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Potsdam ConferenceJuly 16 – August 2, 1945• Leaders agre.docx
- 1. Potsdam Conference July 16 – August 2, 1945 • Leaders agreed that Germany must be defeated and de - Nazified • Leaders disagreed over post – war Germany and Eastern Europe • Britain and United States wanted free elections • Stalin feared anti – Soviet governments in Eastern Europe Expansion of Communism • Russia in 1917 due to revolution • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania following World War II in 1945 • North Korea following World War II in 1945 • China in 1949 following World War II and civil war • Cuba in 1959 following a revolution • Vietnam in 1975 following the Vietnam War
- 2. Prelude to Russian Revolution • By 1900, withdrawal of European investments in Russia weakened industrial and economic development • Defeat in the Russo – Japanese War in 1905 devastated the Russian economy • Worker strikes, peasant uprisings and military mutinies spread across Russia in 1905 • Struggling industrial class resented the lack of government action against unions and strikes Bloody Sunday • On January 22, 1905, in St. Petersburg, around 3,000 workers marched on the Winter Palace • Imperial guards fired upon and kill nearly 200 people • Tsar Nicholas II was blamed for the incident • Initiated widespread strikes and protest
- 3. Russia to World War I • By 1907, political unrest led to the rise of new political groups, including the Bolsheviks • Widespread worker strikes stagnated industrial and economic growth • Unprepared for the outbreak of World War I • Russian military was poorly led, armed, supplied and trained • By 1916, failures on the battlefield led to low morale in the military and the populace The Russian Revolution • On February 23, 1917, protest over food rationing erupted in St. Petersburg • On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a provisional government is installed • In July 1917, Bolsheviks under Lenin rose in revolt and gained power by October
- 4. Vladimir Lenin • Born on April 22, 1870, in south central Russia • Trained as a lawyer • Execution of his brother in 1887 made him anti- tsarists • Became involved with a Marxist group in St. Petersburg in 1893 Vladimir Lenin • Arrested in 1894 for illegal political activities • Exiled for three years to Siberia in 1897 • Lived abroad in Munich and London after exile • Continued to print Marxist publications • Fled to Switzerland at the outbreak of World War I • Returned to Russia after the February Revolution to take control of the Bolsheviks Lenin and Russia • Established the Russian Communist Party in March 1918
- 5. • Established the Politburo as the governing body of the party • Made reforms to gain worker and military support • Ended involvement in World War Reforms of Lenin • In October 1917, issued Decree on Workers Rights, establishing an 8 hour work day • Issued Decree on Popular Education • On November 8, issued Decree on Land • Issued Decree on the Press the same month, closing opposition newspapers • Issued Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, allowing new independent nations The Rise of Joseph Stalin • Born on December 18, 1878, in the Georgia province of Russia • Joined the Bolshevik
- 6. movement in 1903 • Appointed Party General Secretary by 1920 • Established leadership of the Politburo in 1929 Russia Under Stalin • The 1st Five Year Plan in 1928 was designed to rapidly increase factories and other industries • The 2nd Five Year Plan in 1933 planned for the further expansion of industries in Russia • By 1937, production of heavy machinery had quadrupled and oil production doubled • Wages decreased by 43% between 1928 and 1940 The Spread of Communism • By 1947, Soviet supported governments were established in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania • Czechoslovakia installed a Communist government in 1948
- 7. • Albania and Yugoslavia established independent Communist governments • Communists under Mao Zedong gained control of China in 1949 Communism in China • In July 1921, the Communist Party of China was founded with 50 members • Membership grew to 1,500 by 1925 • Anti-communists movement in July 1927, led to a division in the government • Mao Zedong emerged as party leader in 1927 Chinese Civil War • Mao led the Autumn Uprising in September 1927 • Struggle for control of the
- 8. government erupted with the Kuomintang led by Chang Kai – Sheik • Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931 and continued to expand into China Road to War in Asia • By 1933, the rising power Japan controlled Korea, Formosa, Manchuria and islands in the Pacific • The Great Depression limited Japan’s access to raw materials and resources • Japan began to expand its navy in 1935 • Japan’s goal was to conquer British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies for the resources 2nd Sino – Japanese War • Initiated by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937 • Communists and Nationalists united to fight the Japanese • In December, Nanking fell
- 9. to the Japanese • An estimated 300,000 Chinese perished over the next month Japan and Asian Expansion • Japanese troops occupied Manchuria in September 1931 • Japan declared war on China in 1937 and occupied northern areas of China • Japanese troops occupied Indochina in July 1941 Japan in World War II • United States entered the war with the attack on its fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941 • By May 1942, Japan expansion included Borneo, Philippines and most of Southeast Asia • Japanese navy defeated at the Battle of the Coral
- 10. Sea in early May 1942 • Japanese navy defeated a month later at the Battle of Midway Defeat of Japan • By the summer of 1943 Allied forces were “island hopping” in advance toward the Japanese mainland • Allied forces reoccupied the Philippines by April 1945 • By April 1945, Allied forces defeated Japanese forces in Burma and Hunan • Japan surrenders on August 14, 1945, after 2 atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Post – War Africa • Colonial soldiers returning from the war brought the idea of independence to their homelands • Egypt gained limited independence from Great Britain in 1922 • In 1956 France granted independence to Morocco and Tunisia • By the late 1960s only Angola and
- 11. Mozambique were controlled by Europeans Post – War Middle East • In 1946 Jordan, Syria and Lebanon were granted their independence • The Allies supported the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine • The independent state of Israel was declared on May 14, 1948 • The Arab states opposed the establishment of Israel Independence Spreads • The Philippine Islands on July 4, 1946 • Pakistan and India on August 15, 1947 • Burma (Myanmar) on January 4, 1948 • Ceylon (Sri Lanka) on February 4, 1948 • Indonesia on December 27, 1949 • Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia on July 20, 1954 Post – War Soviet Union • The economy of the Soviet Union was devastated by World War II • Soviet leaders began new industries through the
- 12. use of mandatory laborers of which 40% were women • By 1947 the Soviet economy was back to pre –war levels • Most industrial production was used for military purposes Post – War Asia • Korea was divided in to North and South Korea along the 38th parallel • Communists under Mao Zedong gained control of China in mid – 1949 • Mao proclaimed the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949 • On June 25, 1950, supported by China, North Korean troops launched an invasion of South Korea • An armistice signed on July 27, 1953, ended the conflict Post – War Asia • In December 1946, the Communists forces under Ho Chi Minh gained control of central and northern Vietnam from the French
- 13. • By the early 1950s, both China and the United States were sending aid to Vietnam • In July 1954, Vietnam was officially divided in to a North and South Vietnam as the French withdrew from the country Communism in China • Nearly 1.2 million party members by 1945 • Gained control of mainland China in 1949 • Developed a separate version of Communism from the Soviet Union • Mao initiated a Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, in which millions were effected • Mao’s death on September 9, 1976, led to a power struggle for control of the party Nations Under Communism • Creates a political system dominated by the Communist Party • Party controls most of the economy • Bans opposing political parties • Arts, education and the media conform to Party doctrine • Creates organizations to support Party
- 14. doctrine Nations Under Communism • Begins reforms by confiscating, collectivizing and redistributing land • Ends private property ownership • Views modernization of industry as the economic foundation of socialism • Mobilization of the nation and its resources under the control of the Party Communist Industrial Society • Rapid industrialization led to rapid urban growth • Exploitation of local areas for resources to support urban areas • Growth of a privileged bureaucratic and technological class • Growth of privileged state and party leaders Cultural Revolution Under Mao • Created reforms
- 15. designed to combat capitalist tendencies in party leadership • Introduced education and health care to the countryside • Industrialization on a small scale was promoted in rural areas Enemies of Communism • In the 1950s, the definition of “enemy of the state” was expanded to include high ranking officials and supporters of the party • Stalin initiated the Great Purge the Soviet Union in the 1930s • Mao initiated the Cultural Revolution in China in 1966 to remove self – rewarding from Party leaders Cold War Escalates • In June 1948, the Soviets established a blockade around West Berlin • Supplies were flown into West Berlin by American and British cargo planes
- 16. • Soviet Union tested its 1st atomic bomb on August 29, 1949 • COMECON was formed in January 1949 • NATO was formed in April 1949 Conflicts of the Cold War • In December 1946, the Communists forces under Ho Chi Minh gained control of central and northern Vietnam from the French • On June 25, 1950, supported by China, North Korean troops launched an invasion of South Korea • In 1959, communist forces under Fidel Castro invaded Cuba • In 1979, Soviet forces moved into Afghanistan to support the communist regime The Cold War Escalates • In August 1957, the Soviet Union tested its 1st Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) • On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the 1st space satellite
- 17. • In November 1958, the Soviets threatened West Berlin Division in Communism • By 1960, an ideological riff between China and the Soviet Union became apparent • Territorial disputes nearly led to open conflict • Ideological differences took the (2) nations down different paths of communism • A rivalry for communist leadership in the world made the division deeper Decline of Communism • Fueled by economic and moral reasons • By the 1970s, communist economies lag behind capitalist economies of the West • Shortages and long lines for consumer goods led to public resentment and unrest • Labor camps of the Soviet Union, Cultural Revolution in China, and genocide in Cambodia discredited communist claims of morality over capitalist
- 18. Decline of Communism in China • After the death of Mao in 1976, Chinese leadership moved more toward a capitalist economy and lifted some restrictions and prohibitions • Dismantled collective farms in favor of small privately owned farms • Managers of state enterprises were given more authority and control, begin seeking profits Decline of Communism in the Soviet Union • By 1987, Soviet leadership had initiated “glasnost” and “perestroika” • Lifted some government and cultural restrictions and prohibitions • Managers of state enterprises were given more authority and control, begin seeking profits • Increase freedoms led to demands for more freedoms