A presentation on dengue virus structure, how the virus attacks and spreads in the body, role of heterocyclic drugs in inhibiting the virus and our experiments on the subject.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
this is a very serious hemorrhagic virus even if, it is very rare in our settings , we should be aware of it and sometime include it in our differential of renal failure with hemorrhagic fever or cardiopulmonary stuffs.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
this is a very serious hemorrhagic virus even if, it is very rare in our settings , we should be aware of it and sometime include it in our differential of renal failure with hemorrhagic fever or cardiopulmonary stuffs.
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymoviruses are Double stranded DNA Viruses except parvoviruses. Adenoviruses are non enveloped icosahedral symmetry.
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html
An overview on Dengue Virus, its epidemiology, prevention, evolution, structure & components, transmission, life cycle, pathophysiology, coagulopathy, symptoms, diagnosis, antiviral drugs/vaccination. Performed by Catherine Duong, Diana Elborno, Zehraa Cheaib, Michael South, Veronica Nguyen & Zachary Jilesen at McMaster University, Virology, Fall of 2014.
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymoviruses are Double stranded DNA Viruses except parvoviruses. Adenoviruses are non enveloped icosahedral symmetry.
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html
An overview on Dengue Virus, its epidemiology, prevention, evolution, structure & components, transmission, life cycle, pathophysiology, coagulopathy, symptoms, diagnosis, antiviral drugs/vaccination. Performed by Catherine Duong, Diana Elborno, Zehraa Cheaib, Michael South, Veronica Nguyen & Zachary Jilesen at McMaster University, Virology, Fall of 2014.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Dengue "Instituto butantan testará vacina contra dengue em humanos"Bárbara Bezerra
Tipos da doença,primeiro caso em 2013, fragmentos e a fonte do artigo que diz que o Instituto Butantan testará vacina contra dengue em humanos. Espero que ajude !
COMPUTER AIDED PERSPECTIVE OF SELECTION OF PLANTS AGAINST VIRUSESManik Ghosh
Discovery of drugs against viruses is always an attractive area of research. Plants are important natural source for discovery of drugs against viruses. Here in this article we targeted at two points. First the selection of a particular plant against viruses can be done more rationally by using the latest computer techniques i.e. docking studies of the known phytochemicals on various viral protein targets. Second with help of literature search and docking studies we identified some important natural compounds that can be used as natural leads. For this, we selected important phytoconstituents from 20 plants for docking studies using Maestro (Glide) and Lead IT (FlexX). Later those phytochemicals which got good docking scores were further docked in Autodock 4.2 in order to find out the estimated inhibition constant. Flavonoids, curcumin and other compounds gave good docking scores and better inhibition constant. These compounds can be used as natural leads and analogues and derivatives can be synthesized to get effective antiviral agents. In addition this approach gives a way to avoid random selection of plant for a particular activity, in order to save time, chemicals and effort of the medicinal chemist.
Synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxicity activities of N-Sulphonamidomethyl benz...SriramNagarajan15
A series of novel N-sulphonamido methyl benztriazole derivatives had been synthesized by combining benztriazole, formaldehyde and sulphonamides. Structure of synthesized compounds was elucidated by spectral analysis. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for in-vitro antiviral activity against HIV, HSV and Vaccinia viruses in cell culture. N-Sulphonamido methyl benzotriazole (BT-SN) inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) -2 and Vaccinia virus at 34 µg/ml, respectively. HSV-1 at the concentration of 45 µg/ml. The minimum cytotoxic concentration was found to be more than 100µg/ml. So these compounds are suitable for designing newer derivatives and molecular modifications in them may help in optimizing antiviral activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This presentation mainly deals with Rdna, its properties, sources and applications.According to my opinion the best ppt i have ever prepared to crack the seminar exam during my college days.I am sure everyone is going to like it and please comment if u all like it....
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. DRUG DISCOVERY METHODS
High throughput screening
Virtual screening
Scaffold hopping
Rational design- hand built drugs
Natural products
HITS
DRUG DISCOVERY
Drug Development
Hit Success rate:<1%
Clinical Trials
success rate: 20%
NEW DRUG!
3. Dengue virus (DENV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the
Flaviviridae family.
Transmitted by Aedes Aegypti.
The Diseases:
Dengue fever
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
Dengue shock syndrome
Threats:
50 million infections per year
500,000 develop DHF
22000 deaths per year
Current Treatment:
No vaccine
Limited efficiency of antiviral drugs
Treatment for DHF is blood transfusion
4. 4 serotypes of the virus: DENV 1
to DENV 4
Its genome comprises of a 10.7
kb single positive stranded RNA.
Each serotype provides specific
lifetime immunity, and short-term
cross-immunity
All serotypes can cause severe and fatal disease
Genetic variation within serotypes
most prevalent of the four dengue serotypes is Dengue virus type 2
(Den2)
Single stranded RNA
5. Carries a single stranded RNA as its genome.
The genome encodes only 10 proteins.
Out of which 3 are structural proteins and 7 are non structural
proteins.
The 3 structural proteins (C. prM and E) form the coat of the
virus and deliver the RNA to target cells.
The seven non structural proteins ( NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3,
NS4A, NS4B, NS5) known as NS proteins.
They orchestrate the production of new viruses once the virus
gets inside the cell.
180 identical copies of envelope (E) protein are attached to the
membrane by Transmembrane Segment.
6. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is the single worldwide repository
for processing and distribution of 3D structure data of large
molecules of proteins and nucleic acids.
The outermost structural protein termed as the envelope
protein – from the PDB entry 1k4r.
7. EXPLORING THE
STRUCTURE…
Cryoelectron microscopy is used to
study the life cycle of dengue virus.
Low resolution image of the DENV
obtained using electron microscopy.
Atomic structures of individual pieces
are fit into the image to form the final
model.
The image shown above is from PDB
entry 2r6p.
The envelope protein on the surface of the protein is shown(in white)
The antibodies bound to the viral protein is shown (in blue)
Antibodies distort the structure of the envelope proteins hence
blocking their normal action in infection.
8. The DENV (+) RNA genome and its co-linear polyprotein
NS3 protein from PDB entry 2vbc NS5 protein from PDB entry 1l97 and 2j7w
Protease
Helicase
Methyl transferase
Polymerase
9. In the infectious form of the virus, the envelope protein lays flat on the
surface forming a smooth icosahedral symmetry.
The virus is carried into the cell and into the lysosome.
Organelles: 1.Nucleolus 2.Nucleus 3. ribosomes( little dots) 4. vescicle 5. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 6. Golgi appartus
7. Cytoskeleton 8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 9. Mitochondria 10. Vacuol 11. Cytosol 12. Lysosome 13. Centrriol 14. cell
membrane
10. Inside the Lysosome , the acidic environment causes the protein to
snap to a trimeric shape.
Several hydrophobic amino acids at the tip of the
spike pierce into the lyzosomal membrane .
They fuse the virus membrane with the lysosomal
membrane.
Thus releasing the viral RNA into the cytoplasm
of the cell and infection starts.
Now the proteins in the virus help in replication
NS3 and NS5 are two multifunctional proteins
containing 2 enzymes each.
NS3 from PDB entry 2vbc, contains a Helicase
and Protease enzymes.
NS5 from PDB entry 1l9k and 2j7w contains
Methyl Transferase and Polymerase enzymes.
11. NS3 protein from PDB entry 2vbc
Protease
Helicase
NS5 protein from PDB entry 1l97 and 2j7w
Methyl transferase
Polymerase
Each of these enzymes perform a different
part of the life cycle
The Polymerase builds new RNA strands
based on viral RNA.
Helicase Helps to separate these strands.
Methyl Transferase adds a methyl group to
the end of them to protect the RNA and
coaxing the Ribosome to create new proteins
based on them.
Viral proteins are created in one long
polyprotein chain and are finally clipped
together by the enzyme protease.
Blue colour seen is the part of another
protein NS2B which assists the protease
activity.
12. ANTIVIRAL TARGETS
The virus encoded proteins enzymes constitute the potential targets.
Envelope , capsid, helicase, polymerase, proteases, etc
The M and E proteins are considered as targets so far.
The E protein is the most obvious target for therapeutic monoclonal
antibodies.
Out of the 7 NS proteins , NS3 and NS5 are considered as drug targets
because they exhibit enzymic activity.
NS3 becomes active only if the NS2B protein is also bound to it.
In drug design programs NS3/NS2B protein is one of the first targets.
NS5 is another potential target .
Validated target: It is any protein or cellular or viral component whose
inhibition leads to the inhibition of the growth of the virus itself.
13. 2/3rd of the organic compounds are aromatic heterocycles
Majority of drugs used in pharmaceutical and biological industries
are heterocycles.
Natural drugs : Quinine- was used to prevent and
treat maleria in the 16th century.
Synthetic drugs :Antipyrine- first synthetic drug for fever(1887)
Heterocycles play an important role in biochemical processes
because the side groups of the most typical and essential constituents
of living cells are heterocycles.
Quinine
15. A Uracil Based multifunctional compound(fig1)was found to be a
potent inhibitor of dengue virus
But its De-aza derivative (fig 2)is inactive against the virus
Mechanism of action-inhibition of the enzyme, inosine
monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).
Other Inhibitors
16. 2,4-Diaminoquinazoline Derivatives
Fig(1)
Fig(2)
Among the derivatives of 2,4-Diaminoquinazoline the one
shown in fig (2) has the most efficient antiviral activity
It is an inhibitor of the replication of Dengue 2 virus
It has a half maximal effective concentration (EC-50) value
of 0.05µM
It has a low cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxicity concentration)-
CC-50 value greater than 100μM
17. EXPERIMENTATION
METHODOLOGY
we focussed on the method of scaffold hopping in drug
discovery
2 methyl 4- hydroxy quinoline was the compound selected
for modification.
synthesis of 1-Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-
carboxylic Acid following general procedures.
Synthesis of hydroxy quinoline using Conrad limpach reaction
Substitution reactions of the two compounds
19. Reaction of L-Tryptophan with Aromatic Aldehydes to
Give Tetrahydro-β-carboline(1a-cis and 1b-trans).:
PROCEDURE
L-Tryptophan(MW=204) was taken (2.94 m.mol) in a round
bottom flask
It was dissolved in 10 ml of 0.2 N Sulphuric acid
To this solution 0.5 ml of benzaldehyde(4.4) m.mol was
added and continuously stirred for 9 days.
A precipitate was obtained –(245 mg, and 56%) as a white
solid.
It is a mixture of the cis and trans isomers.
21. Synthesis of 2-methyl-4-hydroxy quinoline:
Conrad Limpach reaction.
In a 100 ml beaker, 0.01 mol, 4.35 mg Aniline, 0.01 mol,
6.35 mg ethyl acetoacetate and 120 mg of p-toluene
sulphonic acid were taken and mixed well.
This was then stirred in a round bottomed flask which
was kept in an oil bath at 100 C.
The progress of the reaction was monitored using TLC
every 30 seconds.
After heating, 10ml Petroleum Ether (60 C-80 C) was
added to the mixture.
The product was collected by suction and purified by re-
crystallisation from DMF-water.
25. Conclusions
The structure of the DENV virus and its mechanism of action
was studied and reported
Various Heterocyclic compounds were reviewed and their
activity against Dengue Virus were listed out.
Thus we have made an attempt to synthesize 2 simple
heterocyclic compounds
• Tetrahydro-β- carboline – 3- carboxylic acid
• 2-methyl 4-hydroxyquinoline