This document provides an overview of key concepts in drug delivery, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); routes of drug administration; and various dosage forms and delivery systems. It discusses challenges to drug absorption like solubility and permeability, and factors influencing absorption like gastric emptying and pH levels. It also outlines common delivery routes, both local and systemic, and examples of solid, liquid, and non-oral dosage forms. Finally, it reviews various advanced delivery systems for challenging drugs, like pulmonary, nasal, transdermal, and injectable delivery systems.
This document discusses advanced drug delivery systems and sustained release dosage forms. It provides details on:
- The goals of drug delivery systems to provide therapeutic drug levels over an extended period of time through spatial and temporal control.
- Examples of different dosage forms like oral, topical, parenteral for various routes of administration.
- Characteristics of conventional immediate release dosage forms that provide rapid drug release and sustained release forms that control drug release rate.
- Factors influencing drug selection for sustained release systems like solubility, stability and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Advantages of sustained release forms in maintaining therapeutic drug levels, improving compliance and reducing side effects compared to immediate release forms.
Advanced drug delivery systems aim to provide therapeutic concentrations of drugs to target sites in the body over prolonged periods of time. The key aspects of advanced drug delivery are spatial targeting of drugs and controlling the temporal delivery. There are various dosage forms that can be used depending on the administration route, including oral, topical, parenteral, and others. Conventional dosage forms release drugs immediately but have limitations like fluctuating drug levels and need for frequent dosing. Non-immediate release dosage forms aim to overcome these limitations through methods like delayed release, controlled release, and targeted/site-specific delivery to tissues. Reservoir and matrix systems are common approaches for developing oral sustained-release dosage forms.
Novel drug delivery system, nanoparticles, resealed erythrocytes, niosomes, microspheres. It also contains information about virus, bacterias and their removal methods and sterility methods.
This document summarizes colon targeted drug delivery systems. It discusses pH dependent systems, time dependent systems, and microbially triggered systems as primary approaches. It also discusses newer approaches like pressure controlled colon delivery capsules and complex delivery systems (CODES). Advantages of colon targeted delivery include protection of drugs from degradation in the stomach and small intestine and targeting delivery to the colon for local treatment of diseases like IBD or systemic delivery of proteins and peptides. Novel drug delivery systems discussed include nano systems for targeted delivery to the colon to treat diseases like IBD and colon cancer.
This document provides definitions and concepts for various controlled and novel drug delivery systems including parenteral, transdermal, buccal, rectal, nasal, and implantable systems. It defines controlled release dosage forms as those that release drug at a constant rate to provide invariant plasma concentrations. Novel drug delivery systems are described as formulations that safely transport pharmaceutical compounds as needed. Key aspects and examples of each delivery system are summarized.
Introduction, Definitions, Advantages and Disadvantages, Selection of drug candidates for designing controlled drug release systems and rationale biological and medical rationale
This document summarizes key aspects of drug excretion from the body. It discusses excretion through the kidneys including glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. It also covers biliary excretion through the liver and factors that influence the various orders of excretion such as zero-order and first-order kinetics. The concepts of half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, bioavailability and achieving steady-state concentrations with repetitive dosing are defined. Considerations for dosing adjustments in renal disease are provided.
This document discusses advanced drug delivery systems and sustained release dosage forms. It provides details on:
- The goals of drug delivery systems to provide therapeutic drug levels over an extended period of time through spatial and temporal control.
- Examples of different dosage forms like oral, topical, parenteral for various routes of administration.
- Characteristics of conventional immediate release dosage forms that provide rapid drug release and sustained release forms that control drug release rate.
- Factors influencing drug selection for sustained release systems like solubility, stability and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Advantages of sustained release forms in maintaining therapeutic drug levels, improving compliance and reducing side effects compared to immediate release forms.
Advanced drug delivery systems aim to provide therapeutic concentrations of drugs to target sites in the body over prolonged periods of time. The key aspects of advanced drug delivery are spatial targeting of drugs and controlling the temporal delivery. There are various dosage forms that can be used depending on the administration route, including oral, topical, parenteral, and others. Conventional dosage forms release drugs immediately but have limitations like fluctuating drug levels and need for frequent dosing. Non-immediate release dosage forms aim to overcome these limitations through methods like delayed release, controlled release, and targeted/site-specific delivery to tissues. Reservoir and matrix systems are common approaches for developing oral sustained-release dosage forms.
Novel drug delivery system, nanoparticles, resealed erythrocytes, niosomes, microspheres. It also contains information about virus, bacterias and their removal methods and sterility methods.
This document summarizes colon targeted drug delivery systems. It discusses pH dependent systems, time dependent systems, and microbially triggered systems as primary approaches. It also discusses newer approaches like pressure controlled colon delivery capsules and complex delivery systems (CODES). Advantages of colon targeted delivery include protection of drugs from degradation in the stomach and small intestine and targeting delivery to the colon for local treatment of diseases like IBD or systemic delivery of proteins and peptides. Novel drug delivery systems discussed include nano systems for targeted delivery to the colon to treat diseases like IBD and colon cancer.
This document provides definitions and concepts for various controlled and novel drug delivery systems including parenteral, transdermal, buccal, rectal, nasal, and implantable systems. It defines controlled release dosage forms as those that release drug at a constant rate to provide invariant plasma concentrations. Novel drug delivery systems are described as formulations that safely transport pharmaceutical compounds as needed. Key aspects and examples of each delivery system are summarized.
Introduction, Definitions, Advantages and Disadvantages, Selection of drug candidates for designing controlled drug release systems and rationale biological and medical rationale
This document summarizes key aspects of drug excretion from the body. It discusses excretion through the kidneys including glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. It also covers biliary excretion through the liver and factors that influence the various orders of excretion such as zero-order and first-order kinetics. The concepts of half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, bioavailability and achieving steady-state concentrations with repetitive dosing are defined. Considerations for dosing adjustments in renal disease are provided.
Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery SystemsTheabhi.in
Full lecture is available in youtube
Part1: https://youtu.be/-8v5VmM-kVg
Part2: https://youtu.be/TdrEUEDAcbU
The Lecture includes:
Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery Systems
What is Drug?
Drug Discovery and Drug Development
Challenges in Drug Discovery & Drug Development
Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Conventional vs Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Various Novel Drug Delivery Systems
NDDS Course contents are available at https://theabhi.in/pharma/ndds
This document discusses modified release drug delivery systems (MRDDS), including extended release, delayed release, and targeted release dosage forms. It defines MRDDS as systems that control the time and location of drug release to accomplish therapeutic objectives. The document outlines the rationale for controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS), their advantages and disadvantages, criteria for selecting drug candidates, and important physiological and biological properties to consider for CDDS.
This document provides an overview of sustained release oral dosage forms. It defines sustained release as a dosage form that continuously releases medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. The document discusses criteria for drugs suitable for sustained release formulations, advantages and disadvantages, theories and mechanisms of release, and approaches for designing sustained release formulations including zero-order and first-order release approximations.
This document discusses sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It begins with an introduction and overview of basic concepts. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sustained release formulations. Several key factors that influence sustained release drug formulations are described, including drug properties, route of administration, target sites, and whether the therapy is for acute or chronic conditions. Different physical approaches related to drug solubility, partitioning, and stability are covered.
The document discusses area under the curve (AUC) as it relates to bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. It defines AUC as the definite integral of the plasma drug concentration-time curve, which provides a measure of total drug exposure. Various methods for calculating AUC are described, including trapezoidal rule, which divides the curve into trapezoids and sums their areas. Factors affecting bioavailability and AUC include drug properties, formulation, and patient factors. Clinical applications of AUC include toxicity assessment, bioequivalence studies, and pharmacokinetic dosing.
Sustained release drug delivery 130210234837-phpapp01pratik swarup das
This document discusses sustained release drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to drug delivery systems and how newer discoveries have led to techniques for maximum patient compliance. An ideal drug delivery system is described as delivering the drug at a rate dictated by the body's needs over the treatment period and targeting the site of action. Various modified sustained release dosage forms are then outlined, including controlled release, timed release, and site specific drug delivery systems. Key aspects of sustained release drug delivery and factors influencing drug candidacy are also summarized.
SUSTAINDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS power pointSonam Gandhi
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on sustained release drug delivery systems. Some key points discussed include:
1. Sustained release drug delivery systems are designed to provide prolonged therapeutic effects by continuously releasing medication over an extended period after a single dose.
2. Factors that influence the suitability of a drug for sustained release formulations include its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and biological half-life properties.
3. The document outlines various physiological and physicochemical drug properties that must be considered when designing sustained release drug formulations, such as dosage size, solubility, and stability.
In this ppt include sustain drug delivery system. And that advantage,disadvantage,approaches,application.
This project is my first project.
This ppt is not made for brilent student,is use only normal student(passing student).
Thanx everyone.
-your friend DDV
Oral sustained and controlled release dosage forms Dr GS SANAPDr Gajanan Sanap
Sustained and controlled release dosage forms are designed to achieve prolonged therapeutic effects by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. The goal is to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window and minimize fluctuations between maximum and minimum concentrations. Targeted drug delivery systems selectively deliver medication to the site of action to increase local concentration and reduce side effects.
This document discusses sustained release drug formulations. It begins by defining sustained release as drug delivery systems that continuously release medication over an extended period after a single dose. The key goals of sustained release are to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations and minimize fluctuations in blood levels. Some advantages include reducing dosing frequency, improving patient convenience and compliance, and decreasing adverse effects. The document goes on to discuss various sustained release technologies and considerations for designing sustained release formulations based on drug properties like solubility, permeability and stability.
This document discusses sustained release dosage forms. It begins by introducing the goals of sustained release therapy, which are to achieve steady blood levels of a drug for an extended period of time to maximize drug availability and control effects. It then covers sustained release classifications and advantages over conventional therapy. The key approaches to sustained release are drug modifications or dosage form modifications. Drug modifications involve complexing, adsorbates or prodrugs, while dosage form modifications use embedded matrices, barriers or multilayered tablets to control drug release. Product evaluation involves in vitro dissolution testing and in vivo studies to validate designs.
The document provides information about modified release drug products, including delayed release, extended release, and orally disintegrating tablets. It discusses the mechanisms of action for different types of modified release based on factors like pH, time, and enzymes in the stomach and intestine. The document also covers advantages of modified release drugs like reduced drug fluctuations and dosing frequency while maintaining therapeutic blood levels. It provides examples of how drug release rates can be controlled and discusses USP drug release testing standards.
Fundamental concept of modified drug releaseAbhinayJha3
Different Terminologies used in a modified release
1. Sustained release
2. Delayed release
3. Prolonged release
4. Extended-release
5. Controlled release
6. Site-specific targeting and receptor targeting
SELECTION OF DRUG CANDIDATE FOR ORAL SUSTAINED RELEASE SYSTEMS, BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.
This document provides an introduction to sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It defines sustained release as slowly releasing a drug over 8-12 hours, while controlled release delivers a drug at a predetermined rate for a specified time period. Some key advantages of these formulations are improved patient compliance, better drug utilization, and decreased side effects. Physicochemical drug properties like solubility, permeability and stability can impact whether a drug is suitable for these delivery systems. The document discusses various approaches for sustained and controlled release based on these physicochemical factors.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sustained release drug delivery systems. It discusses:
1. The introduction and concept of sustained release drug delivery, including the advantages of maintaining a constant drug level over time.
2. The differences between controlled release and sustained release, with controlled release providing precise control of drug release and sustained release prolonging drug levels for an extended time.
3. Some of the key factors that affect the formulation of oral sustained release drug delivery systems, including aqueous solubility, partition coefficient, drug pKa and ionization, stability, and biological considerations like absorption, distribution, and metabolism.
Formulation and evaluation of sustained release tablets of ambroxol hcl using...Venkatesh Pillala
This document provides an introduction and literature review for formulating and evaluating sustained release tablets of Ambroxol HCl using natural polymers. It discusses sustained release dosage forms, factors affecting oral sustained release dosage forms, parameters for drug selection, formulation methods, and mechanisms of drug release from matrix tablets. The literature review covers previous studies on formulating sustained release dosage forms for other drugs using natural polymers. The objective is stated as preparing and evaluating sustained release tablets of Ambroxol HCl to improve its oral bioavailability, reduce dosing frequency, and optimize polymer concentrations.
Controlled release drug delivery system (cdds)articleeshweta more
The document discusses controlled release drug delivery systems (CDDS). It notes that over the last two decades, interest in these systems has remarkably increased due to factors like high drug development costs, expiration of patents, discovery of new polymers for prolonging drug release, and improved therapeutic efficiency and safety. Controlled release aims to alter a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to achieve therapeutic objectives not possible with conventional dosage forms. The technology is now also applied to veterinary drugs.
Biopharm facors affecting drug bioavailabilitychiranjibi68
Biopharmaceutics considers the physicochemical properties of drugs and formulations to understand bioavailability. Key factors affecting bioavailability include drug properties like solubility, excipients, dosage form, and manufacturing methods. The rate of drug dissolution from the dosage form is often the rate-limiting step controlling systemic absorption. Excipients and polymorphic forms can impact drug solubility and dissolution rate, influencing bioavailability. Ensuring rapid drug release and dissolution through methods like reducing particle size improves absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
This document discusses the design of dosage regimens and controlled release drug delivery systems based on pharmacokinetic principles. It begins with an introduction to pharmacokinetics and then covers factors to consider in designing dosage regimens such as dose size, dose frequency, and approaches like empirical or population-based modeling. It also discusses concepts like loading and maintenance doses, drug accumulation, and fluctuation for multiple dosing. Finally, it discusses using pharmacokinetic parameters to design controlled release formulations to optimize therapeutic effects and reduce side effects.
The document discusses Groovy concepts including types, operators, objects, structures, closures, control structures, and methods for strings, lists, and maps. It covers topics such as optional syntax, imports, type checking, numbers, strings, GStrings, lists, maps, enums, operators, date/time operations, and closure usage including delegation and implicit parameters. Groovy allows for optional syntax elements, dynamic typing, closures, and methods to operate on common data types like strings, lists, and maps.
Wabuska! Home of Nevada's First Geothermal Power PlantThe Stock Answer
Wabuska, Nevada operates the first geothermal power plant in the state, which has been running strong for over 30 years. The plant utilizes 210°F water from underground that has degraded less than 3% over time to power its organic Rankine system. It has a power purchase agreement with NV Energy and is family owned and operated, contributing to Nevada's economy as a local treasure with potential for future growth utilizing its geothermal resources running deeper than 300°F underground.
Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery SystemsTheabhi.in
Full lecture is available in youtube
Part1: https://youtu.be/-8v5VmM-kVg
Part2: https://youtu.be/TdrEUEDAcbU
The Lecture includes:
Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery Systems
What is Drug?
Drug Discovery and Drug Development
Challenges in Drug Discovery & Drug Development
Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Conventional vs Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Various Novel Drug Delivery Systems
NDDS Course contents are available at https://theabhi.in/pharma/ndds
This document discusses modified release drug delivery systems (MRDDS), including extended release, delayed release, and targeted release dosage forms. It defines MRDDS as systems that control the time and location of drug release to accomplish therapeutic objectives. The document outlines the rationale for controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS), their advantages and disadvantages, criteria for selecting drug candidates, and important physiological and biological properties to consider for CDDS.
This document provides an overview of sustained release oral dosage forms. It defines sustained release as a dosage form that continuously releases medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. The document discusses criteria for drugs suitable for sustained release formulations, advantages and disadvantages, theories and mechanisms of release, and approaches for designing sustained release formulations including zero-order and first-order release approximations.
This document discusses sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It begins with an introduction and overview of basic concepts. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sustained release formulations. Several key factors that influence sustained release drug formulations are described, including drug properties, route of administration, target sites, and whether the therapy is for acute or chronic conditions. Different physical approaches related to drug solubility, partitioning, and stability are covered.
The document discusses area under the curve (AUC) as it relates to bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. It defines AUC as the definite integral of the plasma drug concentration-time curve, which provides a measure of total drug exposure. Various methods for calculating AUC are described, including trapezoidal rule, which divides the curve into trapezoids and sums their areas. Factors affecting bioavailability and AUC include drug properties, formulation, and patient factors. Clinical applications of AUC include toxicity assessment, bioequivalence studies, and pharmacokinetic dosing.
Sustained release drug delivery 130210234837-phpapp01pratik swarup das
This document discusses sustained release drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to drug delivery systems and how newer discoveries have led to techniques for maximum patient compliance. An ideal drug delivery system is described as delivering the drug at a rate dictated by the body's needs over the treatment period and targeting the site of action. Various modified sustained release dosage forms are then outlined, including controlled release, timed release, and site specific drug delivery systems. Key aspects of sustained release drug delivery and factors influencing drug candidacy are also summarized.
SUSTAINDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS power pointSonam Gandhi
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on sustained release drug delivery systems. Some key points discussed include:
1. Sustained release drug delivery systems are designed to provide prolonged therapeutic effects by continuously releasing medication over an extended period after a single dose.
2. Factors that influence the suitability of a drug for sustained release formulations include its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and biological half-life properties.
3. The document outlines various physiological and physicochemical drug properties that must be considered when designing sustained release drug formulations, such as dosage size, solubility, and stability.
In this ppt include sustain drug delivery system. And that advantage,disadvantage,approaches,application.
This project is my first project.
This ppt is not made for brilent student,is use only normal student(passing student).
Thanx everyone.
-your friend DDV
Oral sustained and controlled release dosage forms Dr GS SANAPDr Gajanan Sanap
Sustained and controlled release dosage forms are designed to achieve prolonged therapeutic effects by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. The goal is to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window and minimize fluctuations between maximum and minimum concentrations. Targeted drug delivery systems selectively deliver medication to the site of action to increase local concentration and reduce side effects.
This document discusses sustained release drug formulations. It begins by defining sustained release as drug delivery systems that continuously release medication over an extended period after a single dose. The key goals of sustained release are to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations and minimize fluctuations in blood levels. Some advantages include reducing dosing frequency, improving patient convenience and compliance, and decreasing adverse effects. The document goes on to discuss various sustained release technologies and considerations for designing sustained release formulations based on drug properties like solubility, permeability and stability.
This document discusses sustained release dosage forms. It begins by introducing the goals of sustained release therapy, which are to achieve steady blood levels of a drug for an extended period of time to maximize drug availability and control effects. It then covers sustained release classifications and advantages over conventional therapy. The key approaches to sustained release are drug modifications or dosage form modifications. Drug modifications involve complexing, adsorbates or prodrugs, while dosage form modifications use embedded matrices, barriers or multilayered tablets to control drug release. Product evaluation involves in vitro dissolution testing and in vivo studies to validate designs.
The document provides information about modified release drug products, including delayed release, extended release, and orally disintegrating tablets. It discusses the mechanisms of action for different types of modified release based on factors like pH, time, and enzymes in the stomach and intestine. The document also covers advantages of modified release drugs like reduced drug fluctuations and dosing frequency while maintaining therapeutic blood levels. It provides examples of how drug release rates can be controlled and discusses USP drug release testing standards.
Fundamental concept of modified drug releaseAbhinayJha3
Different Terminologies used in a modified release
1. Sustained release
2. Delayed release
3. Prolonged release
4. Extended-release
5. Controlled release
6. Site-specific targeting and receptor targeting
SELECTION OF DRUG CANDIDATE FOR ORAL SUSTAINED RELEASE SYSTEMS, BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.
This document provides an introduction to sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It defines sustained release as slowly releasing a drug over 8-12 hours, while controlled release delivers a drug at a predetermined rate for a specified time period. Some key advantages of these formulations are improved patient compliance, better drug utilization, and decreased side effects. Physicochemical drug properties like solubility, permeability and stability can impact whether a drug is suitable for these delivery systems. The document discusses various approaches for sustained and controlled release based on these physicochemical factors.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sustained release drug delivery systems. It discusses:
1. The introduction and concept of sustained release drug delivery, including the advantages of maintaining a constant drug level over time.
2. The differences between controlled release and sustained release, with controlled release providing precise control of drug release and sustained release prolonging drug levels for an extended time.
3. Some of the key factors that affect the formulation of oral sustained release drug delivery systems, including aqueous solubility, partition coefficient, drug pKa and ionization, stability, and biological considerations like absorption, distribution, and metabolism.
Formulation and evaluation of sustained release tablets of ambroxol hcl using...Venkatesh Pillala
This document provides an introduction and literature review for formulating and evaluating sustained release tablets of Ambroxol HCl using natural polymers. It discusses sustained release dosage forms, factors affecting oral sustained release dosage forms, parameters for drug selection, formulation methods, and mechanisms of drug release from matrix tablets. The literature review covers previous studies on formulating sustained release dosage forms for other drugs using natural polymers. The objective is stated as preparing and evaluating sustained release tablets of Ambroxol HCl to improve its oral bioavailability, reduce dosing frequency, and optimize polymer concentrations.
Controlled release drug delivery system (cdds)articleeshweta more
The document discusses controlled release drug delivery systems (CDDS). It notes that over the last two decades, interest in these systems has remarkably increased due to factors like high drug development costs, expiration of patents, discovery of new polymers for prolonging drug release, and improved therapeutic efficiency and safety. Controlled release aims to alter a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to achieve therapeutic objectives not possible with conventional dosage forms. The technology is now also applied to veterinary drugs.
Biopharm facors affecting drug bioavailabilitychiranjibi68
Biopharmaceutics considers the physicochemical properties of drugs and formulations to understand bioavailability. Key factors affecting bioavailability include drug properties like solubility, excipients, dosage form, and manufacturing methods. The rate of drug dissolution from the dosage form is often the rate-limiting step controlling systemic absorption. Excipients and polymorphic forms can impact drug solubility and dissolution rate, influencing bioavailability. Ensuring rapid drug release and dissolution through methods like reducing particle size improves absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
This document discusses the design of dosage regimens and controlled release drug delivery systems based on pharmacokinetic principles. It begins with an introduction to pharmacokinetics and then covers factors to consider in designing dosage regimens such as dose size, dose frequency, and approaches like empirical or population-based modeling. It also discusses concepts like loading and maintenance doses, drug accumulation, and fluctuation for multiple dosing. Finally, it discusses using pharmacokinetic parameters to design controlled release formulations to optimize therapeutic effects and reduce side effects.
The document discusses Groovy concepts including types, operators, objects, structures, closures, control structures, and methods for strings, lists, and maps. It covers topics such as optional syntax, imports, type checking, numbers, strings, GStrings, lists, maps, enums, operators, date/time operations, and closure usage including delegation and implicit parameters. Groovy allows for optional syntax elements, dynamic typing, closures, and methods to operate on common data types like strings, lists, and maps.
Wabuska! Home of Nevada's First Geothermal Power PlantThe Stock Answer
Wabuska, Nevada operates the first geothermal power plant in the state, which has been running strong for over 30 years. The plant utilizes 210°F water from underground that has degraded less than 3% over time to power its organic Rankine system. It has a power purchase agreement with NV Energy and is family owned and operated, contributing to Nevada's economy as a local treasure with potential for future growth utilizing its geothermal resources running deeper than 300°F underground.
This document provides an in-depth profile of the iconic British bespoke tailoring firm Anderson & Sheppard. It discusses the firm's history and evolution over the past century, from its founding and revolutionary soft drape suit style to its current embrace of a more open and diverse clientele under new leadership. The article profiles key figures like Anda Rowland and John Hitchcock and explores how they have modernized operations while staying true to the brand's artisanal traditions and commitment to impeccable bespoke tailoring.
The document discusses the current state and future outlook of the UK luxury fashion market based on a survey conducted by Drapers magazine. Key findings include:
- 85% of respondents reported increased turnover in 2011 compared to 2010, and 77% reported increased profits. On average, turnover rose 23% and profits rose 18.5%.
- 92% expect turnover to rise next year, with brands forecasting a 27% increase and independent boutiques a 15% rise.
- International sales will continue to be important for growth, though most businesses currently get less than 20% of sales from overseas. Western Europe is the top international market currently.
- Tourism is also a significant source of UK sales, with
Goomoods.com makes the powerful tool of mood charting fun and easy to use. Find out what makes you happy and do more things like it! Video modeling, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, total wellness.
The document provides an overview of James Dimas' IT infrastructure approach and experience, including:
- Converged infrastructure and experience with companies focusing on shared IT resources and cloud strategies.
- Experience with Microsoft technologies like Axapta ERP and collaboration tools.
- Experience with virtualization technologies from Citrix and VMware.
- Networking exposure through Cisco and previous telecom experience.
- Storage experience including cloud solutions like Dropbox and Sharefile.
- Strong background in project management with a focus on PRINCE2 methodology and past experience managing an ERP implementation project using Agile/SCRUM practices.
The document discusses various querying methods in Grails including dynamic finders, where queries, detached criteria, HQL queries, and performance optimizations. It provides examples of how to use findBy, findWhere, get, count, list and other dynamic finder methods. It also covers where queries, operators, aggregate functions, collections, subqueries, bulk updates/deletes, criteria queries, and HQL queries. It discusses returning different result types and filtering query results. Lastly, it mentions caching and performance techniques.
The document discusses various agile project management methods including Scrum, DSDM, XP, Lean Software Development, and Kanban. It notes that Scrum is popular in the US while DSDM is popular in Europe. It also discusses challenges with adopting agile practices at an organizational level. Additionally, it covers differences between small-scale and large-scale agile approaches and the need for coordination between interdependent teams on large projects.
This document discusses various drug delivery systems. It begins by defining drug delivery as administering an active pharmaceutical ingredient to achieve a therapeutic effect. The goals of drug delivery systems are to modify drug release profiles and target drugs to their site of action. It then discusses challenges with current drug therapies like inactivation in the stomach or metabolism before reaching the target site. The document proposes various approaches to overcoming these challenges, including improving drug release rates, decreasing biodegradation, and developing time or site-specific targeted formulations. It provides examples of oral, ocular, transdermal, nasal, intravaginal, and other localized drug delivery systems as well as targeted, implant, and injectable systems.
This document defines and discusses parenteral preparations and administration. Parenteral preparations are sterile preparations intended for administration by injection, infusion, or implantation rather than orally. They must be sterile, pyrogen-free, and packaged to ensure sterility. Common routes of parenteral administration include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injection. Requirements for parenteral preparations include sterility, freedom from pyrogens and particulates, isotonicity, stability, and compatibility.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects drugs. It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Absorption refers to how drugs enter systemic circulation from the site of administration. Distribution is the movement of drugs between tissues via blood flow. Metabolism involves chemical alteration of drugs by oxidation, reduction and conjugation reactions. Excretion is the removal of drugs and metabolites from the body. Together, these processes determine the effects of drugs over time.
The document discusses novel drug delivery systems. It begins with an overview of conventional drug delivery routes and their limitations. It then outlines the need for and goals of newer drug delivery modalities, which aim to control drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Several novel delivery routes are described in detail, including oral, sublingual, inhalation, transdermal, intranasal, and targeted delivery. Polymer-based delivery systems such as microspheres, nanoparticles, and intelligent delivery are also discussed. The document concludes by noting that advanced delivery technologies are playing an increasingly important role in improving drug safety, efficacy, and patient experience.
Drug delivery systems aim to control the rate, location, and time of drug release in the body to improve safety and efficacy. There have been major advancements in drug delivery technologies over the last decades, including transdermal patches that can selectively deliver drugs to specific sites. Drug delivery devices are physical agents used in drug delivery systems and include prefilled syringes, autoinjectors, infusion pumps, and more. Drugs can be delivered via several routes like oral, injection, inhalation, nasal, topical, and others. Different drug delivery methods provide either immediate, non-immediate, site-specific, or sustained release of medications over time.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It covers factors that influence route selection such as ease of use, site of action, and metabolism. Major routes discussed include oral, topical, and parenteral. For oral drugs, considerations are given to dose forms like tablets and liquids as well as techniques. Topical routes cover skin, eye, nasal, and rectal applications. Proper use of forms like patches and ointments is also outlined.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors that influence drug absorption. It describes enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. For each route, it outlines advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, bioavailability, and site of drug absorption. It also discusses mechanisms of drug transport, the impact of first-pass metabolism, and formulations like time-release preparations that influence drug absorption rates. The key message is that the optimal route of administration depends on the drug's properties and the desired therapeutic effects.
This document provides an overview of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). It discusses the need for NDDS due to disadvantages of current drug therapies, such as degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and first-pass metabolism. The document outlines various types of NDDS, including controlled drug delivery systems, targeted drug delivery systems, and site-specific delivery systems. It also discusses different routes of administration and various polymer carriers that can be used to develop NDDS, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microspheres. The overall summary is that NDDS aim to increase drug stability, control release rates, and target drug delivery for improved patient outcomes and compliance.
The document provides information about pharmacology and drug administration. It discusses the course objectives which are to study general pharmacology principles to safely use drugs in nursing practice. It covers pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug classes, routes of administration, and the nurse's role in drug administration. Key topics include how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and how drugs interact with the biological system.
This document discusses drug formulations, drug delivery systems, and newer drug delivery technologies. It defines the differences between dosage forms and formulations. Drug delivery systems aim to target drugs to specific sites and control their release for improved efficacy and safety. Newer systems include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal patches. They provide benefits like increased bioavailability, targeted delivery, and controlled release profiles. Common technologies are osmotic pumps, microencapsulation, and insertable implants that can deliver drugs over extended periods. Newer delivery systems have advantages but also challenges around costs, potential side effects, and complex manufacturing requirements.
1) Pharmacokinetics involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that determine the concentration of drugs in the body over time.
2) Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream after administration by various routes like oral, parenteral, topical. Factors like dosage form, food, and pH affect absorption.
3) Distribution describes how drugs are transported in blood and delivered to tissues throughout the body, influenced by properties like protein binding and water/fat solubility.
4) Metabolism (biotransformation) alters drugs chemically in the liver mainly, producing inactive or active metabolites. The first-pass effect impacts oral bioavailability.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to conventional drug delivery systems such as oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, and intramuscular delivery. It then discusses each system in more detail, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. The presentation then introduces novel drug delivery systems, which aim to improve drug potency, control release rates, provide safety, and target drugs. Novel systems include targeted, controlled, and modulated release to achieve benefits like decreased dosing and sustained therapeutic effects. In conclusion, novel delivery systems address limitations of conventional methods.
The document discusses the key aspects of pharmacokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. It describes how drugs are absorbed via mechanisms like passive diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. Factors like molecular weight, concentration gradients, and membrane permeability influence absorption rates. Most drug absorption occurs in the small intestine. Distribution of drugs depends on blood flow, ability to cross membranes, and plasma protein binding. The liver plays a major role in drug metabolism through phase I and phase II reactions, converting lipophilic drugs into more polar and water-soluble compounds that can be excreted.
PH1.3 Enumerate and identify drug formulations and drug delivery systemsPKGupta8
The document discusses drug delivery systems and formulations. It defines key terms like dosage form, formulation, drug delivery, and drug delivery systems. It distinguishes between conventional and newer drug delivery systems. Some newer systems described include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal drug delivery systems like sonophoresis. Osmotic drug delivery systems and microencapsulation are also summarized. The advantages of newer systems include increased efficacy, targeted delivery, and controlled release of drugs.
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2. Outline
• What is ADME?
• Where can we administer drugs?
• What types of dosage forms are available?
• What delivery systems have been developed?
The following presentation was adapted from lectures developed for
Biotech Demystified at UC San Diego Rady School of Management and
Pharmaceutics courses at UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
-Where indicated by website address, images used for
illustrations are public domain images licensed for re-use
in Creative Commons.
3. Dose of drug
administered
Drug
concentration
in systemic
circulation
Drug
concentration
at site of
action
Pharmacologic
Effect(s)
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
Drug in tissues
of distribution
Drug
Metabolized or
Excreted
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
ELIMINATION
ADME
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
PK/PD Overview
4. Absorption
• No matter how the drug is given
(other than IV), it must pass
through at least one biological
membrane before it reaches the
site of action
• Most dosage forms are solid, and
the drug must first be released
before it can be absorbed
http://www.flickr.com/photos/140264jd/
6287300944/sizes/m/in/photostream/
Solid Dosage
Form
• Disintegration
Granules • Deaggregation
Fine
Particles
• In to
Solution
5. Challenges to Oral Absorption
• Stable in varied acidic
conditions
• Solubility
− How well/where does it
dissolve?
• Permeability
− How/where does it get
through membranes?
• 1st Pass (gut and liver)
enzyme stability
− Does it get broken down by
metabolism in the liver or
gut?
Ileum
Colon
pH = 8
Duodenum
Jejunum
pH = 5 – 7
Stomach pH = 1 – 3.5
http://pixabay.com/en/black-model-
science-diagram-simple-40607/
6. Physiologic Factors Influencing
Oral Absorption
• Gastric emptying rate
• Intestinal motility
• Colonic retention
• GI tract perfusion
• Food and diet
• Disease
• Altered anatomy
*With any dosage
form, the environment
for its route of
administration must
be understood*
7. Distribution
• Once drug is in the blood,
where does it go next?
− Protein binding
− Transport (active and
passive)
− Uptake in intestines,
liver, kidney, brain
− Efflux back into
intestine, out of brain
− Secretion into bile,
urine
− Reabsorption in
kidney
http://pixabay.com/en/science-
diagram-human-body-41635/
8. Metabolism
• Phase I - Make more polar (charged; + or - )
• Phase II – Attach (conjugate) to compounds to
detoxify or excrete
• Examples below, all different combinations are seen
Active
Drug
Inactive
Metabolite
Eliminated
Active
Drug
Active
Metabolite
Inactive
Metabolite or
Eliminated
Pro-drug Active Drug
Inactive
Metabolite
9. Phase 1 - Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
• Major drug metabolism pathways
– UDP-glucuronosyl transferase
– N-acetyl transferase
– Monoamine oxidase
– Flavin monooxygenases
– Cytochrome P450 enzymes (~75%)
• Common P450 pathways for metabolizing drugs
– 3A4(5), 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 1A2, 2B6, 2E1, 1A1
• P450’s = Major source of variability in drug response
– Enzyme inhibition & induction cause many drug interactions
– Genetic polymorphism
• Ultrarapid, rapid, intermediate, slow metabolizers
10. Excretion
• Excretion is mainly via urine and feces
• “Elimination” is by metabolism and/or
excretion
http://www.flickr.com/
photos/hey__paul/
8316290574/
http://www.medicalgraphics.de/components/
com_joomgallery/img_thumbnails/_organs_2/
leber_gallenblase_hinten_kl_20120712_2064511
122.jpg
11. Sites of Drug Administration
• Ultimate Goal: To have the drug reach the site of action in a
concentration which produces a pharmacological effect
• Systemic – drug in circulatory system (blood)
• Local – drug is targeted to a particular site, minimizing systemic
exposure
Administration
Sites
Artery
Vein
Elimination
Routes
Gut Metabolism
Fecal
Elimination
Sampling
Sites
Urine
Feces
Gut
Lung
Other
Skin
Liver
Renal
Elimination
Venous
Blood
13. Dosage Forms
• Mixture of active drug and non-drug components = drug
product administered to patients
– Many types depending on route of administration
– Different diseases or patient populations may need
different routes of administration of the same drug
– Some medications require certain dosage forms
• Solid oral dosage forms are most common (~90% of
drug products)
– Preferred by patients
15. Delivery Systems
• Method or process of administering
pharmaceutical compounds to achieve a
therapeutic effect in patients
– Might target particular organ, cells or tissues
– Might provide pre-programmed drug release profile
(controlled-release drug delivery system (DDS))
– Usually protects drug until it gets to the site of action
• Primary objectives are to increase patient
adherence and to enhance drug efficacy and
tolerability
17. Challenging Properties:
Peptides and Proteins
• Sites of high charge or
polarity
– Blue = nitrogen
– Red = oxygen
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ethanhein/2756672899/
• Unstable in acid (or base)
• Unstable to enzymes
• High polarity causes water association and very low lipid
(oil) solubility
20. Nasal Systemic Delivery Systems
• Advantages:
– Large surface area
– Rapid absorption, rich blood
supply
– Rapid onset
– Non-invasive
– Avoidance of 1st pass loss
– Lower dose/reduced side
effects
– Minimal aftertaste
– Self-administration
– New patent coverage for drug
formulations
about to expire
• Disadvantages:
– Large volumes interfere with
normal nose functions
– Reproducibility of dosing:
– Patient’s method of
administration
– Condition of nasal passage
& environmental conditions
– Irritation, inflammation or
toxicity
– Avoid in patients with:
– Common cold, Persistent
sneezing, Nasal congestion,
Nasal inflammation, Allergic
rhinitis
21. Transdermal Delivery Systems (TDS)
• Reservoir-Based TDS
– Backing, drug depot, rate-
controlling membrane & adhesive
• Matrix-Based TDS
– Backing, drug in matrix, &
adhesive
• Drug-in-Adhesive-Type TDS
– Backing, drug mixed in adhesive
• Systemic Delivery
– Very effective barrier to
penetration of most
substances
– Must penetrate deep dermis
for systemic uptake
– Large surface area to deliver
drug if penetration is
achieved
– Avoids first-pass
metabolism and
digestive
degradation of
drugs
22. Iontophoresis
• Charged molecules (drugs in solution) are driven
in to the skin using electrical charge gradient
• Also used to draw molecules out of the skin
(reverse iontophoresis)
Sonophoresis - Ultrasound
• Ultrasound waves cause disruption of lipid layers
• Tingling, no nerves in outer skin layer so not painful
• Skin returns to normal within 24 hours
• Typically used for delivery of lidocaine or a wide variety of
skin therapies
• Also under investigation for automated diabetes glucose
sampling and insulin delivery
23. Electrical Cell Ablation
• Microelectrodes transfer high frequency alternating currents
• Creates localized ablation of skin cells, forming
microchannels in milliseconds
Micro-Needle
• Physically bypass outer skin layer using micro-needles
• Needle tips are hollow or are coated with drug to be
delivered
• Ideal for macromolecules- peptides and vaccines
• Can be used in combination with iontophoresis
24. • Injectable systems are more complex and costly than
oral dosing
– Vials and Syringes
– Pre-Filled Syringes (PFS)
Injectables: Basic Injection Devices
http://www.flickr.com/photos/
andresrueda/2983149263//
http://www.flickr.com/photos/
8499561@N02/2756290144/
25. Auto-Injectors
• Definition = pre-filled-syringe-based systems that are usually
utilized for single, fixed-dose therapies
– Re-usable
– Disposable
Pen Injection Devices
• Solution needs to be stable at room temperature for 1 month
• Device considerations
– Disposable or re-usable?
– Dose-titration (dial-a-dose)
– Needle replacement, supply
– Possible needle shield
26. Needle Free Injectors
• Definition = High-pressure systems that use very small holes to
produce a fine stream from the formulation, which penetrates the
skin without use of a needle
• Used for both chronic and single-dose therapies
– Re-usable
– Disposable
Insulin Infusion Pumps
• Designed for standard fast-acting insulin formulations
• Device considerations
– Device is worn like a pager and has a plastic infusion set attached to a
subcutaneous catheter
– Catheter site is changed every three days
– Insulin cartridge is replaced/refilled as needed daily or every few day
27. Osmotic Pump Implant
• Non-biodegradable (titanium)
• Insert via trochar (minor
surgery), remove by minor
incision
• 12 month drug delivery
Opening
Drug
Piston
Osmotic
agent
Membrane
Implanted Devices
• Long-term, localized drug therapy
• Example: Medtronic SynchroMed®
Infusion System
• Pump is used to obtain high drug
concentrations in brain, with very low
amounts of drug in blood
28. • Liposomes are spherical envelopes created by mixing
phospholipids and cholesterol
• Lipids gradually diffuse into bodily fluid
• Membrane envelope breaks up and releases drug
• Used for: slowing drug release, targeting delivery, minimizing
toxicity
Additional Formulation Technologies:
Liposomes
Biodegradable Polymer Systems
• PLGA or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) commonly used
• Degrades in body at 98.7◦F into lactic acid and glycolic
acid which are cleared naturally
29. Nanospheres
• Sub-micron particles (10 – 1000 nm)
• Can cross through GI tract because of small size
(though not all of the particles cross)
• Mechanisms not entirely understood
• Possible uses:
− Diagnostic & genetic tests (Nanospheres, Inc.)
− Peptide (ligand) – phage (bacterial/viral
nanoparticles) combinations
− Injectable proteins/peptides (Abraxane®)
− Oral proteins/peptides?
− Recent rat study showed improved
glycemic control with oral double-
coated insulin nanosphere formulation
(Reis, Veiga, Ribeiro et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2008 Apr 2 Epub)
30. Conjugated Forms
Neulasta® (PEG–G-CSF, or pegfilgrastim)
+
chemical conjugation
• Example: PEGylation - Attachment of polyethylene glycol
(PEG) chains to a drug or protein
• Many other carriers & penetration enhancers being explored
Neupogen® (G-CSF, or filgrastim)
Slow-dissolving Salt Forms
• Salt formation – common way to alter dissolution rate
• Example:
− NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin
formed by adding protamine and zinc
31. In Summary
• Drug Dosage Forms and Delivery systems are
designed to provide the drug
– To the site of action
– At the right time
– In the right amount
…which will ensure efficacy and safety
– And, in a patient-friendly way (easy to use,
painless, and affordable)