Georg von Bekesy was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1961 for his contributions to understanding the physical mechanisms of cochlear excitation. Through constructing a mechanical model of the cochlea, he discovered traveling waves that are created along the basilar membrane by sound stimulation. The characteristics of the basilar membrane, such as increasing stiffness from base to apex, allow different frequencies to be resolved by the location of maximum traveling wave amplitude.
The use of voice is an integral part of communication; our voice is one of the defining features of our individuality, and it shares a lot of information about you, your voice tells others if you are happy or sad, healthy or unwell, young or old. Our voice can also reveal to others our background, such as the region of the world where we live, and even our social economic status, when a voice produced that perceived by others as unusual or strange and draws attention to the person who is speaking, it is quite likely the person is demonstrating a voice disorder.
So, I am happy to introduce this presentation about Pubertal voice disorders & Puberphonia, I would like this presentation to be useful and add a lot of information on this topic.
The use of voice is an integral part of communication; our voice is one of the defining features of our individuality, and it shares a lot of information about you, your voice tells others if you are happy or sad, healthy or unwell, young or old. Our voice can also reveal to others our background, such as the region of the world where we live, and even our social economic status, when a voice produced that perceived by others as unusual or strange and draws attention to the person who is speaking, it is quite likely the person is demonstrating a voice disorder.
So, I am happy to introduce this presentation about Pubertal voice disorders & Puberphonia, I would like this presentation to be useful and add a lot of information on this topic.
the ppt includes the anatomy of larynx, the physiology of sound production and pathology of vocal cords explaining the myoelastic aerodynamic theory and bernoulli effect in phonation
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
Approximately 1 of every 1000 children is born deaf. Many more are born with less severe degrees of hearing impairment, while others may acquire hearing loss during early childhood.
combination of technological advances in ABR and otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing methods are used for evaluation of hearing in newborns.
the ppt includes the anatomy of larynx, the physiology of sound production and pathology of vocal cords explaining the myoelastic aerodynamic theory and bernoulli effect in phonation
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
Approximately 1 of every 1000 children is born deaf. Many more are born with less severe degrees of hearing impairment, while others may acquire hearing loss during early childhood.
combination of technological advances in ABR and otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing methods are used for evaluation of hearing in newborns.
This presentation briefly describe how the sound is conducted from external environment to the cochlea via the consideration of physics point of view. it also gives basic understanding how the physics plays an important role in sense of hearing.
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter.
human's inner ear ,which is third part of ear, Having cochlea and vestibular system.in this slide we will discuss about the anatomy and physiology of inner ear.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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HIS 120 The Basilar Membrane and the Traveling Wave
1. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Bekesy’s Traveling Wave Theory/Model
In 1961, Georg von Bekesy was awarded
the Nobel prize in medicine and
physiology. It was primarily due to his
contributions toward the understanding of
the physical mechanisms of excitation of
the cochlea.
2. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Bekesy’s Investigation
He constructed a mechanical model of the
cochlea. It’s basilar membrane had much
of the same stiffness characteristics as the
fresh human cadaver ones he had
studied.
3. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Bekesy’s Investigation
He found that there were consistent
resonant patterns which were created with
sound stimulation of the fluid-filled upper
and lower scala.
4. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Bekesy’s Investigation
An illustration of his prize winning model is
on page 483 of Zemlin.
It demonstrated Pascal’s principle which
states that the creation of any pressure
point in a closed-fluid system (scala
media) will be transmitted to all other
points of that closed system.
5. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
Perilymph has a viscosity similar to water.
The cochlear partition includes
endolymph, hair cells, the tectorial
membrane and the basilar membrane. It
is the consistency of gelatin.
There is no physical discontinuity between
the cochlear partition and the perilymph
fluid.
6. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
Surface waves occur at the boundary
between the endolymph and perilymph.
Their only discontinuity is between the
physical properties of the perilymphatic
fluids and the cochlear partition.
As the waves travel through the perilymph,
the pressure pattern changes of both time
and space are created across the
cochlear partition.
7. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
Since the bony portion of the labyrinth is
solid, the only release for fluid movement
is the round window.
If the round window was solid bone, the
stapes would be unable to move the fluid
from the oval window side.
8. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Basilar Membrane
It is about .1mm at its base increasing in
width to about .5mm at its apex.
Its stiffness is about one hundred times
greater at its base than its apex.
These characteristics become the
determinants of its frequency response
patterns.
9. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Basilar Membrane
There are transverse bands (side-to-side)
which are located along the length of the
basilar membrane. These transverse
bands vary in stiffness as they are spaced
along the basilar membrane.
Each band is (frequency) sensitive to the
various waves of energy received along
the traveling wave pathway.
10. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
The spatial separation between the point
of initial stimulus and the maximum
amplitude of the traveling wave create
various frequency resolution.
After the maximum amplitude is reached,
the traveling wave reduces to virtually zero
displacement.
11. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
The first portion of wave undulation is
generally received close to the stapes; the
wave continues with increased undulation
to a maximum point along the basilar
membrane; this maximum amplitude point
is dependant upon the frequency of the
stimulus.
12. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
The point of maximum amplitude for high
frequencies is close to the basal end;
while the maximum amplitude for low
frequencies is closer to the apical end.
(ref. Zemlin pg #483 figure 6-101)
13. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
Because lower frequencies displace larger
and larger segments of the basilar
membrane, we begin to see why low
frequencies tend to mask high
frequencies.
14. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
The velocity and therefore the wavelength
decrease as a function of distance from
the stapes.
This reduction of amplitude, velocity, and
wavelength is commonly found with any
sound transmission through a fluid.
15. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
This frequency dependent maximum of
membrane displacement is a clear
indication that the cochlea performs a
mechanical frequency analysis.
This is defined as the Place Theory of
frequency resolution.
16. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
• Place Theory
It is when each point along the basilar
membrane develops a maximum point of
displacement (amplitude) associated with
a specific frequency of stimulus.
17. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
• Place Theory
Thus, the single most important
characteristic of the basilar membrane
would seem to be the gradual changes in
its stiffness from its base to its apex
(almost one hundred times stiffer at its base)
18. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• Characteristics of the Traveling Wave
The peaking of the traveling wave is not
due to the mere resonance of the basilar
membrane but, to the energy exchange
created between the basilar membrane
and the cochlear fluids.
19. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• The Basilar Membrane and Hair Cells
Bekesy’s further study of the traveling
wave found eddy currents located at the
location of maximum membrane response.
These eddy currents created more
specific stimulation of the hair cells
associated in the region of maximum
amplitude of the traveling wave.
20. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• The Basilar Membrane and Hair Cells
Bekesy concluded that these eddy
currents may be created by the motor
function of the outer hair cells stimulated
efferently from the central pathway.
Thereby, providing further definition to the
amplitude of the traveling wave.
21. The Basilar Membrane & the Traveling
Wave
• The Basilar Membrane and Hair Cells
As hair cells are destroyed or become
dysfunctional, frequency resolution (pitch)
as well as amplitude intensity (loudness),
become reduced--thus, creating
sensorineural hearing loss.