The coordinated management of meaning
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The Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) is a communication theory developed by Professors W. B Pearce and Vernon Cronen that focuses on using communication rules to construct shared meaning between parties. CMM can be useful when a sender and receiver have different levels of knowledge about a topic, such as a doctor convincing a patient to eat healthier. However, CMM is difficult to understand and apply in practice, as it relies heavily on the interpretations of others and coordination of meaning does not necessarily lead to full understanding between parties.
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SIP theory proposes that while computer-mediated communication lacks nonverbal cues, people can still develop close relationships through CMC given enough time. It posits that CMC users rely on verbal cues and self-disclosure in text to convey relational messages. Experimental evidence supports this idea, finding that relationships formed through CMC can become as intimate as those formed in person, if CMC users have an extended period of time to communicate and anticipate future interactions.
Public Opinion and Persuasion
Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who are well-informed and influential. The life cycle of public opinion involves issue definition, involvement of opinion leaders, public awareness, government action, and resolution. Persuasion aims to change or reinforce opinions and involves techniques like appealing to self-interest and credibility of the message source. Propaganda techniques include bandwagon appeals and transferring qualities by association. Public relations aims to ethically influence opinions through persuasive communication and analysis of the target audience.
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Dramatism is a theory introduced by Kenneth Burke that views language as symbolic action and life as drama. It provides a framework to analyze communication called the dramatistic pentad, which examines an act based on the five elements of an agent, act, agency, purpose, and scene. Burke believed that guilt is the ultimate human motivator and that rhetoric aims to provide audiences ways to purge feelings of guilt through identification.
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The document discusses news values, which are criteria used by journalists and news editors to determine what stories are most newsworthy and should receive prominent coverage. Some of the key news values mentioned include proximity, recency, currency, continuity, uniqueness, simplicity, expectedness, elite nations/people, exclusivity, and size. The higher a news story scores on these values, the more likely it is to receive prominent placement or coverage. However, news judgment is also subjective, and different outlets may prioritize stories differently based on their own standards and audience.
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Cultivation theory posits that heavy television viewing shapes viewers' perceptions of the world by presenting an exaggerated view of violence. Specifically, it suggests that heavy viewers come to see the world as a scary place, overestimate crime rates, and feel less safe. The theory also argues that television has become society's dominant storyteller and influences viewers through constant exposure to the same portrayals, especially of marginalized groups as more likely to be victims of violence.
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Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) proposes that people have expectations for personal space and reactions to violations. Personal space is an invisible zone surrounding a person defining their preferred distance from others. Violations can draw attention and influence perceptions of attractiveness, credibility, and involvement depending on context. Communicator characteristics like gender and relationship status also impact expectations and responses to violations. The theory recommends violating expectations more when the communicator is positively regarded and less when regarded negatively. It has been critiqued for not predicting touch outcomes well and not accounting for reciprocity between communicators.
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The document discusses how cultural imperialism through mass media from larger Western nations can negatively impact the national identity and media diversity of smaller nations. It provides examples from the novel "The God of Small Things" of how characters are influenced by Western media imports like television and movies, becoming lazy, selfish or developing unrealistic views of relationships. While Bollywood initially found popularity in places like West Africa, the westernization of newer Bollywood films has lessened their influence as indigenous cultures try to maintain their distinct identities in the face of globalized media.
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Symbolic Convergence Theory (SCT) proposes that within groups, shared emotions, motives, and meanings emerge which can develop into "fantasy chains" or depictions of events. This allows people within the group to connect through these shared understandings or fantasies, even if they do not personally know each other. SCT was developed by Ernest Bormann and suggests that communication and connections form through commonalities in how a group interprets and discusses events. While some critics argue it only applies to small groups or that shared meanings are deceptive, supporters believe SCT remains relevant and can also describe dynamics in larger organizations through common group fantasies.
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Introduction to communication theories lecture 8
Expectancy Violations Theory explains how people react when their expectations of another person's behavior are violated. We form expectations based on social norms, past experience with the person, and the context of the interaction. Violations of expectations like interpersonal distance cause relational arousal and distract us from the interaction. According to the theory, violated expectations are judged negatively while met expectations are judged positively. When expectations are unclear, we interpret violations based on the person's ability to reward or punish us. The theory also relates to how people adapt their interactions based on violations to manage expectations going forward.
Agenda Setting Theory Journal Article Discussion
The document summarizes agenda-setting theory in mass communication. It defines agenda-setting as the ability of media to influence the importance of issues in the public. The theory originated in the 1920s and was formally developed by McCombs and Shaw in their 1972 study of the 1968 US presidential election, which found that voters' perceptions of important issues matched the media's coverage. The document also discusses how agenda-setting relates to priming and framing effects and explains differences between these concepts.
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learning how to communicate in aparticular group,how to prepare a meeting and things to do during the meeting.
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The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
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Media relations involves obtaining publicity for clients through traditional and social media. It targets gatekeepers in mass and specialized media. Key tactics include media kits, news conferences, interviews and staged events. Success is evaluated by tracking placements, impressions, website traffic and social media engagement. The goal is to distribute newsworthy stories that will interest audiences by emphasizing impact, proximity, timeliness, prominence, novelty and other factors.
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The document discusses the two-step flow theory of communication, which proposes that information from media first reaches opinion leaders who then pass on their own interpretations to others. Opinion leaders can be found in all groups and their influence varies depending on the topic and how interested the group is. There are two types of opinion leaders - monomorphic, who are influential on one topic, and polymorphic, who are influential on various topics. The multi-step flow theory expands on this by showing how information moves from media to opinion receivers to opinion leaders to others in a social system over time as part of the diffusion of innovations.
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- 2. What the… Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) is most simply put, the use of communication rules to construct meaning that hopefully leads to more satisfying results (message is interpreted more accurately) interpretation -> action -> “constructed meaning” -> coordinated understanding
- 3. Users Developed by Professor’s W. B Pearce and Vernon Cronen, I have found CMM most useful when the sender and receiver are on various planes of knowledge when it comes to the message subject matter. For example: A doctor convincing a patient to eat healthier A teacher attempting to make high school students learn like adults
- 4. “Why Should I Care?” Because you can use it too!!! For a one time payment of ABSOLUTELY NOTHING, you too can: Better interpret a message’s meaning More effectively educate people on important social issues Change people’s lifestyles and/or convince them to help others Directions: Apply directly to communication problems in intercultural, family, organizational and relational contexts! CMM
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