An introduction to what an audience is, how this relates to media studies and why audiences are important. Presentation talks about categorisation, audience fragmentation, the impact of new technology and links to help support your learning.
Sample Student Paper1 Abstract The purpose of this.docxtodd331
Sample Student Paper1
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze if and how television affects peoples' perception
of society. Social learning theory and cultivation theory are introduced as two possible reasons
why television can have such an influence over its viewers. This report analyzes how body
image, stereotypes, and job glorification are affected by what is shown on television. An online
survey was taken by twenty-two people in order to see if the amount of television people
watched affected television's influence over its viewers. The questions attempted to analyze how
television affected their perceptions of themselves, others, and the professions of doctors,
lawyers, and police officers. Although the sample size was rather small the results showed that
reality television was affected by the frequency one watched television. However, more studies
should be conducted to analyze if realism or frequency plays a more predominant role in the
effects of television.
Key terms: Body image, Cultivation theory, Job glorification, Social learning theory,
Stereotypes, Television influence
Problem Statement
On average Americans, spend 2.8 hours watching television every day (American Time
Use Survey Summary). Television shows can be very influential to people, they have the ability
to move, inspire, and educate them. However, this may be causing people to believe that
television is always an accurate portrayal of real life. The belief that television shows are always
factual has the potential to affect one's judgments, which could lead to body image issues,
increased stereotyping, job glorification and more. "In addition to exposure to television, the
extent to which individuals perceive content as realistic is related to their social judgments"
Sample Student Paper2
(Busselle 47). This paper will analyze if and how, through the factors set forth in the social
learning and cultivation theories, television affects peoples' perception of society.
Literature Review
In 1939 television first started being broadcasted, and ever since the effects television has
on its viewers has been the focus of many debates and concerns. The censorship of television
shows has greatly decreased since its early days. "In the 1950s and 1960s, networks and
advertisers imposed strict controls on what could be show on television" (Hanson 329). In the
early days of television, content was highly regulated and there were a lot of rules about what
was acceptable to show on television. For example, Laura and Rob Petrie, from the Dick Van
Dyke show, had to sleep in separate beds even though they were married. Even Lucille Balls’s
pregnancy caused great concern (Hanson 329). In the 1950s and 1960s, married couples were
shown sleeping separately; however, today it is commonplace to find unmarried couples sharing
a bed on television. Although the rules and regulations about what is appropria.
An introduction to what an audience is, how this relates to media studies and why audiences are important. Presentation talks about categorisation, audience fragmentation, the impact of new technology and links to help support your learning.
Sample Student Paper1 Abstract The purpose of this.docxtodd331
Sample Student Paper1
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze if and how television affects peoples' perception
of society. Social learning theory and cultivation theory are introduced as two possible reasons
why television can have such an influence over its viewers. This report analyzes how body
image, stereotypes, and job glorification are affected by what is shown on television. An online
survey was taken by twenty-two people in order to see if the amount of television people
watched affected television's influence over its viewers. The questions attempted to analyze how
television affected their perceptions of themselves, others, and the professions of doctors,
lawyers, and police officers. Although the sample size was rather small the results showed that
reality television was affected by the frequency one watched television. However, more studies
should be conducted to analyze if realism or frequency plays a more predominant role in the
effects of television.
Key terms: Body image, Cultivation theory, Job glorification, Social learning theory,
Stereotypes, Television influence
Problem Statement
On average Americans, spend 2.8 hours watching television every day (American Time
Use Survey Summary). Television shows can be very influential to people, they have the ability
to move, inspire, and educate them. However, this may be causing people to believe that
television is always an accurate portrayal of real life. The belief that television shows are always
factual has the potential to affect one's judgments, which could lead to body image issues,
increased stereotyping, job glorification and more. "In addition to exposure to television, the
extent to which individuals perceive content as realistic is related to their social judgments"
Sample Student Paper2
(Busselle 47). This paper will analyze if and how, through the factors set forth in the social
learning and cultivation theories, television affects peoples' perception of society.
Literature Review
In 1939 television first started being broadcasted, and ever since the effects television has
on its viewers has been the focus of many debates and concerns. The censorship of television
shows has greatly decreased since its early days. "In the 1950s and 1960s, networks and
advertisers imposed strict controls on what could be show on television" (Hanson 329). In the
early days of television, content was highly regulated and there were a lot of rules about what
was acceptable to show on television. For example, Laura and Rob Petrie, from the Dick Van
Dyke show, had to sleep in separate beds even though they were married. Even Lucille Balls’s
pregnancy caused great concern (Hanson 329). In the 1950s and 1960s, married couples were
shown sleeping separately; however, today it is commonplace to find unmarried couples sharing
a bed on television. Although the rules and regulations about what is appropria.
Sample Student Paper1 Abstract The purpose of this.docxjeffsrosalyn
Sample Student Paper1
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze if and how television affects peoples' perception
of society. Social learning theory and cultivation theory are introduced as two possible reasons
why television can have such an influence over its viewers. This report analyzes how body
image, stereotypes, and job glorification are affected by what is shown on television. An online
survey was taken by twenty-two people in order to see if the amount of television people
watched affected television's influence over its viewers. The questions attempted to analyze how
television affected their perceptions of themselves, others, and the professions of doctors,
lawyers, and police officers. Although the sample size was rather small the results showed that
reality television was affected by the frequency one watched television. However, more studies
should be conducted to analyze if realism or frequency plays a more predominant role in the
effects of television.
Key terms: Body image, Cultivation theory, Job glorification, Social learning theory,
Stereotypes, Television influence
Problem Statement
On average Americans, spend 2.8 hours watching television every day (American Time
Use Survey Summary). Television shows can be very influential to people, they have the ability
to move, inspire, and educate them. However, this may be causing people to believe that
television is always an accurate portrayal of real life. The belief that television shows are always
factual has the potential to affect one's judgments, which could lead to body image issues,
increased stereotyping, job glorification and more. "In addition to exposure to television, the
extent to which individuals perceive content as realistic is related to their social judgments"
Sample Student Paper2
(Busselle 47). This paper will analyze if and how, through the factors set forth in the social
learning and cultivation theories, television affects peoples' perception of society.
Literature Review
In 1939 television first started being broadcasted, and ever since the effects television has
on its viewers has been the focus of many debates and concerns. The censorship of television
shows has greatly decreased since its early days. "In the 1950s and 1960s, networks and
advertisers imposed strict controls on what could be show on television" (Hanson 329). In the
early days of television, content was highly regulated and there were a lot of rules about what
was acceptable to show on television. For example, Laura and Rob Petrie, from the Dick Van
Dyke show, had to sleep in separate beds even though they were married. Even Lucille Balls’s
pregnancy caused great concern (Hanson 329). In the 1950s and 1960s, married couples were
shown sleeping separately; however, today it is commonplace to find unmarried couples sharing
a bed on television. Although the rules and regulations about what is appropria.
Media & Violence Essay
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The Effects Of Media Violence In The Media
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Violence In The Media Essay
Violence In The Media
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
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Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
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Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
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2. Definition
Cultivation theory is a social theory which examines the
long-term effects of television.
"The primary proposition of cultivation theory states
that the more time people spend "living" in the
television world, the more likely they are to believe
social reality portrayed on television.“
Cultivation leaves people with a misperception of what
is true in our world.
3. INTRODUCTION
Cultivation theory explains that how people’s
conceptions of social reality are influenced according to
exposure to television.
The cultivation hypothesis states that the more
television people watch, the more likely they are to
hold a view of reality that is closer to television's
depiction of reality.
4.
5. George Gerbner(1960)
“Cultivation Theory claims that television promotes us to believe a
view of real life that is inaccurate.”
Cultivation: Because television portrays the world as more
violent and dangerous than it really is.
The Power of Synthetic Reality: Where Mean World
Syndrome can play a role. Gerbner claims that by age 6 a child’s
world view has been established by television.
Mainstreaming: The power of television to insinuate it’s views
into mainstream cultural life.
6. Cultivation
The word cumulative is important to under-standing cultivation. Watching
television over a long period of time has effects on viewers’ beliefs and
world views
By age 6 the average child in the United States has watched 5,000 hours of
television; by the age of 18 the average person has watched fully 19,000
hours of television
According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States (2000), each year
the average person in America spends 3,297 hours engaged with media
and ap-proximately half of that time is spent watching TV about 68 24-
hour days each year
There is so much violence on TV and because of that vio-lence the viewers
are left perceiving the world to be more violent than it really is.
The average 18-year old in the United States has viewed 200,000 separate
acts of violence on TV, including 40,000 murders.
From our perspective the media today is responsible for most of the
violent acts that go on today. A lot of people are drawn to the violent ways
of the media.
7. The Power of Synthetic Reality
George Gerbner claims that by age 6 a child’s world view has been
established by television.
It was proven in a study that it was harder for adults to recall a
time or event that happened in their lives if they watched
television a lot as a child and also if you watched a lot of violent TV
as a child then your reality will be towards more violent when an
adult.
Children who watched commercial TV had notably more sex-
stereotypical views of women and men than children who didn’t
watch commercial TV.
We begin to believe that sexual violence and any kind of violence
is normal in any relationship and begin to accept these things
because of TV.
8. Televisions Ability to Cultivate World
Views
Mainstreaming: is television’s ability to stabilize and
homogenize views within a society.
If television programs from Saturday morning cartoons to prime-
time dramas feature extensive violence, then viewers may come to
believe violence is common.
The media has always given out hidden messages for everything,
but lately the messages have been about violence and victims of
violence.
Resonance: is something a viewer relates to, a personal
experience.
If they have been raped, or robbed then they can identify with that
violence.
What we see on TV can impact how we feel or think and the way
we act.
9. Six Key Assumptions That Guide
Research
Television is Unique
Television Forms the Cultural Mainstream
Television Cultivates Broad Assumptions about Life Rather Than
Specific Attitudes and Opinions
Television Is a Medium of Conservative Socialization which includes
Mean World Syndrome (the world is filled with mean people and we
can never trust a soul)
Television Is a Medium of Conservative Socialization
The Observable Effects of Television on Culture Are Relatively
Small.
10. Evaluating the Theory
Does the theory provide a full description and explanation of
communication?
YES!
Can the theory be tested?
YES! More studies can be done on the effect of television on
viewers/children.
Is the theory as simple as it can be?
We think it is simple because the ideas are simple. (Ex. Violence is bad,
and people watch it for something to do which eventually has an effect on
one’s self)
Does the theory have a practical utility?
Yes, it shows how TV shapes the world we live in and how it affects us as
human beings.
Does the theory generate new thinking?
Definitely!!!
11. CULTIVATION RESEARCH
Cultivation research is one that studies media effects (in my
opinion one of the most controversial areas of media research).
Cultivation theorists posit that television viewing can have long-
term effects that gradually affect the audience.
Their primary focus falls on the effects of viewing in the attitudes
of the viewer as opposed to created behavior.
Heavy viewers of TV are thought to be ‘cultivating’ attitudes that
seem to believe that the world created by television is an accurate
depiction of the real world.
The theory suggests that prolonged watching of television can tend
to induce a certain paradigm about violence in the world.
Theorists break down the effects of cultivation into two distinct
levels: first order – is a general beliefs about the our world, and
second order – which are specific attitudes, such as a hatred or
reverence for law and order, pedophiles, etc.
12. The theory suggests that this cultivation of attitudes is based on attitudes
already present in our society and that the media take those attitudes
which are already present and re-present them bundled in a different
packaging to their audiences.
One of the main tenets of the theory is that television and media cultivate
the status quo, they do not challenge it.
Many times the viewer is unaware the extent to which they absorb media,
many times viewing themselves as moderate viewers when, in fact, they
are heavy viewers.
The theory suggests that television and media possess a small but
significant influence on the attitudes and beliefs of society about society.
Those who absorb more media are those we are more influenced.
Theorists of this persuasion are best known for their study of television
violence, a hotly debated, and beaten to death topic.
However, there are many studies that expand beyond the study of
violence to cover gender, demographics, cultural representations, and
political attitudes among many others.
13. The delta between those considered to be light viewers and heavy
viewers is called the cultivation differential.
This describes the extent to which an attitude on a particular topic
is shaped by exposure to television.
On notable and oft discussed piece of the theory is know as the
“mean and scary world syndrome” (or “mean world syndrome”).
In a nutshell, heavy viewing of television and the associated
violence (think: ID Network, Law and Order, CSI, NCIS, Bones, etc.)
Leads the viewer to believe that the world is a much more
dangerous place than it actually is, with a serial killer, rapist, or
pedophile lurking around every corner.
14. SUMMERY
According to Cultivation Theory, television viewers are cultivated
to view reality similarly to what they watch on television.
No one tv show gets credit for this effect. Instead, the medium of
television gets the credit.
Television shows are mainstream entertainment, easy to access,
and generally easy to understand.
As such, they provide a means by which people are socialized into
the society, albeit with an unrealistic notion of realty at times,
particularly with respect to social dangers.
Television seeks to show and reinforce commonalities among us, so
those who regularly watch television tend to see the world in the
way television portrays it.
Compared to actual demographics, women, minorities, upper-class,
and lower-class people are under-represented on television shows.
15. At the same time, the percent of people who work in law enforcement and
violent crime are over-represented.
People who are heavy watchers of television assimilate this information
and believe that the world is a dangerous, scary place where others can't
be trusted. This is known as the "mean world syndrome."
Further, heavy watchers of tv blur distinctions between social groups such
as the poor and the rich, urban and rural populations, and different racial
groups.
Those tv watchers also identify themselves as political moderates but
answer surveys similarly to how political conservatives answer the
surveys.
Not everyone is successfully cultivated by television.
Those who watch little television are not affected.
Likewise, people who talk about what they see, especially adolescents
who talk with their parents, are less likely to alter their view of reality to
match what they see on television.