2. Culture Culture refers to learned norms based on the values, attitudes and beliefs of a group of people. Or the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate social behavior. Culture is learned through education & experience and is passed from one generation to another generation.
3. Why managers need to study culture? To be successful in IB, managers must understand the cultures of other countries and learn how to adapt to them. To meet the challenge, managers need to broaden their perspective and make decision that reflect the needs & desire of those cultures.
4. MANAGERS Vs ETHNOCENTRISM : The belief that one’s way of doing business or things is superior to that of others is Ethnocentrism & the managers need to fight against that. E.gNOKIA & TOYOTA. Not adapting a product to a particular market’s special needs. Filling the key positions in overseas with national managers.
5. Cultural factors: Cultural awareness. Identification & dynamics of Cultures. Behavioral practices affecting business. Strategies for dealing with cultural differences.
6. Culture Awareness : Since culture cannot be isolated from such factors as economic & political condition, we have to accept that every national culture differ from country to country. Every society has its own routines & rules, and even within given cultures towards the professional & organizational cultures.
7. Problem hinder Manager: Subconscious reactions to circumstances. Assumption that all societal subgroups are similar. Solution: Can improve awareness & sensitivity of foreign soil by research on another culture & direct interaction with the people.
8. Identification & dynamics : The Nation as a point of reference. The nation is a useful definition because similarity among people is a cause & effect of national boundaries. Law also apply primarily along national line. Manager find country-by-country analysis difficult because of subcultures and similarities link groups from different countries.
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11. Regional has two classification- Countries in which the dominant language is not dominant anywhere e.g. Japan. 2. Countries in which several different languages are spoken e.g. India.
12. Behavioral practices affecting business : Issues in Social Stratification (Ranking factor) The business practice entail valuing member of managerial groups more highly than member of production groups. Eg. Promotion, Compensation & Staff Reduction, Individual characteristics (education & social connections) affects employment practices.
13. Group affiliation Ascribed or Acquired A reflection of class & status Performance orientation Gender- Based Groups Age-Based Groups Family-Based Groups Occupation
14. Work Motivation Not surprisingly, motivated employees are more productive than those who are not. Eg. Latin America of strong work ethic. How & why people motivated to work The desire for material wealth. The productivity/ Leisure Trade off (Japan) Success & Reward across Border Assertiveness (Masculinity-femininity) Index Hierarchies of needs.
15. Relationship References There are national variations in the preference for autocratic or consultative management. The work & ways of motivation are influenced by different cultural norms. E.g Power distance (Superior & Subordinate)br />Individualism Vs Collectivism Situational Difference- The family (China & Mexico, vertically and horizontally family)
20. Dealing with cultural differences Host cultures do not always expect foreigners to adjust to them. For that the degree of successful adjustments like Extent of acceptability Key cultural differences are small or great Individual ability to adjust Business general management orientation.
