Bacteria
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This document provides information about bacteria, including that there are three kingdoms of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, and Cyanobacteria. It discusses the characteristics of bacteria such as their cell structure, ability to be autotrophs or heterotrophs, and ability to reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. The document also outlines some examples of useful bacteria that produce antibiotics, vitamins, or aid in food production, as well as harmful bacteria that can cause disease.
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Bacteria domain
Bacteria are unicellular microscopic organisms that are classified according to their shape and cell structure. They can be found in many environments including soil, water, air, and inside the human body. Bacteria come in different shapes such as cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. Some bacteria can cause diseases in humans and other organisms, but others can be beneficial by producing antibiotics, aiding digestion, or converting materials into useful products like food.
Bacteria
This document summarizes key characteristics and features of bacteria from the domain Eubacteria. It outlines that bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes found everywhere that lack nuclei and have cell walls without cellulose. Bacteria can be motile using flagella or pili and have various cellular structures including cell membranes, capsules, cytoplasm, and endospores. Bacteria can be both beneficial and harmful to organisms, playing important roles in ecosystems, industries, and human health.
Bacteria and archaea examples
The document describes various types of bacteria and archaea including: E. coli, C. perfringens, anthrax, S. enterica, B. burgdorferi, A. tumefaciens, Clostridium tetani, C. trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium botulinum, Lactobacillus, Methanococcus jannaschii, Halobacterium salinarum, and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. It provides details about their shapes, where they can be found, diseases they cause, and temperature ranges they live in.
Kingdom Bacteria
Kingdom Bacteria is one of the three domains of life and includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms. Bacteria are highly diverse and can be found almost anywhere, including inside the human body where there are more bacteria than people. They have various shapes and a cell structure without a nucleus. Bacteria can reproduce asexually through binary fission or sexually through conjugation. While some bacteria are harmful and cause disease, others play important beneficial roles in environments and living organisms.
Bacteria and archaea example organisms
The document describes several species from the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It discusses the unique characteristics and habitats of archaea such as Korarchaeum cryptofilum, methanogenic Methanococcus jannischii, and thermophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus. It also summarizes pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella enterica, Chlamydia trachomatis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Actinomyces israelii. The smallest known photosynthetic organism, Prochlorococcus marinus, and antibiotic-producing Streptomyces griseus are also mentioned.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria are the most commonly found organisms in the world. They are also known as true bacteria, and are present on almost all surfaces. They are prokaryotic cells, and hence do not have a nucleus. The eubacteria kingdom is one of the six kingdoms in which the entire living world is classified.
The Eubacteria
Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that can exist in spiral, rod, or spherical shapes. They reproduce asexually, produce important substances like antibiotics and vitamins, and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, or absorbing organic materials from living and dead organisms. Eubacteria are used to produce foods like yogurt, wine and cheese, and commonly inhabit hot environments near volcanic activity.
Microbiology
History, bacteria-characteristics, classification, metabolism, and multiplication, virus, fungi, beneficial microorganism, N cycle, P cycle, carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, biopesticide, food preservation, food spoilage, culture preservation, composting, degradation, fermentation, etc.
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Bacteria domain
Bacteria are unicellular microscopic organisms that are classified according to their shape and cell structure. They can be found in many environments including soil, water, air, and inside the human body. Bacteria come in different shapes such as cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. Some bacteria can cause diseases in humans and other organisms, but others can be beneficial by producing antibiotics, aiding digestion, or converting materials into useful products like food.
Bacteria
This document summarizes key characteristics and features of bacteria from the domain Eubacteria. It outlines that bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes found everywhere that lack nuclei and have cell walls without cellulose. Bacteria can be motile using flagella or pili and have various cellular structures including cell membranes, capsules, cytoplasm, and endospores. Bacteria can be both beneficial and harmful to organisms, playing important roles in ecosystems, industries, and human health.
Bacteria and archaea examples
The document describes various types of bacteria and archaea including: E. coli, C. perfringens, anthrax, S. enterica, B. burgdorferi, A. tumefaciens, Clostridium tetani, C. trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium botulinum, Lactobacillus, Methanococcus jannaschii, Halobacterium salinarum, and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. It provides details about their shapes, where they can be found, diseases they cause, and temperature ranges they live in.
Kingdom Bacteria
Kingdom Bacteria is one of the three domains of life and includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms. Bacteria are highly diverse and can be found almost anywhere, including inside the human body where there are more bacteria than people. They have various shapes and a cell structure without a nucleus. Bacteria can reproduce asexually through binary fission or sexually through conjugation. While some bacteria are harmful and cause disease, others play important beneficial roles in environments and living organisms.
Bacteria and archaea example organisms
The document describes several species from the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It discusses the unique characteristics and habitats of archaea such as Korarchaeum cryptofilum, methanogenic Methanococcus jannischii, and thermophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus. It also summarizes pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella enterica, Chlamydia trachomatis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Actinomyces israelii. The smallest known photosynthetic organism, Prochlorococcus marinus, and antibiotic-producing Streptomyces griseus are also mentioned.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria are the most commonly found organisms in the world. They are also known as true bacteria, and are present on almost all surfaces. They are prokaryotic cells, and hence do not have a nucleus. The eubacteria kingdom is one of the six kingdoms in which the entire living world is classified.
The Eubacteria
Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that can exist in spiral, rod, or spherical shapes. They reproduce asexually, produce important substances like antibiotics and vitamins, and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, or absorbing organic materials from living and dead organisms. Eubacteria are used to produce foods like yogurt, wine and cheese, and commonly inhabit hot environments near volcanic activity.
Microbiology
History, bacteria-characteristics, classification, metabolism, and multiplication, virus, fungi, beneficial microorganism, N cycle, P cycle, carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, biopesticide, food preservation, food spoilage, culture preservation, composting, degradation, fermentation, etc.
Kingdom eubacteria
The document discusses bacteria, including their characteristics, shapes, and roles in causing common human diseases and providing benefits. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria - cocci, bacilli, and spirilla - and examples like streptococci and staphylococci. Major diseases caused by bacteria mentioned include acne from Propionibacterium acnes, tuberculosis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leptospirosis from Leptospira interrogans, and anthrax from Bacillus anthracis. The document also notes benefits of some bacteria, like Streptomycin used as an antibiotic and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in producing yogurt.
Bacteria
This document provides information about bacteria. It describes bacteria as among the smallest living organisms that usually band together in colonies and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. It discusses their basic shapes of rod, round, or spiral and their structures including cell walls, flagella, pili, and capsules. The document also covers how some bacteria move and feed, their importance in industry and nutrient cycles, and how certain bacteria can cause harmful diseases. It emphasizes the need to wash hands and properly store and cook food to avoid pathogenic bacteria.
Bacteria
This document provides an overview of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and discussing their discovery. It then covers the characteristics of bacteria, including their size, shape, reproduction methods, and habitats. The document also summarizes methods of classifying bacteria based on morphology, oxygen needs, staining properties, heat tolerance, and pathogenicity. Finally, it outlines the structure of bacteria and discusses both the beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.
Major groups of bacteria
The document summarizes several bacterial phyla:
- Korarcheota are found in hydrothermal environments and have unique 16S rRNA sequences.
- Euryarchaeota include methanogens and extremophiles and are identified by their rRNA.
- Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophilic and use sulfur reduction in acidic environments.
- Nanoarchaeota are the smallest organisms and live in high temperatures.
- Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation and are diverse.
- Spirochetes have helical shapes and internal flagella and reproduce through binary fission.
- Proteobacteria include both anaerobic and aerobic organisms and some are pathogenic.
Bacteria
There are two kingdoms of bacteria - Archaea and Eubacteria. Archaea, also called Archaebacteria, live in extreme environments and have unique cell walls made of lipids. Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, have cell walls containing peptidoglycan and include most heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria. Bacteria can be classified by their shape, arrangement, cell structure, staining, respiration, reproduction, and whether they produce endospores, endotoxins, or exotoxins.
Classification three domain system
The document discusses the three domain system of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It provides background on how Archaea were identified as a unique third domain based on differences in ribosomal RNA from other prokaryotes. Key differences between the three domains are outlined, including cellular structure, genetics, metabolism, and environments inhabited. Archaea share some similarities with both bacteria and eukaryotes but are sufficiently distinct to be placed in their own domain.
Bacteria
Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and grow by reproducing. Helpful bacteria include Lactobacillus, which helps with lactose digestion, Bifidobacterium, which helps reduce diarrhea, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which produces gas bubbles in Swiss cheese. Harmful bacteria include Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which causes food poisoning, Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, Salmonella enterica, the most common cause of food poisoning, and Salmonella typhi, a major killer in underdeveloped countries.
All prokaryotes are in the monera kingdom
All prokaryotes are classified into two kingdoms: Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic bacteria that appear blue-green in color. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack nuclei and are found almost everywhere on Earth in enormous numbers. They are divided into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Kingdom archaebacteria
Archaea are the oldest organisms on Earth. They are unicellular prokaryotes that lack organelles and belong to the kingdom Archaea. Archaea were first discovered in 1977 and can survive in extreme environments like volcanic vents or boiling mud. They differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in their cell structure and genes. The Archaea kingdom contains three main types: methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.
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Bacteria pdf
Brief introduction
History
Characteristics
Morphology
Classification
Nutrition
Structure
Reproduction
Economic importance of bacteria
Proteobacteria
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
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Eubacteria ppt
Here are the answers to the assessment questions:
1. The major difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria is that Archaebacteria cell walls don't contain peptidoglycan while those of Eubacteria do.
2. The 3 major phyla of the Eubacteria kingdom are: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria.
3. The 3 possible shapes of eubacteria are: rod-shaped, spherical or oval, and spiral or comma-shaped.
4. The shape of the eubacteria Actinomycetales is branching filaments.
5. Fungi reproduce by spores while eubacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Classification of microrganisms
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Bacteria powerpoint
Bacteria are found nearly everywhere on Earth and have evolved into hundreds of thousands of species over billions of years. They are classified into groups based on their structure, physiology, composition, and staining properties. The two main bacterial kingdoms are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, which include extremophiles that thrive in extreme environments like hot springs, salt lakes, and acidic ocean vents. Common pathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, which can cause infections like acne, strep throat, and food poisoning.
micro organisms
- Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that exist in various shapes including spheres, rods, and spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and are found in medicine, food industries, and decomposing matter.
- Algae are simple autotrophic organisms ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They are usually found in aquatic or moist places and contain chlorophyll. Some algae include Spirogyra and kelp. Algal blooms can be harmful.
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms in the kingdom Fungi. Examples include Rhizopus mold and edible Agaricus mushrooms. Fungi have useful and harmful aspects like food spoilage or production
Bacteria & viruses
Bacteria and viruses are among the smallest organisms. Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes and have different shapes. They lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and can form spores. They are useful in food production and decay of organic matter but some cause diseases. Viruses are not living cells and are much smaller than bacteria. They contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and reproduce by infecting host cells.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity
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Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.Bacteria and viruses
about bacteria and virus, diseases harmful microbes and useful microbes , microbes in sewage treatment, structure of bacteria and virus, classification of bacteria and viruses
THE ARCHAEA
This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
Classification of microorganisms
This document provides an overview of the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how organisms are grouped into three domains - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - based on cell structure. Within these domains, microorganisms can be further classified based on various characteristics like cell structure, metabolism, temperature and pH optima, oxygen requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are described in more detail with examples provided for different groups.
Introduction to bacteria
1. The first person to observe living microorganisms using a microscope he invented was Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, when he saw bacteria in dental plaque.
2. Bacteria are the most common and diverse type of prokaryotes, ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm and having a variety of shapes.
3. Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, while archaea cell walls contain other components like glycoproteins or polysaccharides.
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Kingdom eubacteria
The document discusses bacteria, including their characteristics, shapes, and roles in causing common human diseases and providing benefits. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria - cocci, bacilli, and spirilla - and examples like streptococci and staphylococci. Major diseases caused by bacteria mentioned include acne from Propionibacterium acnes, tuberculosis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leptospirosis from Leptospira interrogans, and anthrax from Bacillus anthracis. The document also notes benefits of some bacteria, like Streptomycin used as an antibiotic and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in producing yogurt.
Bacteria
This document provides information about bacteria. It describes bacteria as among the smallest living organisms that usually band together in colonies and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. It discusses their basic shapes of rod, round, or spiral and their structures including cell walls, flagella, pili, and capsules. The document also covers how some bacteria move and feed, their importance in industry and nutrient cycles, and how certain bacteria can cause harmful diseases. It emphasizes the need to wash hands and properly store and cook food to avoid pathogenic bacteria.
Bacteria
This document provides an overview of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and discussing their discovery. It then covers the characteristics of bacteria, including their size, shape, reproduction methods, and habitats. The document also summarizes methods of classifying bacteria based on morphology, oxygen needs, staining properties, heat tolerance, and pathogenicity. Finally, it outlines the structure of bacteria and discusses both the beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.
Major groups of bacteria
The document summarizes several bacterial phyla:
- Korarcheota are found in hydrothermal environments and have unique 16S rRNA sequences.
- Euryarchaeota include methanogens and extremophiles and are identified by their rRNA.
- Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophilic and use sulfur reduction in acidic environments.
- Nanoarchaeota are the smallest organisms and live in high temperatures.
- Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation and are diverse.
- Spirochetes have helical shapes and internal flagella and reproduce through binary fission.
- Proteobacteria include both anaerobic and aerobic organisms and some are pathogenic.
Bacteria
There are two kingdoms of bacteria - Archaea and Eubacteria. Archaea, also called Archaebacteria, live in extreme environments and have unique cell walls made of lipids. Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, have cell walls containing peptidoglycan and include most heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria. Bacteria can be classified by their shape, arrangement, cell structure, staining, respiration, reproduction, and whether they produce endospores, endotoxins, or exotoxins.
Classification three domain system
The document discusses the three domain system of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It provides background on how Archaea were identified as a unique third domain based on differences in ribosomal RNA from other prokaryotes. Key differences between the three domains are outlined, including cellular structure, genetics, metabolism, and environments inhabited. Archaea share some similarities with both bacteria and eukaryotes but are sufficiently distinct to be placed in their own domain.
Bacteria
Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and grow by reproducing. Helpful bacteria include Lactobacillus, which helps with lactose digestion, Bifidobacterium, which helps reduce diarrhea, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which produces gas bubbles in Swiss cheese. Harmful bacteria include Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which causes food poisoning, Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, Salmonella enterica, the most common cause of food poisoning, and Salmonella typhi, a major killer in underdeveloped countries.
All prokaryotes are in the monera kingdom
All prokaryotes are classified into two kingdoms: Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic bacteria that appear blue-green in color. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack nuclei and are found almost everywhere on Earth in enormous numbers. They are divided into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Kingdom archaebacteria
Archaea are the oldest organisms on Earth. They are unicellular prokaryotes that lack organelles and belong to the kingdom Archaea. Archaea were first discovered in 1977 and can survive in extreme environments like volcanic vents or boiling mud. They differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in their cell structure and genes. The Archaea kingdom contains three main types: methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.
Classification of Microorganisms
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes that taxonomy is the science of classifying living organisms into hierarchical groups based on their similarities. There are three main components of taxonomy: classification, nomenclature, and identification. The document then outlines the historical development of classification systems, culminating in the current three domain system. It also provides details on scientific nomenclature rules and conventions for naming microorganisms.
Bacteria pdf
Brief introduction
History
Characteristics
Morphology
Classification
Nutrition
Structure
Reproduction
Economic importance of bacteria
Proteobacteria
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
Eubacteria ppt
Here are the answers to the assessment questions:
1. The major difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria is that Archaebacteria cell walls don't contain peptidoglycan while those of Eubacteria do.
2. The 3 major phyla of the Eubacteria kingdom are: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria.
3. The 3 possible shapes of eubacteria are: rod-shaped, spherical or oval, and spiral or comma-shaped.
4. The shape of the eubacteria Actinomycetales is branching filaments.
5. Fungi reproduce by spores while eubacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Classification of microrganisms
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Bacteria powerpoint
Bacteria are found nearly everywhere on Earth and have evolved into hundreds of thousands of species over billions of years. They are classified into groups based on their structure, physiology, composition, and staining properties. The two main bacterial kingdoms are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, which include extremophiles that thrive in extreme environments like hot springs, salt lakes, and acidic ocean vents. Common pathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, which can cause infections like acne, strep throat, and food poisoning.
micro organisms
- Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that exist in various shapes including spheres, rods, and spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and are found in medicine, food industries, and decomposing matter.
- Algae are simple autotrophic organisms ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They are usually found in aquatic or moist places and contain chlorophyll. Some algae include Spirogyra and kelp. Algal blooms can be harmful.
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms in the kingdom Fungi. Examples include Rhizopus mold and edible Agaricus mushrooms. Fungi have useful and harmful aspects like food spoilage or production
Bacteria & viruses
Bacteria and viruses are among the smallest organisms. Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes and have different shapes. They lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and can form spores. They are useful in food production and decay of organic matter but some cause diseases. Viruses are not living cells and are much smaller than bacteria. They contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and reproduce by infecting host cells.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity
Introduction to Microbial DiversityNational Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.Bacteria and viruses
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This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
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This document provides an overview of the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how organisms are grouped into three domains - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - based on cell structure. Within these domains, microorganisms can be further classified based on various characteristics like cell structure, metabolism, temperature and pH optima, oxygen requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are described in more detail with examples provided for different groups.
Introduction to bacteria
1. The first person to observe living microorganisms using a microscope he invented was Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, when he saw bacteria in dental plaque.
2. Bacteria are the most common and diverse type of prokaryotes, ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm and having a variety of shapes.
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- Microorganisms are very small life forms that are studied in microbiology. They include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists.
- Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, with some having an envelope. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles.
- Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that can be aerobic, facultative, or anaerobic. They reproduce through binary fission and have importance as pathogens, industrially, and ecologically.
- Fung
Five kingdom system
Classification is the systematic grouping of organisms based on similarities. The document discusses various systems of classification including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It then describes the five kingdom system of classification proposed by Whitaker which divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition mode, and complexity. Each kingdom is defined along with examples of major groups within them. Finally, merits and demerits of the five kingdom system are outlined.
Microbiology 2
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living organisms not visible to the naked eye. There are several types of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Fungi such as molds and yeasts can cause food spoilage, but some are used to produce foods like cheese and bread. Bacteria come in different shapes and either test Gram-positive or Gram-negative in lab tests. While many bacteria are harmless, some can cause infectious diseases. Microorganisms live everywhere and understanding their characteristics is important for food safety and public health.
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the evolution health promotion and promotion program
the evolution health promotion and promotion program
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM - BY MOHAMMAD HAMMAD KHAN
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM - BY MOHAMMAD HAMMAD KHAN
Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingNucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Recently uploaded (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Bacteria
- 4. 4 BACTERIA • Kingdom - EUBACTERIA • Some may cause DISEASE • Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones • Important decomposers for environment • Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale
- 5. Factors affecting microbial growth 1. Nutrient Content 2. Moisture 3. Temperature 4. Light 5. pH 6. Oxygen
- 6. Endospore • Bacteria can survive unfavorable conditions by producing an endospore.
- 8. 8 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale
- 9. • Bacteria are of immense importance because of their rapid growth, reproduction, and mutation rates, as well as, their ability to exist under adverse conditions. • The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.
- 10. • Bacteria can be autotrophs or hetertrophs. • Those that are classified as autotrophs are either photosynthetic, obtaining energy from sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking down inorganic substances for energy .
- 11. • Bacteria classified as heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment. This includes saprobes, bacteria that feed on decaying material and organic wastes, as well as those that live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living organisms.
- 12. • Depending on the species, bacteria can be aerobic which means they require oxygen to live or • anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them. Green patches are green sulfur bacteria. The rust patches are colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria. The red patches are purple sulfur bacteria.
- 13. • Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular. • Bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan • Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids • Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes. • Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs.
- 14. • Bacteria can reproduce by conjugation or by binary fission.
- 15. ‹
- 16. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Basic shapes of bacteria Spirilla may occur in 3 forms: Spirillum – thick, rigid and spiral Vibrio – curved or comma-shaped Spirochete – thin, flexible, and spiral
- 17. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Useful bacteria Harmful bacteria
- 18. Eubacteria Diversity Chlamydias Spirochetes Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Gram-Positive Bacteria Photosynthetic Bacteria
- 20. Cyanobacteria Diversity I Prochloron Gloeocapsa Spirulina Oscillatoria Anabaena
- 23. • Propionibacterium acnes • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Leptospira interrogans • Bacillus anthracis
- 24. • Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal diseases. However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin.
- 25. • Streptomyces griseus. (antibiotic) • Streptomyces venezuelae (antibiotic) • Escherichia coli (Vitamin B12 and K) • Lactobacilli bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (food making) • Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (bioremediation) • Bacillus thuringiensis (BT Corn)
- 26. • Still other Bacteria live on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form.
- 27. • Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread. • Saprobes help to break down dead organic matter. • Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Streptococcus thermophilus in yogurt