This chapter discusses cultural environments and their impact on international business. It examines problems in cross-cultural learning and differences in business practices across countries. Major causes of cultural change are explored, like traditions, language, and religion. Factors like power distances, individualism, and uncertainty avoidance are examined in how they influence workplace relationships and risk-taking. The chapter concludes that companies must consider cultural guidelines and maximize their effectiveness when operating internationally across diverse cultural environments.
02 The Cultural Environments Facing BusinessBrent Weeks
To understand methods for learning about cultural environments
To analyze the major causes of cultural difference and change
To discuss behavioral factors influencing countries’ business practices
To understand guidelines for cultural adjustment
01 Globalization and International BusinessBrent Weeks
To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other
To understand why companies engage in international business and why international business growth has accelerated
To discuss globalization’s future and the major criticisms of globalization
To become familiar with different ways in which a company can accomplish its global objectives
To apply social science disciplines to understanding the differences between international and domestic business
06 International Trade and Factor MobilityBrent Weeks
To understand theories of international trade
To explain how free trade improves global efficiency
To identify factors affecting national trade patterns
To explain why a country’s export capabilities are dynamic
To understand why production factors, especially labor and capital, move internationally
To explain the relationship between foreign trade and international factor mobility
This chapter discusses the political and legal environments facing international businesses. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to discuss the philosophy and practices of political environments, profile contemporary political and legal systems, explain political risk management, and identify key legal issues for international companies. The document then covers the definition of political systems and ideologies, the spectrum of political ideologies from democracy to totalitarianism, trends in political systems such as waves of democratization and challenges to democracy, and the concept of political risk for businesses. Finally, it defines legal systems and the trends occurring in legal frameworks globally as well as some of the operational and strategic legal concerns for international companies, including intellectual property.
This document discusses cultural environments and their impact on international business operations. It covers several learning objectives:
1. Understanding methods for learning about cultural environments, including cultural literacy and ethnocentricity.
2. Analyzing the major causes of cultural difference and change, such as cultural diffusion and how cultures form or are imposed on others.
3. Discussing behavioral factors like social stratification systems, work motivation differences, and relationship preference variations between high/low power distance and individualist/collectivist cultures.
The document provides examples and definitions for many cultural concepts and frameworks for analyzing differences between nations and regions.
03 The Political and Legal Environments Facing BusinessBrent Weeks
To discuss the philosophy and practices of the political environment
To profile trends in contemporary political systems
To explain the idea of political risk and approaches to managing it
To discuss the philosophy and practices of the legal system
To describe trends in contemporary legal systems
To explain legal issues facing international companies
This document is a chapter from a textbook about governmental influence on trade. It discusses how governments intervene in trade to achieve economic and political goals, but must consider conflicting objectives and interest groups. It describes various rationales governments use to restrict or enhance trade, such as protecting domestic industries, managing unemployment, and furthering geopolitical influence. The chapter also outlines the major tools governments use to control trade, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and standards. It notes both the uncertainties and opportunities these policies can create for businesses.
The document discusses strategy in international business. It covers topics like the role of strategy, industry structure and the five forces model, value creation through cost leadership and differentiation, global integration versus local responsiveness pressures, and the integration-responsiveness grid for measuring these pressures. The value chain and how it is configured and coordinated in response to changes is also addressed. Different types of strategies are outlined, and future visions for strategies with concepts like metanational and cybercorp companies.
02 The Cultural Environments Facing BusinessBrent Weeks
To understand methods for learning about cultural environments
To analyze the major causes of cultural difference and change
To discuss behavioral factors influencing countries’ business practices
To understand guidelines for cultural adjustment
01 Globalization and International BusinessBrent Weeks
To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other
To understand why companies engage in international business and why international business growth has accelerated
To discuss globalization’s future and the major criticisms of globalization
To become familiar with different ways in which a company can accomplish its global objectives
To apply social science disciplines to understanding the differences between international and domestic business
06 International Trade and Factor MobilityBrent Weeks
To understand theories of international trade
To explain how free trade improves global efficiency
To identify factors affecting national trade patterns
To explain why a country’s export capabilities are dynamic
To understand why production factors, especially labor and capital, move internationally
To explain the relationship between foreign trade and international factor mobility
This chapter discusses the political and legal environments facing international businesses. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to discuss the philosophy and practices of political environments, profile contemporary political and legal systems, explain political risk management, and identify key legal issues for international companies. The document then covers the definition of political systems and ideologies, the spectrum of political ideologies from democracy to totalitarianism, trends in political systems such as waves of democratization and challenges to democracy, and the concept of political risk for businesses. Finally, it defines legal systems and the trends occurring in legal frameworks globally as well as some of the operational and strategic legal concerns for international companies, including intellectual property.
This document discusses cultural environments and their impact on international business operations. It covers several learning objectives:
1. Understanding methods for learning about cultural environments, including cultural literacy and ethnocentricity.
2. Analyzing the major causes of cultural difference and change, such as cultural diffusion and how cultures form or are imposed on others.
3. Discussing behavioral factors like social stratification systems, work motivation differences, and relationship preference variations between high/low power distance and individualist/collectivist cultures.
The document provides examples and definitions for many cultural concepts and frameworks for analyzing differences between nations and regions.
03 The Political and Legal Environments Facing BusinessBrent Weeks
To discuss the philosophy and practices of the political environment
To profile trends in contemporary political systems
To explain the idea of political risk and approaches to managing it
To discuss the philosophy and practices of the legal system
To describe trends in contemporary legal systems
To explain legal issues facing international companies
This document is a chapter from a textbook about governmental influence on trade. It discusses how governments intervene in trade to achieve economic and political goals, but must consider conflicting objectives and interest groups. It describes various rationales governments use to restrict or enhance trade, such as protecting domestic industries, managing unemployment, and furthering geopolitical influence. The chapter also outlines the major tools governments use to control trade, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and standards. It notes both the uncertainties and opportunities these policies can create for businesses.
The document discusses strategy in international business. It covers topics like the role of strategy, industry structure and the five forces model, value creation through cost leadership and differentiation, global integration versus local responsiveness pressures, and the integration-responsiveness grid for measuring these pressures. The value chain and how it is configured and coordinated in response to changes is also addressed. Different types of strategies are outlined, and future visions for strategies with concepts like metanational and cybercorp companies.
To learn the fundamentals of foreign exchange
To identify the major characteristics of the foreign-exchange market and how governments control the flow of currencies across national borders
To describe how the foreign-exchange market works
To examine the different institutions that deal in foreign exchange
To understand why companies deal in foreign exchange
08 Cross-National Cooperation and AgreementsBrent Weeks
To identify the major characteristics and challenges of the World Trade Organization
To discuss the pros and cons of global, bilateral, and regional integration
To describe the static and dynamic impact of trade agreements on trade and investment flows
To define different forms of regional economic integration
To compare and contrast different regional trading groups
To describe other forms of global cooperation such as the United Nations and OPEC
11 The Strategy of International BusinessBrent Weeks
To evaluate industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation
To profile the features and functions of the value chain
To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain
To explain global integration and local responsiveness
To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business
The document discusses exchange rates and is divided into chapters. Chapter 10 covers the determination of exchange rates. It describes the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its role in establishing exchange rates. Countries can choose between hard peg, soft peg, or floating exchange rate arrangements. It also discusses how the European Monetary System established exchange rate stability in Europe and how the euro became the currency of the Eurozone. The major determinants of exchange rates are also identified, such as demand for a country's goods and currency. Managers use fundamental and technical analysis to forecast exchange rate movements. Exchange rate changes influence business decisions in areas like marketing, production, and finance.
04 The Economic Environments Facing BusinessBrent Weeks
To communicate the importance of economic analysis
To discuss the idea of economic freedom
To profile the characteristics of the types of economic systems
To introduce the notion of state capitalism
To profile indicators of economic development, performance, and potential
Governments intervene in trade for economic and noneconomic reasons. Economically, they aim to protect domestic industries and jobs through measures like tariffs and quotas. Noneconomically, reasons include national security, cultural preservation, and political influence. However, intervention can backfire and harm consumers through higher prices. It may also lead to retaliation. While companies initially seek government protection, they must also innovate and adjust to global competition over time. Measures include relocating production, focusing on market niches, and internal efficiency gains. Overall, the effects of subsidies, quotas and other policies on trade are complex, with both benefits and unintended consequences requiring consideration.
This document provides an overview of international trade barriers and the dynamic global environment. It discusses different types of trade barriers countries employ like tariffs, quotas, embargoes and standards. While trade barriers aim to protect domestic industries and jobs, they can also decrease total world output and limit variety. The document also outlines benefits of free trade like increased specialization and access to larger markets, though free trade may negatively impact some domestic producers and jobs. Overall, it presents perspectives on both free trade and barriers to international trade.
This document discusses different modes of operating internationally beyond exporting, including foreign direct investment and collaborative strategies. It defines foreign direct investment and explains why companies pursue it. It then outlines various types of collaborative arrangements companies use internationally such as licensing, franchising, management contracts, and joint ventures. For each, it describes how they work and what factors influence the choice of arrangement. The document also addresses challenges companies may face with collaborative arrangements and how to manage diverse collaborations effectively.
To grasp company strategies for sequencing the penetration of countries
To see how scanning techniques can help managers both limit geographic alternatives and consider otherwise overlooked areas
To discern the major opportunity and risk variables a company should consider when deciding whether and where to expand abroad
To know the methods and problems of collecting and comparing international information
To understand some simplifying tools for helping decide where to operate
To consider how companies allocate emphasis among the countries where they operate
To comprehend why location decisions do not necessarily compare different countries’ possibilities
Culture refers to the norms, values and beliefs learned and shared by a group and passed down over generations. For managers to be successful in international business, they must understand other cultures and adapt to their needs rather than act ethnocentrically. Cultural factors that impact business include practices around social stratification, motivation, relationships, risk-taking, communication, and how to deal with cultural differences strategically. Language and religion are significant stabilizers of culture within and across countries.
The document provides an overview of international business and globalization. It defines international business and globalization, discusses why companies engage in international business and factors that have accelerated its growth. It also outlines criticisms of globalization and different modes of conducting international business operations, including exports/imports and foreign direct investment. The document emphasizes that international business operations may require adjustments compared to domestic operations due to foreign conditions.
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing as identifying goods and services customers outside the home country want and providing them at the right price and place. Benefits include survival, overseas market growth, sales/profits, and diversification. Factors influencing internationalization include domestic market saturation, trade deficits, foreign competition, and new market opportunities. Market segmentation allows adjusting the marketing mix to meet different market segments based on demographics, geography, culture, and psychology. Companies must decide whether to standardize or adapt their marketing mix across countries. Major international marketing activities include market assessment, entry method selection, and developing an international marketing mix for product, place, promotion, and price.
This document discusses key economic indicators and concepts that are important for international business managers to consider when analyzing a country's economic environment. It covers different types of economic systems, measures of economic development and performance such as GNI per capita, as well as other important factors like inflation, unemployment, income distribution, poverty, and balance of payments. The overall goal is to communicate the importance of economic analysis and introduce students to the various indicators and concepts that are relevant for international business managers to understand countries' economic situations and environments.
The document discusses strategy in international business. It covers topics like the role of strategy, industry structure and the five forces model, value creation through cost leadership and differentiation, global integration versus local responsiveness pressures, and the integration-responsiveness grid for measuring these pressures. The value chain and how it is configured and coordinated in response to changes is also examined. Different types of strategies are outlined, and future visions for strategies with concepts like metanational and cybercorp companies.
15 The Organization of International BusinessBrent Weeks
Profile the evolving process of organizing a company for international business
Describe the features of classical structures
Describe the features of neoclassical structures
Discuss the systems used to coordinate and control international activities
Profile the role and characteristics of organization culture
Factors associated with Entry Mode
Timing of an Entry
FIRST MOVER ADVANTAGE
Scale of Entry & Strategic Commitments
ENTRY MODES
Explain exporting, turnkey projects and licensing entry modes with their advantages and disadvantages.
Explain franchising, joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries with its advantages and disadvantages.
SELECTING ENTRY MODE
PROS & CONS OF ACQUISITION
PROS &CONS OF GREENFIELD VENTURES
What is strategic alliance?
What are the advantage and disadvantages of strategic alliance?
What are the factors contributing to the success of an alliance?
Presentation on international business( differences in culture)Md. Sourav Hossain
This assignment will help every student for making their assignment and presentation better and effective. From it every student will understand the cultural differences in the world.
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing and discusses how the marketing environment differs internationally from domestic markets due to factors like competition, regulations, culture, and politics. It also outlines various stages of international marketing involvement, from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Additionally, it discusses challenges like self-reference criterion and ethnocentrism that marketers must overcome to effectively adapt to foreign cultures.
The document discusses several theories of international trade:
1. Mercantilism held that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating gold and silver through trade surpluses. It advocated subsidies for exports and tariffs/quotas on imports.
2. Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory argued that countries should specialize in goods they produce most efficiently and trade for other goods. Both countries can benefit through specialization and trade.
3. David Ricardo's comparative advantage theory extended this, showing that trade can benefit both sides even if one country is more efficient overall. Countries should import goods they have a comparative - not absolute - disadvantage in.
4. Later theories examined factors like differences in factor endowments
To examine the broad foundation of ethical behavior
To demonstrate the cultural and legal foundations of ethical behavior
To discuss the importance of social responsibility when operating internationally, especially in the areas of sustainability
To discuss some key issues in the social activities and consequences of globalized business
To examine corporate responses to globalization in the form of codes of conduct, among other things
This document discusses intercultural marketing and how culture impacts advertising. It explores definitions of culture and outlines key dimensions of culture according to theorists like Edward Hall and Geert Hofstede. Hall identified high and low context cultures as well as dimensions of time and relationships with nature. Hofstede defined five dimensions of national culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long vs short term orientation. The document concludes by examining how these cultural dimensions impact advertising approaches in different societies.
This chapter discusses how culture influences management style, business systems, and international marketing. It notes that Americans tend to be individualistic while Japanese culture emphasizes consensus and commitment to the group. Successful international business requires adapting to different cultural norms for areas like communication, negotiations, ethics, and strategic thinking. The key is to understand your own culture as well as the cultural environment of the country you are operating within.
To learn the fundamentals of foreign exchange
To identify the major characteristics of the foreign-exchange market and how governments control the flow of currencies across national borders
To describe how the foreign-exchange market works
To examine the different institutions that deal in foreign exchange
To understand why companies deal in foreign exchange
08 Cross-National Cooperation and AgreementsBrent Weeks
To identify the major characteristics and challenges of the World Trade Organization
To discuss the pros and cons of global, bilateral, and regional integration
To describe the static and dynamic impact of trade agreements on trade and investment flows
To define different forms of regional economic integration
To compare and contrast different regional trading groups
To describe other forms of global cooperation such as the United Nations and OPEC
11 The Strategy of International BusinessBrent Weeks
To evaluate industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation
To profile the features and functions of the value chain
To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain
To explain global integration and local responsiveness
To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business
The document discusses exchange rates and is divided into chapters. Chapter 10 covers the determination of exchange rates. It describes the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its role in establishing exchange rates. Countries can choose between hard peg, soft peg, or floating exchange rate arrangements. It also discusses how the European Monetary System established exchange rate stability in Europe and how the euro became the currency of the Eurozone. The major determinants of exchange rates are also identified, such as demand for a country's goods and currency. Managers use fundamental and technical analysis to forecast exchange rate movements. Exchange rate changes influence business decisions in areas like marketing, production, and finance.
04 The Economic Environments Facing BusinessBrent Weeks
To communicate the importance of economic analysis
To discuss the idea of economic freedom
To profile the characteristics of the types of economic systems
To introduce the notion of state capitalism
To profile indicators of economic development, performance, and potential
Governments intervene in trade for economic and noneconomic reasons. Economically, they aim to protect domestic industries and jobs through measures like tariffs and quotas. Noneconomically, reasons include national security, cultural preservation, and political influence. However, intervention can backfire and harm consumers through higher prices. It may also lead to retaliation. While companies initially seek government protection, they must also innovate and adjust to global competition over time. Measures include relocating production, focusing on market niches, and internal efficiency gains. Overall, the effects of subsidies, quotas and other policies on trade are complex, with both benefits and unintended consequences requiring consideration.
This document provides an overview of international trade barriers and the dynamic global environment. It discusses different types of trade barriers countries employ like tariffs, quotas, embargoes and standards. While trade barriers aim to protect domestic industries and jobs, they can also decrease total world output and limit variety. The document also outlines benefits of free trade like increased specialization and access to larger markets, though free trade may negatively impact some domestic producers and jobs. Overall, it presents perspectives on both free trade and barriers to international trade.
This document discusses different modes of operating internationally beyond exporting, including foreign direct investment and collaborative strategies. It defines foreign direct investment and explains why companies pursue it. It then outlines various types of collaborative arrangements companies use internationally such as licensing, franchising, management contracts, and joint ventures. For each, it describes how they work and what factors influence the choice of arrangement. The document also addresses challenges companies may face with collaborative arrangements and how to manage diverse collaborations effectively.
To grasp company strategies for sequencing the penetration of countries
To see how scanning techniques can help managers both limit geographic alternatives and consider otherwise overlooked areas
To discern the major opportunity and risk variables a company should consider when deciding whether and where to expand abroad
To know the methods and problems of collecting and comparing international information
To understand some simplifying tools for helping decide where to operate
To consider how companies allocate emphasis among the countries where they operate
To comprehend why location decisions do not necessarily compare different countries’ possibilities
Culture refers to the norms, values and beliefs learned and shared by a group and passed down over generations. For managers to be successful in international business, they must understand other cultures and adapt to their needs rather than act ethnocentrically. Cultural factors that impact business include practices around social stratification, motivation, relationships, risk-taking, communication, and how to deal with cultural differences strategically. Language and religion are significant stabilizers of culture within and across countries.
The document provides an overview of international business and globalization. It defines international business and globalization, discusses why companies engage in international business and factors that have accelerated its growth. It also outlines criticisms of globalization and different modes of conducting international business operations, including exports/imports and foreign direct investment. The document emphasizes that international business operations may require adjustments compared to domestic operations due to foreign conditions.
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing as identifying goods and services customers outside the home country want and providing them at the right price and place. Benefits include survival, overseas market growth, sales/profits, and diversification. Factors influencing internationalization include domestic market saturation, trade deficits, foreign competition, and new market opportunities. Market segmentation allows adjusting the marketing mix to meet different market segments based on demographics, geography, culture, and psychology. Companies must decide whether to standardize or adapt their marketing mix across countries. Major international marketing activities include market assessment, entry method selection, and developing an international marketing mix for product, place, promotion, and price.
This document discusses key economic indicators and concepts that are important for international business managers to consider when analyzing a country's economic environment. It covers different types of economic systems, measures of economic development and performance such as GNI per capita, as well as other important factors like inflation, unemployment, income distribution, poverty, and balance of payments. The overall goal is to communicate the importance of economic analysis and introduce students to the various indicators and concepts that are relevant for international business managers to understand countries' economic situations and environments.
The document discusses strategy in international business. It covers topics like the role of strategy, industry structure and the five forces model, value creation through cost leadership and differentiation, global integration versus local responsiveness pressures, and the integration-responsiveness grid for measuring these pressures. The value chain and how it is configured and coordinated in response to changes is also examined. Different types of strategies are outlined, and future visions for strategies with concepts like metanational and cybercorp companies.
15 The Organization of International BusinessBrent Weeks
Profile the evolving process of organizing a company for international business
Describe the features of classical structures
Describe the features of neoclassical structures
Discuss the systems used to coordinate and control international activities
Profile the role and characteristics of organization culture
Factors associated with Entry Mode
Timing of an Entry
FIRST MOVER ADVANTAGE
Scale of Entry & Strategic Commitments
ENTRY MODES
Explain exporting, turnkey projects and licensing entry modes with their advantages and disadvantages.
Explain franchising, joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries with its advantages and disadvantages.
SELECTING ENTRY MODE
PROS & CONS OF ACQUISITION
PROS &CONS OF GREENFIELD VENTURES
What is strategic alliance?
What are the advantage and disadvantages of strategic alliance?
What are the factors contributing to the success of an alliance?
Presentation on international business( differences in culture)Md. Sourav Hossain
This assignment will help every student for making their assignment and presentation better and effective. From it every student will understand the cultural differences in the world.
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing and discusses how the marketing environment differs internationally from domestic markets due to factors like competition, regulations, culture, and politics. It also outlines various stages of international marketing involvement, from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Additionally, it discusses challenges like self-reference criterion and ethnocentrism that marketers must overcome to effectively adapt to foreign cultures.
The document discusses several theories of international trade:
1. Mercantilism held that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating gold and silver through trade surpluses. It advocated subsidies for exports and tariffs/quotas on imports.
2. Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory argued that countries should specialize in goods they produce most efficiently and trade for other goods. Both countries can benefit through specialization and trade.
3. David Ricardo's comparative advantage theory extended this, showing that trade can benefit both sides even if one country is more efficient overall. Countries should import goods they have a comparative - not absolute - disadvantage in.
4. Later theories examined factors like differences in factor endowments
To examine the broad foundation of ethical behavior
To demonstrate the cultural and legal foundations of ethical behavior
To discuss the importance of social responsibility when operating internationally, especially in the areas of sustainability
To discuss some key issues in the social activities and consequences of globalized business
To examine corporate responses to globalization in the form of codes of conduct, among other things
This document discusses intercultural marketing and how culture impacts advertising. It explores definitions of culture and outlines key dimensions of culture according to theorists like Edward Hall and Geert Hofstede. Hall identified high and low context cultures as well as dimensions of time and relationships with nature. Hofstede defined five dimensions of national culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long vs short term orientation. The document concludes by examining how these cultural dimensions impact advertising approaches in different societies.
This chapter discusses how culture influences management style, business systems, and international marketing. It notes that Americans tend to be individualistic while Japanese culture emphasizes consensus and commitment to the group. Successful international business requires adapting to different cultural norms for areas like communication, negotiations, ethics, and strategic thinking. The key is to understand your own culture as well as the cultural environment of the country you are operating within.
Cross cultural issues in international marketingAbdul Basid
This document discusses cross-cultural issues in international marketing and negotiation. It begins by defining culture and explaining how cultural differences can impact business decisions and consumer reactions. It then examines cross-cultural communication, noting that communication styles vary between cultures and companies must be aware of differences in areas like greetings, negotiations, time perceptions and gestures. The document also covers cross-cultural negotiation, identifying dimensions like individualism vs collectivism that influence negotiations across cultures. It provides tips for dealing with cross-cultural issues like preparation, avoiding stereotypes and active listening.
This document discusses intercultural marketing and advertising across cultures. It examines how culture influences international marketing approaches, advertising strategies and execution. Key aspects that are localized for different cultures include language, symbols, appeals, information content and visual elements. Examples show how direct translations can miscommunicate messages if the cultural context is not considered. Standardizing advertising strategy, execution or language across cultures risks misunderstandings without accounting for differences in cultural values and norms.
The document discusses the relationship between culture and advertising. It provides examples of how McDonald's and Kellogg's had to adapt their marketing and products to local cultures internationally. McDonald's offers different menu items tailored to local tastes, such as a Maharaja Mac in India. Kellogg's corn flakes failed in India as Indians prefer warm milk with sugar, whereas the corn flakes are meant for cold milk. The document emphasizes that understanding local cultural values, behaviors and preferences is critical for effective advertising and product success globally.
The document provides an introduction to international marketing, including definitions of key terms, differences between international and domestic marketing, and challenges in international marketing. It discusses the international marketing concept, environmental forces companies must consider, and stages of international marketing involvement ranging from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Language barriers, standardization-customization issues, and ethnocentrism are highlighted as major obstacles international marketers face.
Impact of culture on international marketingAnu Damodaran
Culture has a significant impact on international marketing. Geert Hofstede identified five cultural dimensions that influence behavior: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. Elements of culture like values, attitudes, beliefs, language, and social norms shape consumption processes including access, buying behavior, product use, and disposal. Marketers must understand how cultural factors influence thinking, decisions, and preferences to develop effective marketing strategies for different countries and regions. Failing to consider cultural differences can lead to embarrassing mistakes in international markets.
1) Culture significantly impacts business operations, including market demand, negotiations, and managerial behavior.
2) Cultural factors, such as time orientation, communication style, and attitudes towards uncertainty, vary widely across countries and can create challenges for global managers if not properly understood and adapted to.
3) Successful managers develop cultural sensitivity and adapt their practices to local cultural norms, values, and business customs rather than relying only on their domestic experience. Proper understanding and consideration of culture is key to business success in foreign markets.
International marketing mistakes related to cultureMohamed Khalifa
This document discusses several examples of cultural mistakes made by companies when expanding their marketing internationally. It provides three case studies where companies failed to account for cultural differences: 1) An Iranian razor company that used a brand name that had an offensive meaning in Arabic; 2) A Dutch milk company that changed its packaging without considering customer needs; 3) A beer company that printed holy Islamic verses on bottle caps without realizing the cultural taboo. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding local cultural norms and perspectives when marketing products globally.
This chapter discusses the importance of culture in international business decisions. It defines culture as the way of life of people, including their attitudes, values, beliefs, arts, sciences, modes of perception, and habits of thought and activity. The major constituents of culture discussed are value systems, norms, aesthetics, customs and traditions, language, and religion. Managers operating internationally must understand these cultural factors and how they vary across countries to make informed business decisions.
This document discusses cultural differences and their impact on international business. It examines how culture represents the norms of a society based on attitudes, values and beliefs. Major problems can occur when a firm does not reflect local customs. Cultures are dynamic and evolve over time due to changing economic and social realities. The document outlines factors that influence business practices across countries like social stratification systems, motivation levels, risk tolerance, communication and decision-making styles. It emphasizes the importance for companies to develop cultural awareness and consider local norms when operating internationally.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 2 from a textbook on comparative environmental frameworks facing business. The chapter examines the dynamics of culture and its effects on international business operations and strategy. It discusses the challenges of operating in different cultural environments, including a case study on a restaurant adjusting to the culture in Saudi Arabia. The chapter outlines factors that influence and stabilize cultures like nations, languages, religions, and geography. It also analyzes how cultural behaviors and social stratification systems impact business practices around performance, gender, age, family, and occupations.
This document discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in managing a global workforce. It provides context on how globalization has increased diversity in workplaces and the need for cross-cultural understanding. Several frameworks for analyzing cultural dimensions are introduced, including individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity vs femininity. The document emphasizes that respecting different cultures, gaining knowledge of foreign cultures, and managing cultural differences strategically can help organizations overcome obstacles and benefit from diversity.
271
Chapter 9
Sociocultural Factors
“Over-generalization is the enemy of science.”
—John Kenneth Galbraith
Chapter ObjeCtives
this chapter will:
• Define the term “sociocultural” as a combination of societal, political, and
cultural norms and responses and discuss their influence in international
business
• Discuss how attitudes and beliefs influence human behavior, especially attitudes
about time, achievement, work, change, and occupational status
• Present the influence of aesthetics and material culture within different
societies
• Examine how communication, both verbal and nonverbal, may serve as a barrier
to international business operations
• Investigate the importance of social status and the family within different
cultures and their effect on the business environment
• Identify the role of multinational corporations as agents of change in the
international community
soCioCultural FaCtors and international Business
Multinational corporations operate in different host countries around the world and have
to deal with a wide variety of political, economic, geographical, technological, and busi-
ness situations. Moreover, each host country has its own society and culture, which are
different in many important ways from almost every other society and culture, although
there are some commonalities. Although society and culture do not appear to be a part of
business situations, they are actually key elements in shaping how business is conducted,
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 12/12/2018 2:23 PM via BARRY UNIV
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272 Chapter 9 • Sociocultural Factors
from what goods are produced and how and through what means they are sold, to the
establishment of industrial and management patterns and the determination of the success
or failure of a local subsidiary or affiliate.
Society and culture influence every aspect of an MNC’s overseas business, and a
successful MNC operation, whether it involves marketing, finance, operations, informa-
tion systems, or human resources, has to be acutely aware of the predominant attitudes,
feelings, and opinions in the local environment. Differences in values and attitudes
between the management at the parent offices and expatriate managers at the subsidiary
or affiliate level, on the one hand, and local managers and employees, on the other, can
lead to serious operational and functional problems, which arise not because there are
individual problems but because of the important differences between the societies and
cultures. Society and culture often ...
The document discusses managing diversity and multiculturalism in the workplace. It provides 10 tips for managing a multicultural team effectively: 1) Select a culturally competent leader, 2) carefully select diverse team members, 3) start with personal kick-off events, 4) take time to build relationships and trust, 5) learn about cultural differences, 6) clarify expectations, 7) communicate clearly, 8) respect deadlines, 9) be alert to signs of trouble, and 10) provide feedback sensitively based on cultural backgrounds. The overall message is that managing a multicultural team requires cultural awareness, relationship-building, clear expectations, and sensitive communication.
The document discusses managing diversity and multiculturalism in the workplace. It provides 10 tips for managing a multicultural team effectively: 1) Select a culturally competent leader, 2) carefully select diverse team members, 3) start with personal kick-off events, 4) take time to build relationships and trust, 5) learn about cultural differences, 6) clarify expectations, 7) communicate clearly, 8) respect deadlines, 9) be alert to signs of trouble, and 10) provide feedback sensitively based on cultural backgrounds. The overall message is that managing a multicultural team requires cultural awareness, relationship-building, clear expectations, and sensitive communication.
This document discusses cultural frameworks relevant to international business. It defines culture and explains how cultural differences can cause problems for businesses if local customs are not respected. Cultures are influenced by societies and their values, beliefs, and customs, which evolve over time through contact with other cultures or imposition. National identity is reinforced through shared history and symbols. Language and social hierarchies also influence cultures. The document then examines various cultural dimensions that affect business practices, such as work ethics, communication styles, risk tolerance, and strategies for cultural change.
1
MBA 670 Capsim: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 - Creating an International Business Plan
Learning Topics
2
MBA 670: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 Learning Topics
1 Assess the Characteristics of MediCorp's Potential Customers in
the Selected Country
International Cultural Differences
Communications, teamwork, organizational hierarchy, and positive attitudes toward management roles
are essential in any organization. These are crucial in international business, as problems are often
exacerbated by subtle cross-cultural differences. When defining roles in multinational teams whose
members have diverse attitudes and expectations about organizational hierarchy, these cultural
differences can present a challenge.
Culture is a system of values and norms that is shared among a group of people. The ways people
interact socially, their mutual expectations, and the values they share all have consequences for doing
business and managing across cross-cultural boundaries.
How a country's cultural differences relate to international business can be seen in the following
examples:
• In Japan, social hierarchy and respect for seniority are highly valued and are reflected at the
workplace. Those in senior management positions command respect and expect a formality and
deference from junior team members.
• In Scandinavian countries, societal equality is emphasized. Workplaces therefore tend to have a
comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. In turn, this organization can result in relatively
informal communication and an emphasis on cooperation across the organization.
• The way to address colleagues and business partners varies in different countries. While
Americans and Canadians tend to use first names, in Asian countries such as South Korea,
China, and Singapore, colleagues tend to use the formal address, Mr. or Ms. So do Germans and
many Europeans.
• The concept of punctuality also differs between cultures. Where an American may arrive at a
meeting a few minutes early, an Indian or Mexican colleague may arrive well after the scheduled
start time and still be considered on time.
• Attitudes to work also differ. While some may consider working long hours a sign of commitment,
others may view it as an encroachment on their personal time and a sacrifice of essential family
time.
• Greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific. In the United States and Canada, a
simple handshake while looking a person in the eye is the norm. In Japan, bowing is the
traditional greeting—the deeper the bow, the greater the respect shown. In India, you put hands
together as in prayer and say "namaste." In Arab countries, men might hug and kiss each other
(but not a woman) on the cheek.
• In Latin America and the Middle East, the acceptable physical distance needed to respect
someone's personal space is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel
comfor.
1
MBA 670 Capsim: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 - Creating an International Business Plan
Learning Topics
2
MBA 670: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 Learning Topics
1 Assess the Characteristics of MediCorp's Potential Customers in
the Selected Country
International Cultural Differences
Communications, teamwork, organizational hierarchy, and positive attitudes toward management roles
are essential in any organization. These are crucial in international business, as problems are often
exacerbated by subtle cross-cultural differences. When defining roles in multinational teams whose
members have diverse attitudes and expectations about organizational hierarchy, these cultural
differences can present a challenge.
Culture is a system of values and norms that is shared among a group of people. The ways people
interact socially, their mutual expectations, and the values they share all have consequences for doing
business and managing across cross-cultural boundaries.
How a country's cultural differences relate to international business can be seen in the following
examples:
• In Japan, social hierarchy and respect for seniority are highly valued and are reflected at the
workplace. Those in senior management positions command respect and expect a formality and
deference from junior team members.
• In Scandinavian countries, societal equality is emphasized. Workplaces therefore tend to have a
comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. In turn, this organization can result in relatively
informal communication and an emphasis on cooperation across the organization.
• The way to address colleagues and business partners varies in different countries. While
Americans and Canadians tend to use first names, in Asian countries such as South Korea,
China, and Singapore, colleagues tend to use the formal address, Mr. or Ms. So do Germans and
many Europeans.
• The concept of punctuality also differs between cultures. Where an American may arrive at a
meeting a few minutes early, an Indian or Mexican colleague may arrive well after the scheduled
start time and still be considered on time.
• Attitudes to work also differ. While some may consider working long hours a sign of commitment,
others may view it as an encroachment on their personal time and a sacrifice of essential family
time.
• Greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific. In the United States and Canada, a
simple handshake while looking a person in the eye is the norm. In Japan, bowing is the
traditional greeting—the deeper the bow, the greater the respect shown. In India, you put hands
together as in prayer and say "namaste." In Arab countries, men might hug and kiss each other
(but not a woman) on the cheek.
• In Latin America and the Middle East, the acceptable physical distance needed to respect
someone's personal space is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel
comfor.
Cultural values differ between countries in important ways. Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory identifies six dimensions that describe cultural variations: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term vs short-term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. While values like equality may be universally important, behaviors seen as exemplifying values can differ cross-culturally. Understanding these cultural differences in communication styles and value priorities is important for improving intercultural relationships.
Discuss ONE risk that a company faces when trying to diversify inte.pdffortmdu
Discuss ONE risk that a company faces when trying to diversify internationally. Provide
examples, and also discuss how this risk can be mitigated
Solution
One very significant risk that a Company faces when trying to diversify internationally is the
cultural risk because there are certain Dominant cultures that express the core values that are
shared by a majority of the organization’s members while there are also certain subcultures
which could be regarded as the minicultures within an organization, typically defined by
department designations and geographical separation. Hence in terms of implications, both these
cultures impact the tolerance level of the people belonging to different cultures in a major way.
Here, it is a rare ability to bridge such a perception gap which has already been rooted down into
the beliefs of the people hailing from different culture. Further, the National culture has all more
greater impact than the Organizational culture on the minds of the people. In certain culture,
there is a facilitation of commitment to something larger than self-interest that enhances the
stability of the social system. However, it may not get along well with that of the other cultures
where social commitment does not form an intrinsic part of the culture. This is where the
ideologies clashes between the cultures and there arises the challenge of tolerance. Here, if the
leaders are not intellectually brilliant, the diversity management issue will fail. Further, when the
Company goes international, the diversified team ethical issues are more critical to barriers to
change and diversity which also comes in the way of welcoming or accepting another culture in
harmony with that of one culture. The gestures and cultural characteristics are one culture may
be complete inverse from that of the other, which may again pose as a barrier to tolerate other
cultures. Some cultures are liberal while some are way too conservative hence arises the issue of
tolerance to other cultures. Hence despite investing in multicultural teams training, some
alliances still fail. If the leaders are not intellectually brilliant, they would find it difficult to
manage these barriers because their own culture has not taught to see the other cultures in such
details hence this intellect needs to be cultivated as well.
Usually the Companies fail in persuading and controlling people when the Company diversifies
because of the faulty applications of the management theories due to:
Therefore, in order to mitigate the same, one needs to understand the behavior of the employees
working at some other international location and thereby attempting to create a more efficient
organization on the basis of such a study. This strategy could help in applying various scientific
theories to study these individuals working in a Corporate set-up in order to optimize the
performance of overall human resource even in a culturally diversified set up. Understanding the
work culture and the d.
A Global WorkforceGlobalization Impact on CultureCulture is im.docxsleeperharwell
A Global Workforce
Globalization Impact on Culture
Culture is impacted by globalization, especially when it comes to a popular or dominates culture. Western or "Americanized" cultures are exposed around the globe through popular movies, television shows, fast food chains, books, clothing, and other consumer goods. These pop cultural items bleed into indigenous cultures and change local beliefs, values, and traditions; thus the historical cultures are changed or infused with the dominant culture.
Globalization and Cultural Domination
Cultural domination is one result of globalization. This theory refers to the dominant culture imposing beliefs, values, knowledge, and other cultural social norms onto the other country. A major example here is the Western culture domination over a global environment. The United States is a major capitalist society and therefore shapes values, identities, and perception around the world. As proven in the following example, with great power comes great responsibility.
As companies like McDonald’s move into countries like China, they are influencing the current cultural traditions in their wake. For instance, in China it was not acceptable for children to buy food with their own money; instead they were expected to eat what was placed in front of them. Traditionally McDonald's in Western countries would market to children with toys and happy meals, and they followed the same approach in China. Chinese children began wanting to select their own food when going to McDonalds, and after some time had passed, this has now become a new socially accepted practice (Lim, 2013).
Globalization and Divergence of Cultures
Cultural divergence is another result of globalization. As more and more opportunities for cultural exchanges take place, promotion for tolerance and diversity acceptance are happening. In this theory, a global society is the outcome where ideas are freely exchanged and appreciated, as cultures merge together to form a new inclusive culture. For example, when McDonald's expanded into China, the Chinese culture did not celebrate children’s birthdays. As McDonald's continued to market to children and birthday parties, these celebrations have now become a new custom with Chinese children with the celebration of birthdays (Lim, 2013).
Impact of Globalization on Dominate and Divergent Cultures in the Workplace
As we have seen above, dominant and divergent cultures are powerful theories in shaping society; these societies influence individual’s beliefs, values, and behaviors in the workplace. If dominate cultures are present in an individual's society, these individuals could become highly protective of their beliefs when it comes to workplace policies. Managers must look to adapt and work with all individuals to ensure common ground or a divergent culture is the outcome.
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Hofstede’s Dimensions of the Basic Human Condition
To successfully manage a global workforce we must understand som.
Multicultural marketing strategy by michaelMichael Hong
1. The document discusses a marketing strategy for reaching the Asian segment in the US. It notes that multicultural markets like Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians now make up one-third of the US population and have a total purchasing power of $10.7 trillion.
2. Multicultural marketing involves segmenting the market based on demographics, ethnicity, and lifestyle changes. It requires understanding target segments culturally and communicating through their preferred languages and channels.
3. The strategy outlines assessing cultural dimensions like power distance, individualism vs collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance to better understand Asian target segments. It also provides implications for marketing communication based on these cultural traits.
international business
,
what is culture
,
values andnorms
,
culture
,
society
,
and the nation-state
,
hofstede’s cultural dimensions in dubai
,
spoken language
,
individuals and groups
,
cultural dimensions in germany
,
cultural dimensions in china
,
cultural dimensions in india
,
cultural dimensions in england
,
social structure
,
religious and ethical systems
,
islam
,
implications for managers
This document discusses managing diversity in the workplace. It defines diversity as acknowledging and respecting individual differences. It identifies primary dimensions of diversity like age and gender, and secondary dimensions like education and religion. It presents a four layer model of diversity including organizational, external, internal, and personality dimensions. The document emphasizes that understanding diversity across all these dimensions can help create a more inclusive workplace that values all employees.
This document discusses four cultural dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede that can impact business: individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity. The individualism/collectivism dimension refers to whether cultures are more self-oriented or group-oriented. Individualistic cultures like the US value individual goals over group harmony, while collectivistic cultures like Mexico value the group. The power distance dimension concerns inequality between superiors and subordinates. Countries like the US have moved toward more equal relationships, while Arab countries still have higher power distances. Uncertainty avoidance relates to a culture's tolerance for risk - high uncertainty avoidance cultures like Britain prefer more rules and stability, while low cultures like Canada
This document discusses organizational communication and culture. It provides definitions of interpersonal communication and culture. Culture is defined as a system of activities and discourses codified by a group over time. The document examines models of organizational culture, including Hofstede's 5 cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, and long vs short term orientation. It also discusses the GLOBE model and its 9 cultural dimensions.
This document discusses Hofstede's cultural dimensions model, which identifies 5 dimensions that can be used to analyze and compare cultures: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, and long term vs short term orientation. For each dimension, it provides definitions, examples of differences between high and low scoring cultures, and tips for communicating cross-culturally. The dimensions are used to analyze how cultures vary in their preferences for power structures, tolerance of ambiguity, emphasis on individual vs group goals, gender roles, and time horizons. Understanding these cultural differences can help organizations be more successful in international business.
This document summarizes Hofstede's five cultural dimensions model: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term vs short-term orientation. It provides descriptions and implications of each dimension. It also discusses criticisms of Hofstede's model and compares it to the GLOBE framework for assessing culture, which identified additional dimensions such as humane orientation and performance orientation.
Similar to The cultural environments_facing_business (20)
Introduction to ethics and social responsibilityIsrar Khan Raja
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The document discusses concepts related to business productivity including effectiveness, efficiency, productivity, factors that influence productivity, causes of low productivity, and ways to raise productivity. It also covers work study techniques like method study and work measurement. Other topics include benchmarking, types of benchmarking, benefits of benchmarking, business process reengineering (BPR), similarities and differences between BPR and total quality management (TQM), advantages and criticism of BPR.
Chapter no .07 performance measurement and controls in scmIsrar Khan Raja
The document discusses performance measurement in supply chain management. It describes benchmarking as identifying best practices from other organizations to improve performance. The Supply Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR) is presented as a standard for measuring and benchmarking supply chain performance. SCOR defines core processes, performance attributes, and metrics across five process categories: plan, source, make, deliver, and return. Key metrics include order fulfillment, customer satisfaction, costs, inventory levels, and supply chain response time.
This document discusses the role of the controller in hotel accounting. It outlines the controller's responsibilities which include accurate accounting, cost control, financial reporting and forecasting. The controller oversees the back office accounting process and supervises staff like the budget controller, credit manager and chief accountant. Key accounting documents and systems mentioned include the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry, reservation systems, point of sale systems and property management systems. The controller prepares financial reports and analyzes income and expenses to plan the hotel's financial future.
Financial supply chain management (FSCM) uses software tools and processes to optimize an organization's finances related to product flow. It integrates financial processes with physical supply chain operations to increase profitability and minimize expenses. FSCM allows leaders to monitor key performance indicators, industry trends, and compare results to projections. Effective FSCM coordinates activities like sourcing, production, and logistics across an enterprise and with partners to identify opportunities to benefit the organization and its customers financially.
This document discusses international finance, including the balance of payments, International Monetary Fund, and foreign exchange markets. It defines balance of payments as the record of all transactions between a country's residents and the rest of the world, including the current account, capital account, and reserves. The International Monetary Fund was created in 1945 to assist in reconstructing the international payment system after World War II and works to improve member economies. Foreign exchange markets allow currencies to be traded globally and determine relative currency values.
This document discusses the key aspects of office management. It defines an office as a place of business or professional activity. The modern office is characterized as an indispensable unit for managing information as an important service function and memory/control center, with specialization and decentralization. The primary functions of a modern office include collecting, organizing, retaining, and distributing information to assist in decision making, coordination, and act as a communication medium, memory center, control center, and nerve center.
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation registered in more than one country that produces and sells goods or services globally. MNEs draw on shared resources like assets, patents, and employees across affiliates united by a common strategic vision. They enter foreign markets through exporting, local agents, sales subsidiaries, or foreign direct investment. The management of MNEs differs from domestic businesses as they take a global perspective, transferring talent internationally to meet needs worldwide.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
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2. Discuss the problems and methods of learning about
cultural environments.
Explain the major causes of cultural difference and
change.
Examine behavioral factors influencing countries’
business practices.
Examine cultural guidelines for companies that operate
internationally.
3. When companies source, produce, and/or market products
in foreign countries, they encounter fascinating and often
challenging cultural environments. Chapter 2 explores the
basic concept of culture and its effect on international
business operations and strategy. It explores cultural
awareness as well as the causes of cultural differences,
rigidities and changes. In so doing it focuses on the impact
of cultural traditions on business activities, as well as the
mutually satisfactory reconciliation of cultural differences.
The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways in
which firms can maximize their effectiveness while
operating in a world of complex, dynamic, cultural
diversities.
4.
5. Culture represents the specific learned norms of a
society, based on attitudes, values and beliefs. Major
problems of cultural collision may occur because a firm
implements practices that do not reflect local customs
and values and/or its employees are unable to accept or
adjust to foreign behaviors.
6. Although people agree that cross-cultural differences
do exist, they often disagree on their impact. Are they
widespread or exceptional? Are they deep-seated or
superficial? Are they easily discerned or difficult to
perceive? Nonetheless, firms must develop awareness
about those cultures in which they operate. However,
the amount of effort needed to do this depends on the
similarities between or among countries and the types
of business operations undertaken.
7. Cultures consist of people who share attitudes, values
and beliefs. Cultures are dynamic; they evolve over
time.
A. The Nation as a Point of Reference
B. Cultural Formation and Dynamics
C. Language as a Cultural Stabilizer
D. Religion as a Cultural Stabilizer
8. Similarity among people is both a cause and an effect of
national boundaries; in addition, laws apply primarily
along national lines. National identity is perpetuated
through the rites and symbols of a country and a common
perception of history. At the same time, various
subcultures and ethnic groups may transcend national
boundaries. In some instances, similarities may link
groups across different nations more closely than certain
groups within a nation.
9.
10. Culture is transmitted in a variety of ways, but by age
10 most children have their basic value systems firmly
in place. Nonetheless, individual and societal values
and customs often evolve in response to changing
economic and social realities. Change brought about by
imposition is known as cultural imperialism. The
introduction of certain elements of an outside culture
may be referred to as creolization,
indigenization, or cultural diffusion.
11.
12. While a common language within a country serves as a
unifying force, language diversity may undermine a
firm’s ability to conduct business on a national level.
Isolation from other groups, especially because of
language, tends to stabilize cultures. Some countries
see language as such an integral part of their cultures
that they attempt to regulate the use or inclusion of
foreign words.
13. Religion can be a strong shaper of values and beliefs
and is a major source of both cultural imperatives and
taboos. Still in all, not all nations that practice the same
basic religion place identical constraints on business.
Historically, violence among religious groups has
disrupted local and international business activities in
both home and host country firms.
14.
15.
16. A. Social Stratification Systems
B. Motivation
C. Relationship Preferences
D. Risk-taking Behavior
E. Information and Task Processing
17. People fall into social stratification systems according
to group memberships that in turn determine a person’s
degree of access to economic resources, prestige, social
relations and power. Ascribed group memberships are
defined at birth and are based on characteristics such as
gender, family, age, caste and ethnic, racial, or national
origin. Acquired group memberships are based on
one’s choice of affiliations, such as political party,
religion and professional organizations. Social
stratification affects both business strategy and
operational practices.
18. 1- Role of Competence
2- Gender Based Group
3- Age Based Group
4-Family Based Group
5-Occupation
19. Some nations base a person’s eligibility for jobs
and promotions primarily on competence, but in
others, competence is of secondary importance. In
more egalitarian societies, group membership is
less important, but in more closed societies, group
membership may dictate one’s access to education,
employment, etc.
20. There are strong country-specific
differences in attitudes toward males
and females, as well as vast
differences in the types of jobs
regarded as male or female.
Nonetheless, barriers to employment
based on gender are easing in many
parts of the world.
21. Many cultures assume age and
wisdom are correlated; thus, they
usually have a seniority-based system
of advancement. In others, there is an
emphasis on youth, particularly in the
realm of marketing. All in all, age
represents a complex, dynamic issue.
22. In societies where there is low trust
outside the family (e.g., China and
southern Italy), small family-run
companies are generally more successful
than large firms. However, this may
impede the economic development of the
country if large-scale operations are
necessary to compete globally.
23. In every society certain occupations are perceived
as having greater economic and social prestige than
others. Although some perceptions are universal,
there are significant national and cultural attitudes
about the desirability of specific occupations as
well as the desire to work as an entrepreneur rather
than as an organizational employee
24.
25. Employees who are motivated to work long and hard
are generally more productive than those who are not.
On an aggregate basis, this will have a positive effect
on economic development and national
competitiveness
27. People are motivated to work for various reasons,
including the desire for achievement. In some societies,
people desire less leisure time than others. In 1904
sociologist Max Weber claimed that predominantly
Protestant Western economies were the most economically
developed because of the emphasis on hard work and
investment. Weber identified this view of work as a path to
salvation as the Protestant ethic.
In rural India, however, where minimal material
achievement is a desirable end, added productivity will
likely be taken in the form of leisure, rather than income.
28. Although the same tasks performed in different countries
will have different probabilities of success as well as
different rewards for success and different consequences
for failure, people will usually work harder at any task
when the reward for success is greater than the
consequence of failure.
The greatest enthusiasm for work exists when high
uncertainty of success is combined with the likelihood of
a very positive reward for success and little or none for
failure.
29. Hofstede’s study of employees from 50 countries defined a
high masculinity index as describing someone who holds the
belief that it is better to live to work than to work to live.
However, such attitudes, as well as a preference for promotion
and profitability over quality of life and environment, are not
shared by all. Those differences of opinion present major
challenges for international managers.
The masculinity index was conceived by
sociologist Geert Hofstede, and it describes the degree
to which masculine values like competitiveness and the
acquisition of wealth are valued over feminine values like
relationship building and quality of life.
30. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that people will try to
fulfill lower-order physiological needs before satisfying
(in order) their security, social, esteem and self-actualization
needs.
People from different countries attach different degrees of
importance to needs and may even rank some of the
higher-order needs differently
31. In social stratification systems, not everyone within a
given reference group is necessarily an equal. In
addition, there may be strong or weak pressures for
conformity within one’s group. Both of these
differences influence management style and marketing
behavior.
1. Power Distance
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism
32. describes the relationship between superiors and
subordinates. When power distance is high, the
management style is generally distant, i.e., autocratic or
paternalistic; when it is low, managers tend to interact
with and consult subordinates as part of the decision-making
process. [For example, Malaysians typically
exhibit high power distance, while Austrians typically
exhibit low power distance.]
33. Nationalities differ as to whether they prefer an autocratic
or a consultative working relationship, whether they want
set rules and how much they compete or cooperate with
fellow workers.
Individualism is the trait that indicates a person’s desire
for personal freedom, time and challenge and one’s low
dependence on the organization; self-actualization is a
prime motivator.
On the other hand, collectivism indicates a person’s desire
for training, collaboration and shared rewards, i.e., one’s
high dependence on and allegiance to the organization.
[For example, Americans tend to be individualistic, while
the Japanese tend to be collectivist.]
34. Nationalities differ in their attitudes toward risk-taking.
Uncertainty avoidance, trust and fatalism
are examined here.
1.Uncertainty Avoidance
2.Trust
3.Fatalism.
35. describes one’s acceptance of risk. When the score
is high, people need precise directions and long-term
assurances; when the score is low, people are
willing to accept the risk of trying new products or
moving to new jobs. [For example, Greeks tend to
exhibit high uncertainty avoidance, while Swedes
tend to be low on the scale.]
36. Trust represents one’s belief in the
reliability and honesty of another.
Where trust is high, there tends to be a
lower cost of doing business. [For
example, Norwegians tend to exhibit a
high degree of trust, whereas
Brazilians tend to be skeptical.]
37. Fatalism represents the belief that
events are predestined. Such a
belief may discourage people from
working hard to achieve an
outcome or accepting
responsibility.
38.
39. People from different cultures obtain, perceive, and
process information in different ways; thus, they may also
reach different conclusions. 1.Perception of Cues.
2.Obtaining Information
3.Information Processing
40. People identify things by means of their senses in
various ways with each sense. The particular cues used
vary both for physiological and cultural reasons. [For
example, the richer and more precise a language, the
better one’s ability to express subtleties.]
41. Language represents a culture’s means of
communication. In a low-context culture, people
rely on first-hand information that bears directly
on a decision or situation; people say what they
mean and mean what they say. In a high-context
culture, people also rely on peripheral
information and infer meaning from things
communicated indirectly; relationships are very
important. [For example, while Germany is
considered to be a low-context culture, Saudi
Arabia is considered to be a high-context culture.]
42. All cultures categorize, plan and quantify, but the ordering and
classification systems they use often vary.
In monochronic cultures (e.g., northern Europeans) people
prefer to work sequentially, but in polychronic cultures (e.g.,
southern European) people are more comfortable working on
multiple tasks at one time. Likewise, in some cultures people
focus first on the whole and then on the parts; similarly,
in idealistic cultures people will determine principles before
they attempt to resolve issues, but in pragmatic cultures they
will focus more on details than principles.
44. Once a company identifies cultural differences in the
foreign countries in which it operates, must it alter its
customary practices? A. Making Little or No
Adjustment
B. Communications
C. Culture Shock
D. Company and Management Orientations
E. Strategies for Instituting Change
45. Some countries are relatively similar to one another
because they share the same language, religion,
geographical location, ethnicity and/or level of
economic development. If products and operations do
not run counter to deep-seated attitudes, or if the host
country is willing to accept foreign customs as a trade-off
for other advantages, significant adjustments may
not be required. Generally, a company should expect to
have to consider fewer adjustments when moving
within a culturally similar cluster than when it moves
from one distinct cultural cluster to another.
46. Problems in communications may arise when moving
from one country to another, even though both
countries share the same official language, as well as
when moving from one language to another.
1.Spoken and Written Language
2.Silent Language
47. Translating one language into another can be very
difficult because
(a) some words do translate directly,
(b) the common meaning of words is constantly
evolving,
(c) words may mean different things in different
contexts and
(d) a slight misuse of vocabulary or word placement
may change meanings substantially. Poor translations
may have tragic consequences
48. incorporates the wide variety of nonverbal cues through
which messages are sent—intentionally or unintentionally.
Color associations, the distance between people during
conversations, the perception of time and punctuality, a
person’s perceived status and kinesics (body language) are
all significant. Misunderstandings in any of these areas
can have a very negative impact
49. Culture shock represents the trauma one
experiences in a new and different culture because
of having to learn to cope with a vast array of new
cues and expectations. Reverse culture
shock occurs when people return home, having
accepted the culture encountered abroad and
discovering that things at home have changed
during their absence.
50. Whether and to what extent a firm and its
managers adapt to foreign cultures depends
not only on the conditions within those
cultures but also on the policies of the
company and the attitudes of its managers.
1.Polycentrism
2.Ethnocentrism
3.Geocentrism
51. represents a managerial approach in
which foreign operations are granted a
significant degree of autonomy in order
to be responsive to the uniqueness of
local cultures and other conditions
52. represents a belief that one’s own culture is
superior to others, and that what works at
home should work abroad. Excessive
ethnocentrism may lead to costly business
failures
53. represents a managerial
approach in which foreign
operations are based on an
informed knowledge of both
home and host country needs,
capabilities and constraints.
54. Companies may need to transfer new products
and/or operating methods from one country to
another in order to gain or maintain a competitive
advantage. To maximize the potential benefits of
their foreign presence, firms need to treat learning
as a two-way process and transfer knowledge from
host countries back home as well as from home to
host countries.
55. 1. Value System. The more change upsets
important values, the more resistance it will
encounter. Accommodation is much more likely
when changes do not interfere with deep-seated
customs.
2. Cost Benefit of Change. Some adjustments to
foreign cultures are costly to undertake, but their
benefits are only marginal. The expected cost-benefit
of any change must be carefully considered.
56. 3. Resistance to Too Much Change. Resistance
to change may be reduced if only a few demands
are made at one time; additional changes may be
phased in incrementally.
4. Participation. A proposed change should be
discussed with stakeholders in advance in order to
ease their fears of adverse consequences—and
hopefully gain their support.
.
57. 5. Reward Sharing. A company may choose to
provide benefits for all the stakeholders affected
by a proposed change in order to gain support for
it.
6. Opinion Leaders. Characteristics of opinion
leaders often vary by country. By discovering the
local channels of influence, an international firm
may seek the support of opinion leaders to help
speed the acceptance of change.
58. 7. Timing. Many good business changes fail
because they are ill-timed. Attitudes and needs
change slowly, but a crisis may stimulate the
acceptance of change.
8. Learning Abroad. The essence for
undertaking transnational practices is to capitalize
on diverse capabilities by transferring learning
among all the countries in which a firm operates
59. To Intervene or Not to Intervene
Neither international firms nor their employees are
always expected to adhere to a host government’s
behavioral norms. Some firms choose not to operate in
locales where objectionable social and political
practices are the norm; others may operate in such
places while pressuring the host country to change; still
others may rationalize or simply tolerate the status quo.
60. A difficult question concerns international business
practices that may undermine a host country’s long-term
cultural identity. The Society for Applied Anthropology
advises governments and agencies on instituting change
in different cultures; its code of ethics considers whether
a project or planned change will actually benefit the
target population. However, the trade-off between
economic gains and the loss of cultural identity and
traditions is often very difficult to measure.
61. The Globalization of Culture
Although some tangibles have become more universal,
the ways in which people cooperate, solve problems
and are motivated tend to remain much the same.
Language differences continue to bolster ethnic
identities, and religious differences are as strong as
ever. Such disparities fragment the globe into regions
and countries into clusters of subcultures that may in
fact transcend national boundaries.