to overcome the problem of easily fire catching to fabrics it will reduce the wealth loss and causing material saving as well as it will cause healthy environment without sudden damage due to fire chemicals treated are chlorine bromine , and also the bad effects of flame retardants

1.  Submitted to –
 Mr. Rahul guglani
 Presented by …..
 VIVEK YADAV
 Textile chemistry (2014-
2018)

2.  Historical background of flame retardant
 Introduction of flame retardant
 Classes of flame retardant
 Basics about burning of any objects
 Mechanism and techniques of flame retardancy
 Synergistic combination of flame retardants
 Flame retardant application on different fibres
 Application of flame retardants in our daily life
 Flame retardancy evaluations
 Environmental and health concerns
 Global market scenario

3.  Initially, flame-retardant materials were first created around 400 B.C.,
but the need for them didn’t increase drastically until the 17th century.
In 1632, the idea of reducing the risk of fire in theatres came about in
Paris. They fireproofed plaster and clay, and so the process of creating
flame-resistant materials began.
 In the 18th century, alum and ammonium were used to make fabrics
flame-resistant. The first serious experiment took place in 1820. A
chemist named Gay-Lussac determined that two types of salt helped
make fabrics flame-resistant. The first salt was low-melting and
formed a glassy layer on fabrics, and the second salt broke down into a
non-flammable vapor when it was heated up.
 The discovery of Tetra (hydroxylmethyl) phosponium chloride (THPC)
in 1953 advanced the process of making fabrics resistant to flames.
THPC could be applied to cotton, paper, plastic, paint, furniture, and
other building materials. The Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953 changed
how clothes were manufactured and sold

4.  Flame retardants inhibit or
delay the spread of fire by
suppressing the chemical
reactions in the flame or by
the formation of a protective
layer on the surface of a
material. They may be
mixed with the base
material (additive flame
retardants) or chemically
bonded to it (reactive flame
retardants).Mineral flame
retardants are typically
additive while organo
halogen and organo
phosphorus compounds can
be either reactive or
additive.

5. Additive type
1-MINERAL COMPOUND
Aluminium hydroxide ,magnesium hydroxide
Reactive type
2-Organo halogen compounds
Organo –chlorines , bromines
3-Organo phosphorus compounds
as tri phenyl phosphate etc
4-Halophosphorus compounds
Having halogen and phosphorus

6.  The limiting oxygen index
(LOI) is the minimum
concentration of oxygen ,
expressed as a percentage, that
will support combustion of
a polymer . It is measured by
passing a mixture of oxygen
and nitrogen over a burning
specimen, and reducing the
oxygen level until a critical level
is reached. [1]
 LOI values for different plastics
are determined by standardized
tests, such as the ISO 4589 and
ASTM D2863

7. 7
 4.1- Combustion:
is an exothermic process that requires
three components,
 Heat
 oxygen
 Suiting climate
 4.2-Pyrolysis temperature, TP,
 At this temperature, the fibre
undergoes irreversible chemical
changes, producing
 non-flammable gases (carbon dioxide,
water vapour and the higher oxides of
nitrogen and sulfur),
 carbonaceous char,
 tars (liquid condensates) and
 flammable gases (carbon monoxide,
hydrogen and many oxidisable organic
molecules).
 fuel.

8. 8
 4.3-the combustion temperature, TC,
 At this point, the flammable gases combine
with oxygen in the process called
combustion,
 which is a series of gas phase free radical
reactions.
 These reactions are highly exothermic
 and produce large amounts of heat and
light.

9. 1. Heat Sink on / in
the fibre
2. Insulating Layer
3. Condensed Phase:
reaction to
produce less
flammable
volatiles and more
residual char.
4. To interfere with
the free radical
reactions
9

10. 5.1-Heat Sink on / in the fibre
 by use of materials that thermally decompose through
strongly endothermic reactions.
 If enough heat can be absorbed by these reactions, the
pyrolysis temperature of the fibre is not reached and no
combustion takes place.
Examples of this method are
 the use of aluminium hydroxide or ‘alumina trihydrate’
 and calcium carbonate as fillers in polymers and coatings
10

11. 5.2 Insulating Layer
 to apply a material that forms an insulating layer around the
fibre at temperatures below the fibre pyrolysis temperature.
Boric acid and its hydrated salts function in this capacity. When
heated, these low melting compounds
 release water vapour
 and produce a foamed glassy surface on the fibre,
insulating the fibre from the applied heat and oxygen.
11

12. 5.3-Condensed Phase: reaction to produce less
flammable volatiles and more residual char.
 This ‘condensed phase' mechanism can be seen in the
action of phosphorous-containing flame retardants
 which, after having produced phosphoric acid
 through thermal decomposition,
 crosslink with hydroxyl-containing polymers thereby
altering the pyrolysis to yield less flammable by-product.
12

13. 13
 Synergistic combination
Suitable for
 P / N ----- For Cellulose
 Halogen (X) / Sb2O3 ---------- for
Synthetic fibres, especially PAN, PP, PA
 P/ halogen (X) for PP, (PET, PAN, PA)
 Halogen/radical generator ------ for
Synthetic fibres, especially PET, CT, CA
 Generated primary
active compounds
H3PO4, P-amides
SbOX → SbX3
POX3, PX3
Halogenated
polymers
PP = polypropylene, PET = polyethylene tetrachloride, PAN = polyacrylonitrile, PA= polyamide, CT = cellulose
triacetate,
CA = cellulose acetate.

14.  Levoglucosan:
 Levoglucosan and its volatile pyrolysis products are extremely
flammable materials and are the main contributors to cellulose
combustion.
 Compounds that are able to hinder levoglucosan formation are
expected to function as flame retardants for cellulose.
14

15.  Levoglucosan:
 The crosslinking and the single type of esterification of
cellulose polymer chains by phosphoric acid reduces
levoglucosan generation, catalyses dehydration and
carbonisation, and thus functions as an effective flame
retardant mechanism.
 In an idealised equation, flame-retardant finished cellulose
(C6H10O5)n would be decomposed to 6n C and 5n H2O.
15
Esterification is a process involving the interaction of a compound possessing a hydroxyl group (oH)with an
acid, with the elimination of water.

16. The fabric is padded through the solution
containing;
 THPC - 15.8%
 Methylol melamine - 9.5%
 Tri ethanol amine - 3%
 Urea - 9.9%
Dried and cured at 140 C for 5 mins and washed.
This process is known as “Proban” finishing.
PROCESS SEQUENCE: Pad – Dry – Cure.

17. Pyroset CP which is a stable solution containing 50%
Cyanamide is found to be effective flame retardant for
cotton, rayon and wool.
To provide a durable flame retardancy to wool 6.5% Pyroset
CP and 2.5% phosphoric acid is sufficient as against 20–
30% Pyroset CP and 15-25% phosphoric acid required for
cotton.
Pad – Dry – Cure (150 C for 10 min).

18. Halogen compounds are generally used for flame proofing
of polyester.
It is applied by Pad – Dry – Thermo fix method.
Some of the commercial products are Flamex MM
(Guardian Laboratories, USA),
Fire master LV (Michigan chemicals Corpn., USA),
Tanotard PNZ (Chas Tanner Co., USA).

19. THPC – Urea (Polyvinyl Bromide – Polyvinyl Chloride copolymer)
combinations are generally used for P/C blends.
A typical recipe is as follows.
 30% THPC - Urea
 4% Disodium hydrogen phosphate
 6.4% PVB – PVC
 2% NaOH (50% Solution) to adjust pH 5.7
 Pad – Dry (85 C) – Cure (160 C for 1-3 min)
Some commercial products are,
FR 1030 – 190 (Sandoz), Pyrovate 3762 (Ciba Geigy), Taien TPD- V, TPD 100 (Toyobo Co.
Ltd), Fyrol 76 (Stauffer chemical Co. Ltd), Caliban FRP 44 (White chemical Corpn)

20. A typical recipe is given below:
 18.5% THPC
 8.5% TMM (trimethylol melamine)
 8.8% Urea
 0.1% surfactant
Pad – Dry – Cure

21. It is difficult to provide
an easy finish on
acrylic base textiles so
we produce flame
retardant fibres by
incorporating certain
additives in the
polymers even before
spinning.

23. Principles of Textile Testing – J.E. BOOTH
Evaluation of the flame retarding performance and stiffness of the fabric The
vertical flammability of the fabrics was measured according to ASTM Standard
Method D6413.
The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the fabrics was measured according to
ASTM Standard Method D2863.
The fabric stiffness was measured according to ASTM Standard Method D6828
using a “Handle-O-Meter” tester (Model 211-300) manufactured by Thwing-
Albert, Philadelphia.
The slot width was 5 mm, and the beam size was 1000 grams. The fabric
stiffness presented in this paper was the mean of measurements of 5 specimens.

24. Among these alternatives are as
follows :
1. The visual timing test – in
which the rate of flame spread is
determined over fabric
suspended vertically.
2. The 45° test – in which the time
t, the flame to travel 5 in. over fabric
sloping at an angle of 45° is measured
in seconds. The flame resistance
rating, M, is then given by 2.5 x t.
3. The hoop test – in which the
rate of flame spread is determined
over the fabric mounted on a
semicircular frame
Principles of Textile Testing – J.E. BOOTH

25.  study was conducted by
Rose etal. in 2010 to measure
circulating PBDE levels in
100 children between 2 and 5
years of age from California.
The PBDE levels according to
this study, in 2- to 5-year-old
California children was 10 to
1,000 fold higher than
European children, 5 times
higher than other U.S.
children and 2 to 10 times
higher than U.S. adults. They
also found that diet, indoor
environment, and social
factors influenced children's
body burden levels.

28.  As we have discuss about the hazards occuring due to
F.R , now a days world is moving just on following
moral
Prevention is better than cure
 Means many developed country are just moving away
from using brominated (highiest hazards chemical )
 So now a days we are using synerjistic material as a
more additive in flame retardants
 May of the country are using natural and herbal low
Limiting oxygen index chemicals ,to secure their life

29.  BOOKS –
 Chemistry of finishing –by Dr Charles Tom Asino
 Textile finishing of chemicals –by Ernest W flicks
 Fire retardant materials –by A R Horrock & D Price
 HELPING WEBSITES –
 www.westex.com
 www.teonline .com
 www.textilelearner.com
 Informations from wikipedia
 And different jumbled searches …….