This document provides an overview of current trends in parenteral formulations and applications. It begins with defining what a parenteral formulation is - formulations administered via routes other than oral, such as injections into veins, muscles or under the skin. The document then discusses reasons for parenteral formulations like rapid drug action. It also outlines various parenteral dosage forms like injections, infusions, and innovations in delivery methods and formulations to improve safety, stability and patient convenience.

1. THE CURRENT TRENDS IN
PARENTERAL FORMULATIONS AND
APPLICATIONS
M.Sc. Students
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
University of Jos, Jos.
LECTURER: Ass Prof. Olorunfemi P.O

2. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Reasons for parenteral
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Necessities for parenteral preparation
• Parental routes of administration
• Conventional parenteral dosage form
• Current innovation in parenteral formulations
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
• A sterile preparation is an absolute term which is a state of
freedom from all viable organism
• Type of sterile preparation
 Ophthalmic
 Irrigation preparation
 Radiopharmaceuticals
 Parenteral

4. INTRODUCTION CONT’D
• Parenteral refers to the injectable route of administration
• It derive from Greek words Para (Outside) and enteron
(Intestine)
• It is the route of administration other than the oral route or the
one that bypassed the alimentary canal
• They are sterile, pyrogen free preparation injected through the
skin or mucous membrane
• Parenteral drugs are administered directly into the vain,
muscle, under the skin, and spinal cord etc.

5. REASONS FOR PARENTERAL FORMULATION
• Rapid action
• Oral route can not be used
• Not effective in other dosage form
• GIT inactivation of drugs

6. ADVANTAGES
• Suitable for drugs not administered by oral route
• Quick onset of action
• Useful for unconscious patients
• Suitable for drugs which are inactivated by GIT

7. DISADVANTAGES
• Difficult to save patient if overdose
• Pain at the site of action may result
• Only trained personnel can administered the drug
• Sensitivity and allergic reaction may result at the site of action
• Difficult to control adverse effect.

8. Necessities for parenteral preparation
• Sterility (must)
• Pyrogen (must)
• Free from particulate matter (must)
• Clarity (must)
• Stability (must)
• Isotonicity (should)
• Must be prepared under aseptic conditions
• Must be properly package etc.

9. PARENTAL ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
• Subcutaneous (SC)-Under the skin
• Intramuscular (IM)-Into the muscle
• Intravenous (IV)- Into the vain
• Intra-arterial (IA)- Directly into the artery
• Intrathecal (Spina cord) etc.

10. CONVENTIONAL PARENTERAL DOSAGE
FORM
• Injections
• Infusions
• Infusion for irrigation solution
• INJECTIONS
 Powder for injection
 Colloidal injection (Iron dextran)
 Injectable emulsion (propofol)
 Injectable suspension (Methyl prednisolone acetate)
 Oily injection (Dimercaprol)

11. • INFUSIONS
 Admixture-consist of one or more sterile drug product added
to an IV fluid
 IV fluid (Sodium chloride)
 Electrolyte preparations
 Dialysate- Contain dextrose and electrolyte which remove the
harmful substance by osmosis/ diffusion
• INFUSION FOR IRRIGATION SOLUTION
 For surgical purposes

12. REASONS FOR INNOVATION
• Patient safety and convenience
• To maintain stability
• To control the release of potent drugs
• Improved patient convenience and compliance.
• Reduction in fluctuation in steady-state levels.
• Maximum utilization of drug.
• Reduction in health care costs through improved therapy,
shorter treatment period, less frequency of dosing. (Aijaz
et al, 2016)

13. CURRENT INNOVATION IN PARENTERAL
FORMULATIONS
• A number of technological advances have been made in the
area of parenteral drug delivery
• The innovation is based on the delivery device and the
formulation method
A. Infusion Device
1. Osmotic Pumps (Alzet)
2. Vapour Pressure Powered Pumps (Infusaid)
3. Battery Powered
B. Formulation method
C. Solid Implants

14. NEEDLE FREE INJECTION
• This are novel ways to introduce various medicines into
patients without piercing the skin with conventional needle.
• This harnesses energy stronger enough to propel a
premeasured dose of a particular drug formulation, loaded in
specific unique “cassettes” which can be rigged with the
system ( Kohle & Sontake, 2013).
• These forces are generated from high-pressure fluids
including gases, electro-magnetic forces, shock waves or any
form of energy capable enough to impart motion to the
medicament ( Ren et al, 2014)

16. BASED ON FORMULATIONS METHOD
A. Injectables
1. Solutions
2. Colloidal Dispersions
3. Microspheres
4. Microcapsules
5. Nanoparticles
6. Niosomes
7. Liposomes
8. Resealed erythrocytes
9. Polymeric Micelle
10. In situ forming implants

17. REFERENCES
• Kohle. S, & Sontake S. (2013). A review on needle free drug delivery system. International Journal
Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences;5:15–20.
• Ren .T, Wang. X, & Yang. P,H. (2014) . Vaccine and Needle free vaccination delivery system. Journal of
Microbiology and Biochemistry Technology,6,359–60
• Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmaceutical sciences, 21st edition Lippincott William Wilkins
publishers, page no 802 to 805
• Aijaz,A, S & Sajid, R, S. (2o16). Advanced injectable drug delivery system: A brief review. Innovation in
Pharmaceutical and Pharmacology Journal ,3(3), 730-734