people's welfare.
Civil War - 1945-49
The document provides background information on the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Kuomintang (GMD) nationalist party. It examines why the CCP was ultimately victorious over the GMD in 1949. Key reasons for the CCP's success included that they offered land reform that appealed to peasants, built strong rural bases of support, and effectively utilized guerilla warfare tactics. Meanwhile, the GMD faced issues of corruption, economic problems in the cities they controlled, and an inability to counter the CCP's shifting military strategies. By 1949, the CCP had defeated the GMD and established control over most of China, culminating in the founding of the People's Republic of China
Guomingdang
The Guomindang/Kuomintang (KMT) was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 as the Revive China Society to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a republic. Sun helped plan the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that established the Republic of China, but he lacked military support. Under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership, the KMT became anti-communist and sought to reduce foreign influence in China. A civil war between the KMT and Chinese Communist Party began in 1927 and ended in 1937 when they allied against Japan, but ultimately resulted in separate governments in Taiwan and mainland China after 1949. Today the KMT remains influential in Taiwan and advocates Sun Yat-sen's
The Long March
The document discusses the key events and significance of the Long March undertaken by the Chinese Communist Party from 1934-1935. It describes how the Communists were surrounded and attacked by the Kuomintang forces using blockhouse tactics on the advice of German advisors. This led to major losses for the CCP who were forced to abandon their bases. The march south and breakout was led and organized poorly by Otto Braun, but leadership was handed to Mao Zedong in 1935 who guided the Communists over difficult terrain and across rivers to establish a new base in Yanan. The Long March demonstrated the Communists' survival and boosted their reputation and support across China.
China Pre 1911
The document provides an overview of the 1911 Revolution in China. It discusses:
1) How China was traditionally ruled through dynasties, but by the late 1900s the Qing dynasty was in decline due to internal problems, foreign humiliation, and modernization elsewhere.
2) Sun Yat Sen emerged as a revolutionary leader advocating for nationalism, democracy, and socialism. He founded the Tongmenghui group to overthrow the Qing.
3) In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out and quickly spread. A provisional republican government was formed in Nanjing. Yuan Shi Kai negotiated for the abdication of the child emperor, becoming China's first president.
Japan-China War and The Civil War Timeline
The Japan-China War began in 1937 when Japan invaded China in an attempt to control the country. Japan made several conquests but lacked the manpower to fully occupy China. The war ended in 1945 after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender. This started a civil war between the Communist Party and the nationalist Guomindang party. Despite initial successes, the Guomindang struggled with inflation, public unrest, and losing US support. They were defeated by the Communist Party's People's Liberation Army in 1948, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China while the Guomindang retreated to Taiwan.
China 1911 1949
1. In the early 20th century, China was fragmented under various warlords after the fall of the Qing dynasty.
2. The Guomindang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, allied with the Communist Party to defeat the warlords during the Northern Expedition from 1926-1927.
3. However, Chiang turned on the communists, massacring them in Shanghai and Guangzhou. From 1928-1937, Chiang ruled China as dictator and focused on modernizing but faced growing communist and Japanese insurgencies.
The Cultural Revolution - Motives
Mao instigated the Cultural Revolution for several motives:
1. He wanted to regain political power after economic reforms weakened his position following the Great Leap Forward.
2. He saw Chinese culture and society as becoming too bourgeois and capitalist, and sought to purge these elements and enforce communist ideology.
3. Mao launched an attack on education and traditional culture, which he believed produced a corrupt bureaucratic class.
4. By 1965, Mao had gained enough military support from Lin Biao and felt confident launching the Cultural Revolution to cement his political comeback.
The Rise & Fall of the Gang of Four
Here are 5 images each that portray people being better off or worse off by 1976 in Mao's China, as well as the greatest changes during 1919-1976:
1. People were better off by 1976:
- Image of modernized city skyline vs rural landscape from early 1900s
- Image of workers in factory with modern machinery
- Image of farmers harvesting mechanized vs manual labor
- Image of students in new school building
- Image of people gathered around television
2. People were worse off by 1976:
- Image of emaciated man during Great Leap Forward famine
- Image of people crowded in shared living spaces
- Image of people doing manual labor in poor working conditions
- Image
The treaty of versailles and china
The document summarizes why Chinese hopes were bitterly disappointed by the Treaty of Versailles. It explains that China joined World War I on the side of the Allies and contributed labor support but its territory of Shandong was given to Japan instead of being restored to China as promised. This led to a rise in Chinese nationalism and shattered faith in Woodrow Wilson's ideals of self-determination. The Chinese delegation refused to sign the treaty, and violent protests broke out among Chinese immigrants in Paris, foreshadowing the nationalist sentiment that would emerge in China.
L1 yuan shikai
1) Yuan Shikai played a major role in the failure of the early Chinese republic by consolidating power and ruling as a dictator, ignoring the new constitution.
2) Other key reasons for failure included China's lack of democratic political tradition, the selfish interests of local elites, and disunity among progressive forces.
3) The failure led to warlordism dominating China after 1916 and a neglect of reforms, increasing foreign control and inviting further aggression.
Manchuria
Japan invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 even though both countries were members of the League of Nations. China appealed to the League, seeing it as an act of aggression by a fellow member. While the League organized a commission of inquiry, by 1932 Japan had occupied all of Manchuria and renamed it Manchukuo. The commission ultimately condemned Japan's actions but Japan withdrew from the League and retained control of Manchuria.
Gmd lesson outline
The document discusses the history and ideology of the GMD/KMT party in China. It provides background on the founding of the KMT by Sun Yat-sen in the early 20th century. It outlines Sun Yat-sen's "Three Principles of the People" which formed the basis of KMT ideology: nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood. The document also describes how under Chiang Kai-shek in the 1920s, the KMT developed its financial and military structures, including the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy, to work towards its goals of reunifying China and establishing a sovereign nationalist state.
100 Flower Campaign
Mao established a one-party state in China from 1949-1957 through a series of political changes and campaigns:
1) He suppressed all other political parties and purged potential opponents through accusations of being "counter-revolutionaries" or "imperialists".
2) He instituted "thought reform" through campaigns like studying Mao's writings and public self-criticism to control ideological debate and the party.
3) After encouraging criticism through the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao then reversed course and persecuted critics in the Anti-Rightist Campaign, eliminating intellectual opposition and instilling fear in society.
Chinese civil war final
The Chinese Civil War began in 1927 after the Nationalist Party (KMT) turned on their former Communist Party allies and executed them in Shanghai. This led to a split between the right and left KMT factions, with competing governments based in Nanjing, Wuhan, and Beijing. The war continued during the Japanese invasion in the 1930s, as the KMT and CPC refused to ally against Japan. Ultimately, the CPC defeated the KMT in 1949 due to corruption within the KMT and the CPC's promises of land reform that made them popular with peasants.
The Democracy Movement
Here is a timeline of key events in China from 1911-1989 with explanations of the most important events:
1911 - Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China
1949 - Communist Party led by Mao Zedong defeats the Nationalists in civil war, establishes the People's Republic of China
1958-1962 - Great Leap Forward leads to famine killing tens of millions due to failed economic policies
1966-1976 - Cultural Revolution causes widespread social and economic disruption under Mao's rule
1976 - Mao Zedong dies, ending his authoritarian leadership
1978 - Deng Xiaoping rises to power, introduces market-oriented reforms (most important event, began
Formation of the ccp
The formation of the CCP in 1921 was influenced by both internal and external factors, but was primarily driven by external factors such as the failure of Western liberalism demonstrated by the Treaty of Versailles, ideological influence from the Russian revolution and Lenin's theory of imperialism, and practical aid from Russian Communist agents sent by the Comintern to help create a revolutionary party in China. However, applying Communist ideology presented challenges in China given its large rural population and small urban proletariat that Communist theory was based around.
Presidency of Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai became president of China in 1912 after the establishment of a constitutional republic, but consolidated power by making himself president for 10 years in 1914, establishing a dictatorship. He attempted to further consolidate power by declaring himself Emperor in 1915, but faced opposition from groups like the Guomindang who wanted democracy. Japan also undermined Yuan by presenting demands that threatened war if not accepted, contributing to rebellions against Yuan and the end of his reign in 1916.
New Tide and May 4th Movement
The May 4th Movement of 1919 was a student-led protest against decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference that saw China receive no concessions while Japan gained territory. Students boycotted Japanese goods to end foreign control in China and force changes to social policies. The 1911 Revolution had replaced the monarchy with another authoritarian system, betraying promises of the revolution. Beginning in 1916, the New Tide movement sought to introduce new ideas of freedom, equal rights, and science like Marxism to further revolutionize China and end foreign domination, led by figures like Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
Chinese Revolution
The document summarizes major events in modern Chinese history from the late 19th century to present day. It describes the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and establishment of the Republic of China led by Sun Yat-sen. However, the republic faced weaknesses like disunity and foreign imperialism. Communist ideas grew under Mao Zedong, and civil war broke out between Nationalists and Communists. They temporarily united to fight the Japanese invasion from 1937-1945. The Communists emerged victorious in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's rule. His economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had major impacts, though issues in China continue today around balancing reforms with communist ideals.
Chinese Revolution
The document summarizes the history of modern China from the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 to the rule of Mao Zedong and the Communist Party. It discusses the overthrow of the Qing by revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen and the establishment of the Republic of China. However, the republic faced many challenges including warlords, foreign imperialism, and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Japan also invaded China in the 1930s and 1940s until being defeated by the Allies in World War II. The Communists then took control of mainland China in 1949 while the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. Under Mao's leadership, China underwent land reform, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural
IB History: Historiography Mao
The document discusses different perspectives on Mao Zedong and events during his rule in China such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. It outlines Chinese official views that emphasize Mao's contributions as well as critical Western views since the 1980s that have revised their earlier more sympathetic stances due to new evidence of human costs such as the 30-38 million deaths from famine during the Great Leap Forward. The document also examines varying interpretations of historical events from different time periods and ideological stances.
Japanese Invasion 1931-7
The Japanese gradually expanded their control over Manchuria and parts of northern China from 1931 to 1937 through a series of military occupations and expeditions. In 1931, Japanese troops occupied Manchuria against orders and established the puppet state of Manchukuo. From 1933 to 1936, the Kwantung Army continued occupying more territories outside of Manchuria. In 1937, unable to unite China against them, the Japanese launched a full invasion of China in an attempt to prevent the formation of a strong Chinese united front.
Changin' China
The document summarizes key events and individuals in modern Chinese history, including the 1911 Chinese Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen that helped Westernize China; Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People that promoted nationalism, socialism, and democracy; the establishment of the Kuomindang political party by Sun Yat-sen and its rule under Chiang Kai-shek; the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomindang and Communists led by Mao Zedong, who went on to found the People's Republic of China; and major events and policies under Mao like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, as well as the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
The Manchurian Incident
1. The Manchurian Incident began in September 1931 when Japanese military officers bombed a railway in Manchuria and blamed Chinese troops to justify invading and taking control of the region from China.
2. An international commission determined that Japan did not act in self-defense, leading Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations in 1933.
3. The incident allowed Japan to establish the puppet state of Manchukuo and marked the beginning of Japanese expansionism in China.
China’s recent history
The document summarizes major events in China's recent history from the 19th century Opium Wars to imperialism and conflicts with Western and Japanese forces. It then covers the establishment of the Chinese republic, rise of the Communist party, the Long March, World War 2, and the Communist revolution in 1949. It discusses the socialist period under Mao with a focus on agriculture, education, and healthcare reforms. It concludes with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms from 1978 onward, the opening of China, and its recent leadership under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.
1919 - 1935
This document provides a timeline of important events in China from 1919 to 1935:
1) In 1919, Chinese students protested at the Paris Peace Conference's decisions, known as the May Fourth Movement.
2) In 1921, Mao Zedong helped establish the Chinese Communist Party after studying communism at Beijing University.
3) In the mid-1920s, the Guomindang and Communists allied to defeat warlords, but split in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek killed communists in Shanghai.
4) From 1933-1934, Chiang launched extermination campaigns against the communist-controlled Jiangxi Soviet, finally defeating them and forcing their Long March retreat to Yanan in 1935.
More Related Content
What's hot
Japan-China War and The Civil War Timeline
The Japan-China War began in 1937 when Japan invaded China in an attempt to control the country. Japan made several conquests but lacked the manpower to fully occupy China. The war ended in 1945 after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender. This started a civil war between the Communist Party and the nationalist Guomindang party. Despite initial successes, the Guomindang struggled with inflation, public unrest, and losing US support. They were defeated by the Communist Party's People's Liberation Army in 1948, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China while the Guomindang retreated to Taiwan.
China 1911 1949
1. In the early 20th century, China was fragmented under various warlords after the fall of the Qing dynasty.
2. The Guomindang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, allied with the Communist Party to defeat the warlords during the Northern Expedition from 1926-1927.
3. However, Chiang turned on the communists, massacring them in Shanghai and Guangzhou. From 1928-1937, Chiang ruled China as dictator and focused on modernizing but faced growing communist and Japanese insurgencies.
The Cultural Revolution - Motives
Mao instigated the Cultural Revolution for several motives:
1. He wanted to regain political power after economic reforms weakened his position following the Great Leap Forward.
2. He saw Chinese culture and society as becoming too bourgeois and capitalist, and sought to purge these elements and enforce communist ideology.
3. Mao launched an attack on education and traditional culture, which he believed produced a corrupt bureaucratic class.
4. By 1965, Mao had gained enough military support from Lin Biao and felt confident launching the Cultural Revolution to cement his political comeback.
The Rise & Fall of the Gang of Four
Here are 5 images each that portray people being better off or worse off by 1976 in Mao's China, as well as the greatest changes during 1919-1976:
1. People were better off by 1976:
- Image of modernized city skyline vs rural landscape from early 1900s
- Image of workers in factory with modern machinery
- Image of farmers harvesting mechanized vs manual labor
- Image of students in new school building
- Image of people gathered around television
2. People were worse off by 1976:
- Image of emaciated man during Great Leap Forward famine
- Image of people crowded in shared living spaces
- Image of people doing manual labor in poor working conditions
- Image
The treaty of versailles and china
The document summarizes why Chinese hopes were bitterly disappointed by the Treaty of Versailles. It explains that China joined World War I on the side of the Allies and contributed labor support but its territory of Shandong was given to Japan instead of being restored to China as promised. This led to a rise in Chinese nationalism and shattered faith in Woodrow Wilson's ideals of self-determination. The Chinese delegation refused to sign the treaty, and violent protests broke out among Chinese immigrants in Paris, foreshadowing the nationalist sentiment that would emerge in China.
L1 yuan shikai
1) Yuan Shikai played a major role in the failure of the early Chinese republic by consolidating power and ruling as a dictator, ignoring the new constitution.
2) Other key reasons for failure included China's lack of democratic political tradition, the selfish interests of local elites, and disunity among progressive forces.
3) The failure led to warlordism dominating China after 1916 and a neglect of reforms, increasing foreign control and inviting further aggression.
Manchuria
Japan invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 even though both countries were members of the League of Nations. China appealed to the League, seeing it as an act of aggression by a fellow member. While the League organized a commission of inquiry, by 1932 Japan had occupied all of Manchuria and renamed it Manchukuo. The commission ultimately condemned Japan's actions but Japan withdrew from the League and retained control of Manchuria.
Gmd lesson outline
The document discusses the history and ideology of the GMD/KMT party in China. It provides background on the founding of the KMT by Sun Yat-sen in the early 20th century. It outlines Sun Yat-sen's "Three Principles of the People" which formed the basis of KMT ideology: nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood. The document also describes how under Chiang Kai-shek in the 1920s, the KMT developed its financial and military structures, including the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy, to work towards its goals of reunifying China and establishing a sovereign nationalist state.
100 Flower Campaign
Mao established a one-party state in China from 1949-1957 through a series of political changes and campaigns:
1) He suppressed all other political parties and purged potential opponents through accusations of being "counter-revolutionaries" or "imperialists".
2) He instituted "thought reform" through campaigns like studying Mao's writings and public self-criticism to control ideological debate and the party.
3) After encouraging criticism through the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao then reversed course and persecuted critics in the Anti-Rightist Campaign, eliminating intellectual opposition and instilling fear in society.
Chinese civil war final
The Chinese Civil War began in 1927 after the Nationalist Party (KMT) turned on their former Communist Party allies and executed them in Shanghai. This led to a split between the right and left KMT factions, with competing governments based in Nanjing, Wuhan, and Beijing. The war continued during the Japanese invasion in the 1930s, as the KMT and CPC refused to ally against Japan. Ultimately, the CPC defeated the KMT in 1949 due to corruption within the KMT and the CPC's promises of land reform that made them popular with peasants.
The Democracy Movement
Here is a timeline of key events in China from 1911-1989 with explanations of the most important events:
1911 - Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China
1949 - Communist Party led by Mao Zedong defeats the Nationalists in civil war, establishes the People's Republic of China
1958-1962 - Great Leap Forward leads to famine killing tens of millions due to failed economic policies
1966-1976 - Cultural Revolution causes widespread social and economic disruption under Mao's rule
1976 - Mao Zedong dies, ending his authoritarian leadership
1978 - Deng Xiaoping rises to power, introduces market-oriented reforms (most important event, began
Formation of the ccp
The formation of the CCP in 1921 was influenced by both internal and external factors, but was primarily driven by external factors such as the failure of Western liberalism demonstrated by the Treaty of Versailles, ideological influence from the Russian revolution and Lenin's theory of imperialism, and practical aid from Russian Communist agents sent by the Comintern to help create a revolutionary party in China. However, applying Communist ideology presented challenges in China given its large rural population and small urban proletariat that Communist theory was based around.
Presidency of Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai became president of China in 1912 after the establishment of a constitutional republic, but consolidated power by making himself president for 10 years in 1914, establishing a dictatorship. He attempted to further consolidate power by declaring himself Emperor in 1915, but faced opposition from groups like the Guomindang who wanted democracy. Japan also undermined Yuan by presenting demands that threatened war if not accepted, contributing to rebellions against Yuan and the end of his reign in 1916.
New Tide and May 4th Movement
The May 4th Movement of 1919 was a student-led protest against decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference that saw China receive no concessions while Japan gained territory. Students boycotted Japanese goods to end foreign control in China and force changes to social policies. The 1911 Revolution had replaced the monarchy with another authoritarian system, betraying promises of the revolution. Beginning in 1916, the New Tide movement sought to introduce new ideas of freedom, equal rights, and science like Marxism to further revolutionize China and end foreign domination, led by figures like Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
Chinese Revolution
The document summarizes major events in modern Chinese history from the late 19th century to present day. It describes the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and establishment of the Republic of China led by Sun Yat-sen. However, the republic faced weaknesses like disunity and foreign imperialism. Communist ideas grew under Mao Zedong, and civil war broke out between Nationalists and Communists. They temporarily united to fight the Japanese invasion from 1937-1945. The Communists emerged victorious in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's rule. His economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had major impacts, though issues in China continue today around balancing reforms with communist ideals.
Chinese Revolution
The document summarizes the history of modern China from the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 to the rule of Mao Zedong and the Communist Party. It discusses the overthrow of the Qing by revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen and the establishment of the Republic of China. However, the republic faced many challenges including warlords, foreign imperialism, and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Japan also invaded China in the 1930s and 1940s until being defeated by the Allies in World War II. The Communists then took control of mainland China in 1949 while the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. Under Mao's leadership, China underwent land reform, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural
IB History: Historiography Mao
The document discusses different perspectives on Mao Zedong and events during his rule in China such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. It outlines Chinese official views that emphasize Mao's contributions as well as critical Western views since the 1980s that have revised their earlier more sympathetic stances due to new evidence of human costs such as the 30-38 million deaths from famine during the Great Leap Forward. The document also examines varying interpretations of historical events from different time periods and ideological stances.
Japanese Invasion 1931-7
The Japanese gradually expanded their control over Manchuria and parts of northern China from 1931 to 1937 through a series of military occupations and expeditions. In 1931, Japanese troops occupied Manchuria against orders and established the puppet state of Manchukuo. From 1933 to 1936, the Kwantung Army continued occupying more territories outside of Manchuria. In 1937, unable to unite China against them, the Japanese launched a full invasion of China in an attempt to prevent the formation of a strong Chinese united front.
Changin' China
The document summarizes key events and individuals in modern Chinese history, including the 1911 Chinese Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen that helped Westernize China; Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People that promoted nationalism, socialism, and democracy; the establishment of the Kuomindang political party by Sun Yat-sen and its rule under Chiang Kai-shek; the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomindang and Communists led by Mao Zedong, who went on to found the People's Republic of China; and major events and policies under Mao like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, as well as the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
The Manchurian Incident
1. The Manchurian Incident began in September 1931 when Japanese military officers bombed a railway in Manchuria and blamed Chinese troops to justify invading and taking control of the region from China.
2. An international commission determined that Japan did not act in self-defense, leading Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations in 1933.
3. The incident allowed Japan to establish the puppet state of Manchukuo and marked the beginning of Japanese expansionism in China.
What's hot (20)
Similar to The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre
China’s recent history
The document summarizes major events in China's recent history from the 19th century Opium Wars to imperialism and conflicts with Western and Japanese forces. It then covers the establishment of the Chinese republic, rise of the Communist party, the Long March, World War 2, and the Communist revolution in 1949. It discusses the socialist period under Mao with a focus on agriculture, education, and healthcare reforms. It concludes with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms from 1978 onward, the opening of China, and its recent leadership under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.
1919 - 1935
This document provides a timeline of important events in China from 1919 to 1935:
1) In 1919, Chinese students protested at the Paris Peace Conference's decisions, known as the May Fourth Movement.
2) In 1921, Mao Zedong helped establish the Chinese Communist Party after studying communism at Beijing University.
3) In the mid-1920s, the Guomindang and Communists allied to defeat warlords, but split in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek killed communists in Shanghai.
4) From 1933-1934, Chiang launched extermination campaigns against the communist-controlled Jiangxi Soviet, finally defeating them and forcing their Long March retreat to Yanan in 1935.
grudic_mao___china1.pptx
Mao Zedong consolidated authoritarian control over China after 1949 through mass mobilization campaigns and propaganda that promoted his cult of personality. Campaigns like the Three Antis and Five Antis targeted private businesses and government officials to eliminate opposition. Strict censorship and thought reform ensured people supported Mao's policies. The Hundred Flowers Campaign briefly allowed criticism but was followed by a crackdown. Mao maintained power through the Communist Party and Cultural Revolution until his death in 1976.
30.3 imperial china collapses
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, nationalist and communist movements struggled for power in China. The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) overthrew the Qing and established a new republic led by Sun Yixian, but the government was unstable. In the 1920s, the Communist Party of China was formed under Mao Zedong and began gaining support from peasants dissatisfied with the nationalist government's corruption. A civil war then broke out between the nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi and the communists led by Mao, which was still raging in the late 1930s when Japan invaded China and suspended the civil war as the two Chinese factions allied against the common enemy.
Timeline Civil War
The Japan-China War lasted from 1937 to 1945, during which time Japan conquered much of eastern China but did not occupy the entire country due to lack of manpower. The war ended with Japan's surrender in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This led to a civil war between the Communist Party and the nationalist Kuomintang party. Although initially better equipped and supported by the US, the Kuomintang lost support among the people due to economic problems and corruption. By 1948, the Communist Party had grown in strength and defeated the Kuomintang forces, establishing control of mainland China and founding the People's Republic of China while the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan.
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 16 – August 2, 1945• Leaders agre.docx
Potsdam Conference
July 16 – August 2, 1945
• Leaders agreed that
Germany must be
defeated and de - Nazified
• Leaders disagreed over
post – war Germany and
Eastern Europe
• Britain and United States
wanted free elections
• Stalin feared anti – Soviet
governments in Eastern
Europe
Expansion of Communism
• Russia in 1917 due to revolution
• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland and Romania following World War II
in 1945
• North Korea following World War II in 1945
• China in 1949 following World War II and civil war
• Cuba in 1959 following a revolution
• Vietnam in 1975 following the Vietnam War
Prelude to Russian Revolution
• By 1900, withdrawal of European investments in
Russia weakened industrial and economic
development
• Defeat in the Russo – Japanese War in 1905
devastated the Russian economy
• Worker strikes, peasant uprisings and military
mutinies spread across Russia in 1905
• Struggling industrial class resented the lack of
government action against unions and strikes
Bloody Sunday
• On January 22, 1905, in
St. Petersburg, around
3,000 workers marched
on the Winter Palace
• Imperial guards fired
upon and kill nearly 200
people
• Tsar Nicholas II was
blamed for the incident
• Initiated widespread
strikes and protest
Russia to World War I
• By 1907, political unrest led to the rise of new
political groups, including the Bolsheviks
• Widespread worker strikes stagnated industrial and
economic growth
• Unprepared for the outbreak of World War I
• Russian military was poorly led, armed, supplied
and trained
• By 1916, failures on the battlefield led to low
morale in the military and the populace
The Russian Revolution
• On February 23, 1917,
protest over food
rationing erupted in St.
Petersburg
• On March 15, 1917, Tsar
Nicholas II was forced to
abdicate and a
provisional government is
installed
• In July 1917, Bolsheviks
under Lenin rose in revolt
and gained power by
October
Vladimir Lenin
• Born on April 22, 1870,
in south central Russia
• Trained as a lawyer
• Execution of his brother
in 1887 made him anti-
tsarists
• Became involved with a
Marxist group in St.
Petersburg in 1893
Vladimir Lenin
• Arrested in 1894 for illegal political activities
• Exiled for three years to Siberia in 1897
• Lived abroad in Munich and London after exile
• Continued to print Marxist publications
• Fled to Switzerland at the outbreak of World War I
• Returned to Russia after the February Revolution to
take control of the Bolsheviks
Lenin and Russia
• Established the Russian
Communist Party in
March 1918
• Established the Politburo
as the governing body of
the party
• Made reforms to gain
worker and military
support
• Ended involvement in
World War
Reforms of Lenin
• In October 1917, issued Decree on Workers Rights,
establishing an 8 hour work day
• Issued Decree on Popular Education
• On November 8, issued Decree on ...
Manchuria IGCSE History
The Japanese army invaded Manchuria in 1931 claiming China had sabotaged the Manchurian railway. They established the puppet state of Manchukuo. The League of Nations appointed a commission that reported Japan was the aggressor and should withdraw from Manchuria. However, Japan ignored the League's demands and resigned from the League in 1933, continuing their expansion by invading Jehol. The League's failure to enforce its rulings discredited it and showed that countries could ignore the League if they were powerful enough.
Communist China
The document summarizes the history of revolution in China in the early 20th century. It describes the fall of the Manchu Dynasty in 1911 and the power struggle between the Nationalist party led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist party led by Mao Zedong from 1925-1937. Mao and his Communist supporters gained strength through their guerrilla tactics against the Japanese and Nationalists. After World War 2, the Communists defeated the Nationalists and established communist rule in China under Mao Zedong in 1949.
China History TImeline
China experienced significant political upheaval and changes between 1897 and 1927. The Hundred Days of Reform in 1898 sought to modernize China's education and government. The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 aimed to drive out foreign influence. In 1912, the last emperor abdicated, ending over 2000 years of imperial rule and establishing a republic with Yuan Shikai as president. However, China then descended into warlordism and civil war between competing forces as no single group could establish control over all of China. By 1927, the Guomindang under Chiang Kaishek had reunified much of northern and central China and established a national government, but still faced ongoing resistance from communists and regional warlords.
L9 the october revolution
The document provides background information on the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. It discusses key events that led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government by the Bolsheviks, including the Bolsheviks gaining majorities in the soviets in mid-September, Lenin's return to Petrograd in early October, and the Bolsheviks and sailors seizing power and establishing the new government on October 25-27. It also examines differing historical interpretations of whether the Bolshevik takeover was a coup carried out by a small group or a legitimate revolution supported by workers and soldiers.
powerpoint.8
The Chinese Revolution overthrew the last Qing emperor in 1911 and was led by Sun Yixian and the Nationalists with the goals of ending foreign control, establishing democracy, and ensuring economic security. However, local warlords seized power and a civil war erupted. Meanwhile, the Communists formed under Mao Zedong and allied with the Nationalists against the warlords, but the alliance broke down after the Nationalists turned on the Communists. This led to the Long March where 100,000 Communists fled westward to escape the Nationalists. After Japan invaded China in 1937, another alliance was formed to fight Japan, but the Nationalists were unpopular and corrupt while the Communists gained support from peasants, and ultimately the Communists
Week 3 - The Russian Revolution
The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution between 1905-1924. It discusses the long-term causes of unrest including the role of peasants, the new working class, and the Tsar's poor leadership. Two main groups opposed the Tsar - liberal reformers and revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin. In 1917, widespread unrest led the Tsar to abdicate and a provisional government formed, but Lenin seized power in October 1917 beginning communist rule. This sparked a civil war as the Bolsheviks fought opposition groups supported by foreign powers, which the Bolsheviks ultimately won by 1921.
Week 11 day 3-unit 2- russian revolution guided notes with highlights
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolutions of 1917. It describes the oppressive rule of the Russian czars, including Nicholas II, and the rapid industrialization that led to unrest among workers and the rise of socialist ideologies like Marxism. World War I exacerbated existing issues, causing strikes and protests that eventually led Nicholas II to abdicate in March 1917. Vladimir Lenin then orchestrated the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917, allowing the Bolsheviks to seize control without violence and establish communist rule in Russia.
Hist a390 1918 the canadian experience
The document provides an overview of events in 1918 related to World War 1 and the Russian Revolution. It discusses the arrival of American troops in August 1918 and other Allied forces intervening in Russia's civil war. The Czech Legion's eastward journey across Siberia hoping to reach home is described, which contributed to the chaos. The Spanish Flu pandemic that emerged in 1918 and ultimately killed 50-100 million people worldwide is also summarized.
Nationalist China and Democracy in Japan
Developments in Nationalist China, the rise of Communism in China, and Japan's era of transformation from Taisho democracy to growing militarism.
Two chinas H00230933
China has a long history as an empire ruled by emperors for over 2000 years. In the early 20th century, China was divided between two rival factions - the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. From 1934-1935, Mao and the Communist Red Army embarked on the famous Long March across China to escape the Kuomintang, covering nearly 10,000 kilometers and surviving harsh conditions, though most soldiers perished. Eventually in 1949, Mao's Communist forces defeated the Kuomintang, who fled to Taiwan, and Mao established the People's Republic of China with him as chairman.
Two chinas
China has a long history as an empire ruled by emperors for over 2000 years. In the early 20th century, China was divided between two rival factions - the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. From 1934-1935, Mao and the Communist Red Army embarked on the famous Long March across China to escape the Kuomintang, covering nearly 10,000 kilometers and surviving harsh conditions, though most soldiers perished. They eventually reached their destination of Yan'an with only 10,000 surviving soldiers out of the original 87,000. This established the Communist Party as a force to be reckoned with in China.
Two chinas
China has a long history as an empire ruled by emperors for over 2000 years. In the early 20th century, China was divided between two rival factions - the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. From 1934-1935, Mao and the Communist Red Army embarked on the famous Long March across China to escape the Kuomintang, covering nearly 10,000 kilometers and surviving harsh conditions, during which Mao established new guerrilla warfare tactics. After World War 2, the civil war between the Kuomintang and Communists resumed, with the Communists gaining increasing support and ultimately establishing the People's Republic of China under M
Intro chinese communist 2014
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 due to protests, leading to a period of warlordism and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Mao Zedong led the Communist army using guerrilla tactics against the Nationalists and Japanese. After World War 2, the civil war resumed and the Communists declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 under Mao. Key events included land redistribution, industrialization, oppression of dissidents, and the Great Leap Forward which led to a devastating famine.
Intro chinese communist 2014
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 due to protests, leading to a period of warlordism and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Mao Zedong led the Communist army using guerrilla tactics against the Nationalists and Japanese. After World War 2, the civil war resumed and the Communists declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 under Mao. Key events included land redistribution, industrialization, oppression of dissidents, and the Great Leap Forward which led to a devastating famine.
Similar to The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre (20)
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 16 – August 2, 1945• Leaders agre.docx
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 16 – August 2, 1945• Leaders agre.docx
Week 11 day 3-unit 2- russian revolution guided notes with highlights
Week 11 day 3-unit 2- russian revolution guided notes with highlights
More from RCB78
Reflective vocab
This document provides guidance on writing reflectively in 3 parts: description, interpretation, and outcome. For the description, write a short summary of the key details of the experience including who, what, when, and where. For the interpretation, analyze meaningful aspects and ideas as well as how your thoughts and feelings changed throughout. For the outcome, discuss what was learned and how the experience impacted skills, understanding, and next steps.
Developing a Research Question
The document provides steps to develop a well-focused research question. It instructs readers to choose a topic of interest, describe it in one sentence, study it because they want to find out something specific, convert the statement to a question, evaluate the question, restate it using different terms, review it with teachers, and begin research. The goal is to formulate a clear research question about an issue the reader cares about to guide their project work.
Extended essaytimeline2017 2018
This document outlines the extended essay timeline for students completing their extended essays from 2017 to 2018. It provides key dates for introduction to the extended essay, choosing topics and supervisors, conducting research, writing drafts and reflections, and submitting the final essay. The nature of supervision meetings is also described, which aim to help students develop their research questions and thinking through discussion.
The Death of Lenin
In his final years from 1922 to 1924, Lenin was concerned with the future leadership and direction of communism in Russia. He grew disillusioned with some members of the Communist party and believed Stalin and others were not fit to lead. In 1922, Lenin dictated his "Political Will" document outlining criticisms of key party members and recommending others to succeed him, but it was not published openly. He died in January 1924 after suffering multiple strokes.
New Economic Policy
The document discusses the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced by Lenin in 1921 in response to economic crisis and opposition in Russia. It provides background on War Communism, the Kronstadt rebellion, and reasons for the NEP. The NEP allowed private enterprise, markets, and a tax on peasant production. It aimed to restore the economy but faced criticism from communists and ideological concerns over private property and capitalism. Overall the sources discuss debates around the success and failure of the NEP in achieving economic recovery while maintaining communist principles.
War Communism Revolts
The document discusses two major revolts against the Bolsheviks in 1921 - the Tambov Rebellion and the Kronstadt Revolt. The Tambov Rebellion was a widespread peasant uprising in response to millions of deaths from starvation under War Communism. The Kronstadt Revolt involved sailors and soldiers rebelling against compulsory labor and the replacement of soviet influence with the Vesenkha ministry. The Politburo anticipated the rebels would be unhappy about political oppression, economic misery, and witnessing the dire situation in cities like Petrograd. After defeating an initial attack, Trotsky mobilized over 60,000 troops equipped with artillery to put down the Kronstadt Revolt over almost three weeks of fighting, executing around
War Communism
War Communism was introduced by the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War to help fight against opposing forces and take control of industry and food production. It involved the nationalization of factories, mines, and railways as well as forced grain requisitioning from peasants using violence and arrest. However, it failed as peasants hid grain and food shortages led to a severe famine in 1921 that killed millions. War communism damaged the economy and led to unrest, forcing the Bolsheviks to transition to the New Economic Policy.
Civil War in Russia - Why the Red Won
Here is a paragraph analyzing Trotsky's role in the Russian Civil War:
Trotsky played an extremely important role in the Bolshevik victory in the Civil War, as evidenced by the sources in the document "Trotsky and the Civil War." As People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Trotsky was responsible for organizing and leading the Red Army. He introduced conscription, established a communist political department within the army to ensure soldiers' loyalty, and divided the army into mobile units that could be rapidly deployed to counter White threats. Trotsky also showed great skill as a military strategist, directing the Red Army to defeat the larger and better equipped forces of Denikin, Kolchak, and Yudenich. Through his leadership and
Civil War in Russia
The document discusses the Russian Civil War that took place after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia from 1917-1922. It provides background information on key terms, events, and figures involved in the civil war. It then examines the impact of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in 1918, which required Russia to cede significant territory and resources to the German Empire, contributing to economic and political instability in Russia and opposition to the Bolshevik government. This further exacerbated other ongoing issues including foreign intervention, opposition to Bolshevik rule, and food shortages, leading to escalating conflict between the Bolshevik Red Army and opposing White forces.
The Bolshevik Consolidation of Power
The document summarizes key decisions made by Lenin and the Bolsheviks to consolidate power in Russia after the October Revolution in 1917. These included forming an exclusively Bolshevik government called Sovnarkom instead of ruling through the Soviet congress; banning opposition press and political parties like the Kadets; refusing to include other socialist parties in government despite pressure; implementing the decree on land to redistribute estates to peasants; granting workers control of factories; recognizing rights of national minorities; and accepting the punitive Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to exit World War I. These moves helped the Bolsheviks establish sole control over the government but also sparked opposition and protests.
The Provisional Government
The Provisional Government that ruled Russia after the February Revolution faced several weaknesses and mistakes that undermined its authority. It lacked a strong power base since it had simply assumed leadership without a popular mandate. It was also unable to resolve important issues like land reform in a timely manner. Additionally, the Provisional Government struggled to end Russian participation in World War I as desired by the Petrograd Soviet, which exercised power through the Bolshevik-controlled Red Guards. Several crises, like the June offensive and Kornilov Affair, further weakened the Provisional Government and strengthened the Bolsheviks.
The Provisional Government
The Provisional Government that ruled Russia after the February Revolution faced several weaknesses and mistakes that undermined its authority. It lacked a strong power base since it had simply assumed leadership without a popular mandate. It was also unable to resolve important issues like land reform in a timely manner. Additionally, the Provisional Government struggled to end Russia's involvement in World War I as it relied on allies for loans. Meanwhile, the Petrograd Soviet exercised power through its workers' councils despite having no constitutional authority. These issues, along with military defeats, allowed the Bolsheviks to gain popularity by demanding peace and Soviet rule.
The February Revolution
The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was caused by widespread dissatisfaction with World War I and Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule. Major factors included heavy losses and poor conditions for Russian soldiers, food and fuel shortages exacerbated by harsh winter weather, and growing strikes and protests. On International Women's Day, demonstrations in Petrograd swelled to over 90,000 protesters demanding bread and an end to the war. The Tsar ordered military suppression but the soldiers mutinied, depriving the Tsar of power. Nicholas abdicated on March 2, ending over 300 years of Romanov rule and beginning Russia's transition to a provisional democratic government.
See Think Wonder
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by reducing stress levels and promoting relaxation.
Influence of Rasputin
Rasputin gained influence over Tsarina Alexandra and contributed to political instability through his control over her decisions and appointments of ministers. As an uneducated peasant with questionable personal behavior, Rasputin's prominence in royal circles undermined faith in the Tsar's leadership. His assassination in late 1916 further damaged the reputation of the Romanov dynasty and fueled the growing revolutionary sentiment that would erupt in early 1917.
The Impacts of WW1
World War 1 had devastating impacts on Russia's social, political, and economic structure:
1) Military defeats weakened the Tsar's authority and led to massive casualties totaling over 1.7 million troops killed and 2.5 million captured by 1917.
2) The war effort strained Russia's economy through high spending, inflation, and transportation issues that caused food shortages in cities.
3) Social unrest grew as workers faced declining living standards from inflation, shortages, and loss of life. Over 25% of soldiers went to the front unarmed by 1915.
Women Protest Movement USA
The women's rights movement developed due to growing dissatisfaction among women with traditional gender roles following World War 2. During the war, many women had taken on jobs formerly restricted to men, giving them a taste of independence. However, postwar society encouraged women to return to being homemakers. Over time, factors like higher education rates, more women in the workforce, and new social movements empowered women to demand equal rights and challenge societal expectations. Influential figures like Eleanor Roosevelt and Betty Friedan played key roles in advocating for women's issues and establishing organizations like NOW to advance women's civil rights.
Opposition to women protest movement
The document discusses the development of the women's rights movement in the United States. It provides context on key figures and organizations that advanced women's rights like Betty Friedan, Eleanor Roosevelt, and NOW (National Organization for Women). NOW aimed to achieve equal rights and end discrimination against women. The movement faced opposition from those who wanted to preserve traditional gender roles. A major point of contention was abortion rights and the Supreme Court's 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion nationally. The movement achieved some successes but also faced limitations that prevented goals like passing the Equal Rights Amendment from being fully realized.
Student Protest Movement - Part 2
The document provides background information on the student protest movement of the 1960s. It discusses key events, organizations, and issues that students protested including:
- The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) which advocated for greater student involvement in university governance.
- Protests against the Vietnam War as many students were drafted to fight. Opposition grew due to the rising death toll and US military tactics.
- Support for the Civil Rights Movement through freedom rides, marches, and sit-ins to end racial discrimination and segregation.
- The developing hippie counterculture that rejected mainstream values and advocated for free love, art, music and drug experimentation.
The document provides context on
Student Protest Movement
There were several key reasons for the growth of student protest movements in the 1960s. Students were dissatisfied with strict social norms and the ongoing Vietnam War. The civil rights movement inspired students to protest for equality and against racism. The emerging counter-culture embraced freedom of expression, music, drugs and sexuality. Rising student populations and expectations of change further fueled demonstrations against the government and universities.
More from RCB78 (20)
Recently uploaded
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdSolutons Maths Escape Room Spatial .pptx
Solutions of Puzzles of Mathematics Escape Room Game in Spatial.io
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneMule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Recently uploaded (20)
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre
- 1. The First Northern Expedition & The Shanghai Massacre By: Olivia Bray, Shania To and Amelia King
- 2. Chiang Kai-Shek ● Guomindang and the Communists joined up ● Chiang Kai-Shek was the leader of the Huangpu academy ● Military and tactical/structural advice from Russia strengthened it ● March 1925: Sun Yat-Sen dies of cancer ● Kai-Shek becomes commander-in-chief of the new army ● 500 trained officers
- 3. First Northern Expedition ● July 1926 - Chiang Kai-Shek starts a march to the North ● Wanted to conquer China and bring it together ● With army - sent political agents ahead to create support ● Promised a ‘national revolution’ and ‘new order’ - lots of supporters ● September 1926 - Hankow captured and government set up ● 1927 - Nanjing captured and government set up ● Key areas of China conquered ● Not much fighting - quite easy ● Lots of support ● Warlords had mutinies ● Bribery
- 4. Success? ● Completed in 1928 - 2 years ● Gave Chiang opportunity to crush CCP ● Defeat of Warlord Era ● Limited success ● Not all warlords crush ● Many allowed to keep private armies ● Some offered positions in GMD
- 5. Shanghai Massacre ● April 1927 ● Chiang wanted to minimise CCP power ● Spread to Nanjing and Guangzhou ● Purged communists in Shanghai - Hundreds were rounded up, arrested and tortured ● Checked for red CCP stain on neck ● CCP members shot on streets ● Triads and Chinese Mafia killed 5000 known CCP members ● Autumn Harvest Rising 1927 CCP revolt but lost ● Mao and surviving supporters fled to Jianxi mountains in an attempt to remain united front
- 6. Anti-Communism in the World ● Europe ○ Germany, Berlin ■ Spartacist Uprising 1919 ● Spartacists fed up with having to depend on socialist parties ● Wanted power to German workers ○ Italian Fascism ○ Poland ● America ● First Red Scare [ 1918 - 1920 ] ● Paranoia about rise of Communism ● Provoked by Russian Bolshevik revolution ● Rise of Capitalism ● Anarchists did not like Communism ● Religion is against Communism ○ Catholicism ○ Buddhism