The document discusses current and future trends in ultra high capacity batteries and super capacitors. It provides an overview of different battery types including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and discusses lithium-ion batteries in more detail. It also covers super capacitors and how they differ from traditional capacitors. The document concludes that lithium-ion batteries currently dominate consumer products, lead acid batteries are widely used for automotive and backup power applications, and super capacitors show promise for bridging battery and capacitor performance in the future as the technology matures.

1. Conclusion
Introduction
Working
Current &
Future Trends
Construction
The Current & Future Trends
on Ultra High Capacity
Batteries & Super Capacitors
BY:-CHANDAN KUMAR
B . Tech EEE 3rd YEAR

2. Introduction
• An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more
electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into
electrical energy.
• Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative
terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the
electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the
battery to perform work.

3. Types of batteries
• Primary Batteries- (Nonrechargable)-These batteries have
applications such as wristwatches, remote controls, electric keys
and children’s toys. Primary batteries also assist when charging is
impractical or impossible, such as military combat, rescue missions
and forest-fire services.
• . Most primary batteries are inexpensive, readily available and
environmentally friendly.
• Secondary Batteries- (Rechargeable)-These batteries play an
important role in our life and many daily chores would be
unthinkable without the ability to recharge an empty battery.
• Points of interest are specific energy, years of service life, load
characteristics, safety, price, self-discharge, environmental issues,
maintenance requirements, and disposal.

4. Secondary Batteries
• Lead Acid -One of the oldest rechargeable battery systems; is
rugged, forgiving if abused and economical in price; has a low
specific energy and limited cycle life.
• Lead acid is used for wheelchairs, golf cars, personnel carriers,
emergency lighting and uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
• Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) — Mature and well understood; is used
where long service life, high discharge current, extreme
temperatures and economical price are of importance.
• Due to environmental concerns, NiCd is being replaced with other
chemistries. Main applications are power tools, two-way radios,
aircraft and UPS.

5. Secondary Batteries Cont.…
• Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) — A practical replacement for NiCd;
has higher specific energy with fewer toxic metals.
• NiMH is used for medical instruments, hybrid cars and industrial
applications. NiMH is available in AA and AAA cells for consumer
use.
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) — Most promising battery systems; is used for
portable consumer products as well as electric powertrains for
vehicles; is more expensive than nickel- and lead acid systems and
needs protection circuit for safety.

6. Principle Of Operation

7. Li-ion Battery

8. Construction
• As with most batteries you have an outer case made of metal. The
use of metal is particularly important here because the battery is
pressurized.
• . This metal case has some kind of pressure-sensitive vent hole. If
the battery ever gets so hot that it risks exploding from over-pressure,
this vent will release the extra pressure.
• A Positive electrode
• A Negative electrode
• A separator

9. Construction Explained

10. Charging & Discharging

11. Classification of Li-ion Battery
• The lithium battery for ESS for EVs can be divided into four kinds
according to the anode materials. The comparisons of different
anode materials are listed in Table

12. Current Status
• The lead acid battery is the main type traction battery of ESS for EV
today. Most light EVs (over 98% LEV in China) are powered by lead
acid battery.
• The E-Car exported to USA and the REVA sold in UK are mostly
powered by lead acid battery. Anyway, the ones powered by
lithium battery have emerged on market.
• There are several companies in China who are experts in lead acid
battery
• Production such like Shanghai C&D Battery Co. Ltd., Tianhong
Energy Technology, Dongbei Storage Battery, Beijing Powertronics
Battery Co. Ltd., Zhejiang Tiannneg Battery Co. Ltd. and
Shuangdeng Group Corporation. In Japan, GS-Yuasa has large
• Capacity lead acid battery for traction application.

13. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
• High energy density:
• Self-discharge:
• No requirement for priming:
• Low maintenance:
• Variety of types available:
Disadvantages
• Protection required:
• Ageing :
• Transportation:
• Cost:
• Immature technology:

14. Super Capacitors
• Capacitors store electric charges.
• They store their energy in electric fields, which are created by the
interaction between the capacitor's two conducting surfaces.
• These surfaces have equal and opposite charges, with one surface
collecting positive charges and the other collecting negative charges.
• These two surfaces, which are usually plates called "electrodes," are
always electrically separate from one another. The plates are separated
by an insulator (also called a "dielectric"), which helps to give the
capacitor its high capacitance because it polarizes the material's
molecules.
• As the plates are conductors, the positive and negatives charges are
stored on their surfaces; however, since they have equal and opposite
charges, the capacitor's net charge is zero.

15. Capacitors
Plate Separation (d) Polarization

16. Capacitor Vs. Super capacitors
• The plates in Super capacitors are not separated by insulators in
the same way as those of capacitors.
• Capacitors use dielectrics to increase their capacitance by allowing
their plates to get very close to one another.
• However, the practical limitations on the surface area of the plates
and the distance between the plates reduce capacitors' ability to
have the same high levels of capacitance found in Super capacitors.
• Super capacitors solve this problem by using a new technology that
allows them to have enormous surface area relative to the distance
between the plates.

17. Future Trends
• Mobile technology hinges upon the availability of batteries to
support it. This is something most of us know all too well, as we
charge up our mobile devices every night.
• Lightweight, cost-effective, rechargeable, and providing higher
energy density by far compared to the next commercial battery
chemistry, Lithium (Li)-ion is the workhorse and standard for
powering today’s mobile devices.

18. Some new Batteries
• Tin Nano crystal Li-Ion Batteries-
• Metal-Air Batteries-
• Liquid Metal Batteries

19. More New Battery Concepts
• Other new battery concepts including Li-sulpher, which has energy
density that is 3 to 5X that of today’s Li-ion batteries, and sugar-powered
bio batteries which offer green technology in addition to
high energy density are among many new battery concepts in
development for the next generation of electrochemical batteries.
It’s a race to see which battery technology will succeed Li-ion, but
no matter what, the consumer is sure to benefit.

20. Conclusion
• Due to worldwide concerns about power issues there has been an
increased demand for ultra-power batteries with longer life and
rechargeable facility.
• Lithium-ion is the battery of choice for consumer products, and no
other systems threaten to interfere with its dominance at this time. The
lead acid market is similar in size to Li-ion. Here the applications are
divided into SLI (starter battery) for automotive, stationary for power
backup, and deep-cycle for wheeled mobility such as golf cars,
wheelchairs and scissor lifts.
• Lead acid holds a solid position, as it has done for the last hundred years.
There are no other systems that threaten to unseat this forgiving and
low-cost chemistry any time soon.
• The energy storage and power capabilities of the super capacitor will
allow it to act as a bridge between battery and capacitor performance.
This technology is very new and not mature, but it is expected to find
wide application in its various forms.

21. Battery Reveal