The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain weighs about 3 pounds and contains over 100 billion neurons that transmit sensory information to be processed. The brain is divided into four lobes - frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital. The temporal lobe processes auditory information. The brain and auditory structures are protected by the skull. Key terms include afferent (ascending sensory pathways), efferent (descending motor pathways), ipsilateral (same side), and contralateral (opposite side). Sound is transmitted from the cochlea along the afferent auditory pathway through the brainstem and to the auditory cortex.
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
Approximately 1 of every 1000 children is born deaf. Many more are born with less severe degrees of hearing impairment, while others may acquire hearing loss during early childhood.
combination of technological advances in ABR and otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing methods are used for evaluation of hearing in newborns.
An introduction to the biology and neurophysiology of human speech. The target audience is researchers and engineers working on speech recognition technology.
The use of voice is an integral part of communication; our voice is one of the defining features of our individuality, and it shares a lot of information about you, your voice tells others if you are happy or sad, healthy or unwell, young or old. Our voice can also reveal to others our background, such as the region of the world where we live, and even our social economic status, when a voice produced that perceived by others as unusual or strange and draws attention to the person who is speaking, it is quite likely the person is demonstrating a voice disorder.
So, I am happy to introduce this presentation about Pubertal voice disorders & Puberphonia, I would like this presentation to be useful and add a lot of information on this topic.
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
Approximately 1 of every 1000 children is born deaf. Many more are born with less severe degrees of hearing impairment, while others may acquire hearing loss during early childhood.
combination of technological advances in ABR and otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing methods are used for evaluation of hearing in newborns.
An introduction to the biology and neurophysiology of human speech. The target audience is researchers and engineers working on speech recognition technology.
The use of voice is an integral part of communication; our voice is one of the defining features of our individuality, and it shares a lot of information about you, your voice tells others if you are happy or sad, healthy or unwell, young or old. Our voice can also reveal to others our background, such as the region of the world where we live, and even our social economic status, when a voice produced that perceived by others as unusual or strange and draws attention to the person who is speaking, it is quite likely the person is demonstrating a voice disorder.
So, I am happy to introduce this presentation about Pubertal voice disorders & Puberphonia, I would like this presentation to be useful and add a lot of information on this topic.
The Ear:
• It is the organ that detects sound.
• It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position.
• Part of the auditory system.
• Transforms sound waves (air pressure) into electrical impulses in the brain
Outer Ear:
• Includes:
• The pinna or auricle (the fleshy visible outer ear)
• The ear canal
• The outer layer of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Middle Ear:
• An air-filled cavity behind the tympanic membrane, includes three bones (ossicles):
• The malleus; or hammer
• Incus; or anvil
• Stapes; or stirrup
• Connects to the throat via the Eustachian tube
Inner Ear:
• Responsible for sound detection and balance
• it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
• The cochlea, dedicated to hearing
• The vestibular system, dedicated to balance
o The Cochlea: Auditory portion of the inner ear
o Spiral-shaped coil
o Inside the bony labyrinth
o Filled with a watery liquid
o As the fluid moves, the Organ of Corti moves
o Organ of Corti: the structure that transduces pressure waves to action potentials
o Specific fibers resonate to sound frequencies and cause Hair Cells to move, which send signals through the Cochlear Nerve onto the brain
o Louder Sounds cause more Hair Cells to move
o Our Brains interpret all this raw data
Balance (Vestibular System):
• Balance is controlled through signals to the brain from your eyes, the inner ear, and the sensory systems of the body (such as the skin, muscles, and joints).
• This balance system is also known as the vestibular system.
• In the inner ear, the balance system consists of three canals (semicircular canals)
• Semicircular shape
• contain fluid
• “sensors” that detect rotational movement of the head.
• Each canals lies at a different angle and is situated at a right angle to each other.
• deal with different movement: up-and-down, side-to-side, and tilting from one side to the other.
• All contain sensory hair cells that are activated by movement of inner ear fluid (endolymph).
• As the head moves, hair cells in the semicircular canals send nerve impulses to the brain by way of the acoustic nerve.
• The nerve impulses are processed in the brain to help us know where we are in space or if we are moving.
• Located near the semicircular canals are the utricle and the saccule.
• The ends of the semicircular canals connect with the utricle,
• the utricle connects with the saccule.
• The semicircular canals provide information about movement of the head.
• The sensory hair cells of the utricle and saccule provide information to the brain about head position when it is not moving.
• The utricle is sensitive to change in horizontal motion
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The Ear, Anatomy, Physiology, Clinical diseases, and pathology, hearing testsHamzehKYacoub
Ear is composed of three parts: External ear, middle ear, and the Inner ear.
Hearing tests (Rinne's and Weber's tests).
Most important hearing and ear diseases are included.
Anatomy 1-The anatomy and physiology of human earFatima Aftab
how human ear enables us to produce sound waves and how we actually interpret them.I got a grade hope students will be clarifying their basic concepts related to anatomy of the human ear.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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2. The Central Nervous System
•The central nervous system
contains
•the brain
•the spinal cord
•The average adult brain weighs
about 3 pounds
•The brain contains about 100
billion neurons that transmit
information about our bodies up to
our brains, where that information
is processed
Image from: faculty.washington.edu
3. The Brain
Image from: faculty.vassar.edu
•Our brains are divided
into four lobes:
•Frontal
•Temporal
•Parietal
•Occipital
•The temporal lobe is
where auditory
information is sent to be
processed
4. The Skull
Our brains are
protected by
our skull
The structures
of the ear are
housed in the
temporal
bone
Image from: cnx.org
5. Important Anatomy Terms to Know
External vs. Internal Auditory Canal
Afferent vs. Efferent
Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral
6. External vs. Internal Auditory Canal
You know that the EAC is part of the outer ear
The internal auditory canal (IAC) or internal auditory
meatus is an opening in the temporal bone where the
facial nerve (CN VII) and auditory nerve (CN VIII)
travel to the brainstem
7. Afferent vs. Efferent
Afferent refers to the ascending pathway of sensory
information that travels from our peripheral system to our
central system. Another way to think about this is the
transmission of information about all of our senses up to
our brain. (i.e. when you touch a hot pan, the afferent
nervous system sends the pain signal to your brain)
Afferent =“up, up, and away”
Efferent refers to the descending pathway of information
from our brain to a part of our body. (i.e. after your brain
receives the pain signal from touching the hot pan, an
efferent message is sent to your hand to pull away from the
pan)
8. Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral
Ipsilateral = same side
Contralateral = opposite side
Examples:
When using nasal spray in the right nostril, you should
point the tip of the nasal spray at the corner of the
ipsilateral (right) eye
During audiometric testing of the right ear, you present
masking noise to the contralateral ear (left ear in this
case) in order to isolate the test ear.
9.
10. So what happens to sound after it
reaches the cochlea?
Most of our auditory system is AFFERENT
Sound travels from our cochlea UP:
to the auditory nerve, then
To the brainstem, then
To the brain (where it is perceived as sound)
Information from one ear, reaches both sides of the
brain
Our PRIMARY auditory cortex is usually located in the
left hemisphere, as are our primary speech centers
13. Efferent Auditory Pathways
Descending nerve fibers from the auditory cortex (brain) to
the brainstem and cochlea
The auditory efferent system is not well understood and
remains somewhat of a mystery
Our auditory efferent system is responsible for:
Sending inhibitory messages to the outer hair cells in the
cochlea to control stiffness and membrane vibration
Innervation of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles in
the middle ear
Our efferent system is believed to play a role in:
detection of signals in noise, protection in noise-induced
cochlear damage, development of hearing and processing of
complex auditory signals
15. Central Auditory Processes
Our central auditory system is responsible for the following
auditory processes:
Sound localization and lateralization
Auditory discrimination
Determining the difference between different speech sounds
Auditory pattern recognition
i.e. identifying a melody
Temporal (timing) aspects of hearing
Temporal integration
Temporal discrimination (e.g., temporal gap detection)
Temporal ordering
Temporal masking
Auditory performance in competing acoustic signals
Auditory performance with degraded acoustic signals
ASHA, 1995
