Test Bank for Anatomy of Oriented Structure 8th edition.pdf

Anatomy of Orofacial Structures 9th Edition Brand Test Bank
TEST BANK For Anatomy of Orofacial Structures
9th Edition by Richard W. Brand; Donald E.
Isselhard, Chapters 1 - 36 | Complete

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
1. Oral Cavity
Unit I Test
Unit I Suggested Readings
UNIT II: DENTAL ANATOMY
2. The Tooth: Functions and Terms
3. Fundamental and Preventative Curvatures
4. Dentition
5. Development, Form, and Eruption
6. Occlusion
7. DentalAnomalies
8. Supporting Structures
9. Clinical Considerations
10. Tooth Identification
11. Root Morphology
12. Incisors
13. Canines
14. Premolars
15. Molars
16. Deciduous Dentition
Unit II Test
Unit II Suggested Readings
UNIT III: ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY
17. Basic Tissues
18. Development of Orofacial Complex
19. Dental Lamina and Enamel Organ
20. Enamel, Dentin, and Pulp
21. Root Formation and Attachment Apparatus
22. Eruption and Shedding of Teeth
23. Oral Mucous Membrane
24. The Tongue
25. Histology of the Salivary Glands
Unit III Test
Unit III Suggested Readings
UNIT IV: HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY
26. Osteology of the Skull
27. Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses
28. Muscles of Mastication, Hyoid Muscles, and Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius Muscles
29. Temporomandibular Joint
30. Muscles of Facial Expression
31. Soft Palate and Pharynx
32. Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage
33. Salivary Glands
34. Nervous System
35. Lymphatics and Spread of Dental Infection
36. Anatomical Considerations in Local Anesthesia

Chapter 01: Oral Cavity
Brand/Isselhard: Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A diastema is a space between two teeth in the same arch. When this occurs between the
maxillary central incisors, it is often the result of a pronounced labial frenum.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
c. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
d. Both statements are false.
ANSWER: A
A space, or lack of contact area, between any two teeth in the same arch is called a diastema.
When a diastema occurs between the maxillary central incisors, it is often the result of a
pronounced labial frenum extending to the crest of the alveolar ridge and possibly over the
ridge. This band of firm connective tissue causes the erupting incisors to be pushed aside
resulting in a diastema, or space. Correction of a diastema usually involves surgical removal, or
cutting, of the frenal tissue between teeth.
REF: p. 3
OBJ: To describe the boundaries and sub-boundaries of the oral cavity and the structures in each area
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.6. Identify basic oral anatomy and physiology, including but not limited to: oral
cavity. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
2. Torus palatinus is seen on the
a. soft palate
b. hard palate
c. alveolar ridge
d. oral pharynx
ANSWER: B
Torus palatinus is excess bone growth and occurs in the midline of the hard palate. It may
grow to varying sizes and is generally only a problem when the construction of a maxillary
denture is necessary. In health, such bony protuberances, or excess bone growths, do not
occur on the soft palate, alveolar ridge, or oral pharynx.

REF: p. 5
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa,
gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.2. Identify basic oral anatomy and physiology, including but not limited to:
bones. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
3. Contraction of which muscle raises the tongue upward?
a. Mylohyoid
b. Palatopharyngeal
c. Palatoglossal
d. Levator glossal
ANSWER: A

Contraction of the mylohyoid muscle raises the tongue. The palatopharyngeal muscle and the
palatoglossal muscle form the posterolateral borders of the oral cavity. There is not a muscle by
the name of levator glossal.
REF: p. 7
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
muscles. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
4. The oral vestibule is partially bordered by the lips and cheeks. The oral cavity proper extends
posteriorly to the soft palate.
ANSWER: B
The oral vestibule is the space or potential space that exists between the lips or cheeks and
teeth. In an edentulous person, the vestibule would extend between the lips or cheeks and the
alveolar ridges. The oral cavity proper is surrounded by teeth or alveolar ridges and extends all
the way back to the palatine tonsils. This includes the region from the floor of the mouth
upward to the hard and soft palates.
REF: p. 2
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.6. Identify
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physiology, including but not limited to: oral
5. Each of the following is true of the uvula EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a. It is located at the most posterior portion of the hard palate.
b. It is located at the midline.
c. It is a downwardly projecting muscle.
d. It is necessary for swallowing.
ANSWER: D
The uvula is a downwardly projecting muscular tissue located at the midline of the most

posterior portion of the hard palate. It is NOT necessary for swallowing.
REF: p. 6
that form them
6. The circumvallate papillae are located on the hard palate, buccal mucosa, and floor of the
mouth. The papillae found on the tongue are the filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate, and
incisive.

ANSWER: D
All papillae listed in both statements are located on the tongue with the exception of the incisive
papilla, which is located on the hard palate. Note that the incisive papilla is a singular structure,
thus the different spelling. There are no papillae located on either the buccal mucosa or the floor
of the mouth.
REF: p. 7
that form them
7. Each of the following structures can readily be viewed when examining the oral cavity
EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a. Fovea palatinae
b. Tonsillar pillars
c. Laryngeal pharynx
d. Sublingual fold
ANSWER: C
The laryngeal pharynx is located below the oral pharynx and cannot be seen while examining the
oral cavity. The fovea palatinae, the tonsillar pillars, and the sublingual fold can be seen when
examining the oral cavity. Fovea palatinae are small depressions in mucosa on either side of the
posterior nasal spine indicating the junction of the hard and soft palate. Tonsillar pillars are folds
of tissue that partially surround the tonsils. The sublingual fold extends
backward on either side of t hN
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REF: p. 2 | pp. 6-7
8. Each of the following structures is located within the hard palate EXCEPT one. Which one is
the EXCEPTION?
a. Incisive papilla

b. Rugae
c. Greater palatine foramina
d. The anterior and posterior pillars
ANSWER: D
The anterior and posterior pillars are located posterior to the soft palate. The posterior pillar is
also called the palatopharyngeal arch or fold. The anterior pillar is also called the palatoglossal
arch or fold. The tonsils lie between the anterior and posterior pillars.
The incisive papilla and rugae are located on the anterior portion of the hard palate. The greater
palatine foramina are located in the posterior portions of the hard palate lingual to the second
and third maxillary molars.
REF: pp. 5-6

that form them
9. The small bony growths that commonly occur on the buccal cortical plate of the maxillae and
the mandible are called
a. torus palatinus
b. mandibular tori
c. exostoses
d. maxillary tuberosity
ANSWER: C
Exostoses, small bony growths that occur on the buccal cortical plate on the mandible and the
maxillae, are seen in a large portion of the population. They are normally inconsequential unless
they become tender or a denture is needed. Exostoses occur more frequently on the mandible
than on the maxillae.
Torus palatinus are excess bony growths that commonly occur in the midline of the palate.
Mandibular tori are bony swellings that frequently occur on the lingual surface of the mandible
at the canine area. The maxillary tuberosity is a rounded bony protrusion in the area of the third
molar.
REF: p. 4
10. Which structure is the MOST vascular in appearance?
a. Mucogingival junction
b. Alveolar mucosa
c. Labial frenum
d. Gingiva
ANSWER: B
The alveolar mucosa, a thin layer of loosely attached and movable tissue, covers a highly
vascular area. The presence of blood vessels immediately under this relatively thin mucosa is
responsible for the general reddish color. By contrast, the mucogingival junction that divides

the attached gingiva from the alveolar mucosa appears more pink in color. The gingiva and
labial frenum also appear pink in color.
REF: p. 2
11. Although a patient presenting with painful areas throughout the oral cavity or a child presenting
with gingival bleeding in the presence of excellent oral hygiene should be monitored carefully,
referral to a dental specialist or physician is not indicated. A patient with a red and painful
tongue does warrant such a referral as does a patient with moderate plaque on all teeth.

c. The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
ANSWER: D
Of the four situations presented in this two-part question, only the patient with moderate plaque
on all teeth does NOT warrant referral to a specialist. This patient should receive appropriate
oral hygiene instructions, oral debridement, and be carefully monitored with short re-care
appointments. The remaining three oral conditions described in the question describe conditions
suggestive of systemic involvement and warrant further investigation, typically referral to a
dental specialist or physician. In particular, gingival bleeding in the presence of excellent oral
hygiene is a possible early sign of leukemia.
REF: p. 8
OBJ: To differentiate normal from abnormal anatomy in the oral cavity and to ensure a follow-up
examination
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.1. Identify basic oral and dental anatomy, physiology and development,
including but not limited to: oral cavity. TOP: BLOOM: Analyzing
12. Which structure is most closely located to the lingual frenum?
a. Sublingual caruncle
b. Sublingual salivary gland
c. Sublingual fold
d. Lingual tonsils
e. All of the above
ANSWER: A
The sublingual caruncle, a small elevation on each side of the base of the lingual frenum, is the
opening for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Of the structures provided in the
question, it is located most closely to the lingual frenum. The sublingual fold extends posteriorly
from the sublingual caruncle. The lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue.
REF: p. 7
that form them

13. The term for misplaced sebaceous glands occurring in the oral cavity is rugae. These
harmless, yellowish granular structures occur in about 60% to 80% of the population.
ANSWER: C

Fordyce granules are misplaced sebaceous glands found in the oral cavity. These glands are
normally associated with hair follicles, which are normally located in the skin. The most
common locations for Fordyce granules are the lips, cheeks, and retromolar pads. Rugae are
hard transverse ridges of epithelial and connective tissue located in the anterior portion of the
hard palate.
REF: p. 5
examination
14. Of the following structures, which is the MOST susceptible to trauma?
a. Hard palate
b. Buccal mucosa
c. Floor of the mouth
d. Dorsal surface of the tongue
e. Attached gingiva
ANSWER: C
Although any oral tissue may be traumatized, the tissue in the floor of the mouth is one of the
thinnest and thus very conducive to trauma. The hard palate and the attached gingiva have a
more protective, fibrous nature. The dorsal (top) tongue and the buccal mucosa also have more
protective features than does the mucosal lining on the floor of the mouth. Not listed as a
selection, the ventral (lower) surface of the tongue is quite vulnerable to trauma.
REF: p. 7
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15. A generally healthy man in his forties is curious about “little raised yellow spots” on his
buccal mucosa. He has noticed them in the past but they do not seem to cause problems or
become larger, so has not previously asked about them. These areas are MOST likely
a. vallate papillae
b. Kaposi’s spots
c. Fordyce granules

d. measles
ANSWER: C
Fordyce granules are ectopic, or misplaced, sebaceous glands that occur on oral mucosal
surfaces. They appear as small raised yellowish or whitish spots. Although alarming to
patients, these formations are harmless. Vallate papillae, also called circumvallate papillae, are
the large V-shaped row of taste buds located on the posterior dorsum of the tongue.
Kaposi’s spots, associated with immunodeficiency, are red and painful. Measles can appear
anywhere on the body, including the oral cavity, and are red in color.
REF: p. 4
examination

NURS
glands/lymphatics. TOP: BLOOM: Understanding
16. Fordyce granules normally function as
a. taste buds
b. a characteristic of a malignancy
c. sebaceous glands
d. an infectious viral illness
ANSWER: C
Fordyce granules are misplaced sebaceous glands that appear as very small yellowish granular
structures on oral mucosal surfaces in the oral cavity of 60% to 80% of the population.
Sebaceous glands normally occur in the skin; when they are present in the oral cavity they are
considered misplaced, or ectopic. Although Fordyce granules may be alarming to patients, they
are harmless. They most commonly occur in the mucosa of the lips, cheeks, retromolar pads,
and gingival tissues.
REF: p. 4
examination
glands/lymphatics. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
17. In the following illustration, structure “a” is the
a. mucobuccal fold
b. maxillary labial frenum
c. mandibular labial frenum
I

d. mucogingival junction
ANSWER: B
At the midline of the upper lip, a fold of connective tissue known as the maxillary labial
frenum can be found. A corresponding structure, the mandibular labial frenum, is present at
the midline of the lower lip. The upper frenum is usually more pronounced than the lower.
Both structures, as well as additional less well-defined frena, serve to attach the lips to the arch
and contain only connective tissue. Structure “b” is the mandibular labial frenum.
Structure “c” is the mucogingival junction. Structure “d” is the mucobuccal fold.
REF: pp. 3-4

18. In the following illustration, structure “b” is the
a. mucobuccal fold
b. mucogingival junction
c. maxillary labial frenum
d. mandibular labial frenum
ANSWER: D
At the midline of the lower lip, a fold of connective tissue known as the mandibular labial
frenum can be found. A mandibular frenal attachment that extends too close to the gingiva
may contribute to gingival recession. A corresponding structure, the maxillary labial frenum, is
present at the midline of the upper lip. Both structures, as well as additional less
well-defined frena, serve to a
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Structure “d” is the mucobuccal fold.
REF: pp. 3-4
19. In the following illustration, structure “c” is the

a. mucogingival junction
b. mandibular labial frenum

NURSI
c. maxillary labial frenum
d. mucobuccal fold
ANSWER: A
The mucogingival junction is the demarcation between the attached gingiva and the more
loosely connected alveolar mucosa. A change in tissue color is evident at the mucogingival
junction. The attached gingiva is pink in color whereas the alveolar mucosa is considerably
more red. Structure “a” is the maxillary labial frenum. Structure “b” is the mandibular labial
frenum. Structure “d” is the mucobuccal fold.
REF: pp. 3-4
20. In the following illustration, structure “d” is the
a. mandibular labial frenum
b. mucogingival junction
c. mucobuccal fold
d. maxillary labial frenum
ANSWER: C
The point at which the mucosa of the lips or cheeks joins the gingival tissue is known as the
mucobuccal fold or mucolabial fold. These structures are generally located slightly distal to the
canine teeth and are quite evident. Structure “a” is the maxillary labial frenum. Structure “b” is
the mandibular labial frenum. Structure “c” is the mucogingival junction.
REF: pp. 3-4

21. In the following illustration, structure “a” is the

a. sublingual fold
b. lingual frenum
c. sublingual caruncle
ANSWER: B
The lingual frenum, also called the lingual frenulum, extends from an area near the tip of the
ventral surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. If this frenum is attached close to the tip
of the tongue and is rather short, the tongue movement will be limited resulting in a condition
called ankyloglossia, or tongue tie. In the illustration, structure “b” is the sublingual fold;
structure “c” is the sublingual caruncle.
REF: p. 7
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa, gingiva,
exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
22. 2 In the following illustration, structure “b” is the
2
.
a. sublingual fold

b. lingual frenum
c. sublingual caruncle
ANSWER: A
The sublingual fold, a bilateral formation, extends from the sublingual caruncle and runs back
along the floor of the mouth. In the illustration structure “a” is the lingual frenum; structure “c”
is the sublingual caruncle.
REF: p. 7
that form them

23. In the following illustration, structure “c” is the
a. sublingual fold
b. sublingual caruncle
c. lingual frenum
ANSWER: B
The sublingual caruncle is the opening for the ducts of the submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands. It is a small elevation located at the base of each side of the lingual frenum.
Structure “a” is the lingual frenum. Structure “b” is the sublingual fold.
REF: p. 7
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physiology, including but not limited to: oral
TRUE/FALSE
1. The nasopalatine nerves and blood vessels travel through the incisive papilla.
ANSWER: F
The nasopalatine nerves and blood vessels travel through the incisive foramen as they innervate
and deliver nutrients to the mucous membrane lingual to the maxillary incisor teeth. The incisive
papilla, a singular bulge of tissue at the midline immediately posterior to the central incisors, is
located just above the incisive foramen. The incisive papilla is a point of injection for
anesthetizing the anterior palate between the canines.

REF: p. 5
that form them
blood vessels. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
2. Beneath the incisive papilla is an injection site called the greater palatine foramen.
ANSWER: F

Beneath the incisive papilla is the incisive foramen, which carries the nasopalatine nerves and
blood vessels to the mucous membrane lingual to the maxillary incisor teeth. The incisive
foramen is a point of injection for anesthetizing the anterior palate area between the canines.
The greater palatine foramen, which serves as a landmark for local anesthesia, is located on the
posterior portion of the hard palate adjacent to the maxillary second and third molars.
REF: p. 5
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures that
form them
3. The posterior portion of the soft palate is a part of the esophagus.
ANSWER: F
Most of the posterior portion of the soft palate is part of the oral pharynx. Food reaches the
esophagus AFTER passing both the oral pharynx and laryngeal pharynx.
REF: p. 6
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures that
form them
4. Projections on the cortical plate are exostoses of bone.
ANSWER: T
Exostoses are small, bony grN
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rtical plate ofthe mandible and maxillae.
They generally occur more frequently on the mandible than on the maxilla. Exostoses are
normally of no consequence unless they become tender from toothbrushing or if dentures are
being constructed.
REF: p. 4
examination
5. The indentation at the midline above the upper lip is called the philtrum.

ANSWER: T
The philtrum, derived from the embryonic nasal processes, is an indentation at the midline of
the upper lip. It is at the lateral junction of the philtrum that a cleft lip might be formed.
REF: p. 2
6. Lymphoid tissues located at the base of the tongue are known as foliate papillae.

ANSWER: F
Enlargements of lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue are collectively known as
lingual tonsils. Rudimentary foliate papillae are located on the lateral surfaces of the tongue.
Both lingual tonsils and foliate papillae should be carefully examined because their location
makes them difficult to see and might hide early signs of oral cancer.
REF: p. 7
examination
glands/lymphatics. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
7. The ridge of bone that can be palpated in the upper posterior aspect of the vestibular space is
referred to as the vestibular zygomaticoalveolar crest.
ANSWER: T
The zygomaticoalveolar crest is a ridge of bone that marks the beginning of the anterior part of
the zygomatic arch (cheek bone) and can be palpated by running the finger along the upper
posterior vestibular space.
REF: p. 2
NURSINGTB.COM

Chapter 02: The Tooth: Functions and Terms
Brand/Isselhard: Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The sensation of pain is felt in which part of the tooth?
a. Enamel
b. Dentin
c. Cementum
d. Pulp
ANSWER: D
The dental pulp is the sensory and nourishing portion of the tooth. It is composed of blood
vessels, lymph vessels, connective tissue, and nerve cells. The pulp also contains special dentin-
reparative/formative cells called odontoblasts. Sensation of pain is not felt in enamel,
cementum, or dentin.
REF: pp. 15-17 OBJ: To identify the different tissues that compose teeth
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.7. Identify basic oral and dental anatomy, physiology, and development,
including but not limited to: teeth. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
2. Each of the following terms refers to an “in-between” surface EXCEPT one. Which one is the
EXCEPTION?
a. Facial
b. Mesial
c. Distal
d. Proximal
NURSINGTB.COM
ANSWER: A
Proximal, mesial, and distal are terms that describe surfaces of teeth that face a neighboring
tooth; they also can be thought of as “in-between” surfaces. Proximal is the more general term
for this type of surface. More specifically, a mesial surface is the proximal surface of a tooth
closest to the midline; distal describes the proximal surface farthest from the midline. Facial
surfaces are NOT proximal surfaces. Facial surfaces are more specifically known as labial (lip)
surfaces on anterior teeth or buccal surfaces on posterior teeth.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: To define the terminology used in naming the landmarks of teeth

including buA
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TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
3. Which of the following is an example of a line angle?
a. Mesiolabioincisal
b. Buccolingual
c. Mesiodistal
d. Labioincisal
e. Inciso-occlusal
ANSWER: D

Only the labioincisal description qualifies as a line angle because line angles separate two
adjacent surfaces of a tooth by forming a junction. The labioincisal line angle represents the
junction of the labial surface of an anterior tooth with its incisal edge; note these are two
adjacent surfaces on anterior teeth. Buccolingual, inciso-occlusal, and mesiodistal junctions are
not adjacent surfaces. A mesiolabioincisal line angle is not a line angle because it represents the
junction of three adjacent surfaces and is thus a point angle.
REF: pp. 17-19 OBJ: To name and identify the line angles of teeth
4. The hard yellow tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth is called the
a. enamel
b. dentin
c. cementum
d. pulp
ANSWER: B
Dentin is the hard, dense, calcified tissue that forms the greatest bulk of the tooth because it
forms the largest portion of the crown and root. Softer than enamel, but harder than cementum
or bone, the chemical composition of dentin is 70% inorganic and 30% organic matter and
water. Unlike enamel, dentin is capable of adding to itself by producing reparative dentin.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: To identify the different tissues that compose teeth
5. Allofthe following formatio
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CEPT one. Whichone is the
EXCEPTION?
a. Fossa
b. Marginal ridge
c. Developmental groove
d. Lingual pit
e. All of the above are depressions.
ANSWER: B
A ridge is an elevated portion of a tooth that runs in a line and is named for the specific location
in which it occurs. Specifically, marginal ridges are the rounded borders of enamel

that form the mesial and distal elevated shoulders of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth as
well as the mesial and distal shoulders of the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.
Fossae, grooves, and pits are depressed formations within the tooth. They are also described as
concavities, indented areas, or simply concave structures. A fossa is broadly defined as a
depression or concavity. Developmental grooves are shallow, depressed lines that separate
primary parts of the crown or root. A pit is a pinhole evident within a fossa or anywhere on a
tooth. A lingual pit occurs on the lingual surface of a tooth.
REF: pp. 21-24 OBJ: To name and identify the location of the various tooth surfaces

6. The function of both incisors and premolars is to cut food. The function of molars is to cut,
grind, and chew food.
ANSWER: D
Both statements contain incorrect information. While it is true that the function of incisors is
to tear food, premolars are more like molars; their pointed buccal cusps hold food while the
lingual cusps grind it. Regarding the second statement, the function of molars is to grind and
chew food; tearing or incising is NOT a molar function.
REF: pp. 17-18
OBJ: To understand the individual functions and therefore the individual differences that exist among
incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
7. The CEJ is where enamel meets the
a. dentin
b. junction
c. cementum
d. cervical third
ANSWER: C
Enamel and cementum meet at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The demarcating line is
called the cervical line, formN
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crown.
REF: pp. 11-12 OBJ: To differentiate between clinical and anatomic crowns and roots
8. The dental tissue that most resembles bone is
a. cementum
b. dentin
c. enamel

d. none of the above
ANSWER: A
Cementum, a bonelike substance, contains 45% to 50% inorganic and 50% to 55% organic
matter. Not as dense or as hard as enamel or dentin, cementum is more dense than bone and
physiologically resembles bone. Cementum covers the root and provides a medium for the
attachment of the tooth to the alveolar bone.
9. How many surfaces does a posterior tooth have?
a. 2

b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
ANSWER: D
Posterior teeth have five surfaces whereas anterior teeth have four surfaces and a ridge. Posterior
surfaces are mesial, distal, buccal, lingual, and occlusal. Anterior tooth surfaces are mesial, distal,
facial, lingual, and a biting surface is called an incisal ridge. Experts are in disagreement as to
whether the incisal ridge of anterior teeth qualifies as a fifth surface.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: To name and identify the location of the various tooth surfaces
including but not limited to: teeth. | CDA: GC I.C.2. Identify the surfaces of the tooth.
10. None of the following tissues have the ability to regenerate EXCEPT one. Which one is the
EXCEPTION?
a. Enamel
b. Dentin
c. Pulp
d. Periodontal ligament
ANSWER: B
Dentin has the unique ability to regenerate, or stated differently, to add to itself. The resultant
material, called secondary dentin, is formed throughout the pulp chamber after tooth eruption.
Over time, secondary dentin can completely fill the pulp chamber and become problematic. A
specific type of secondary deN
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ra
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ti
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ve dMentin is laid down in response to dental
caries or trauma. Please note that while not a selection in this question, cellular cementum, which
is confined to the apical third of the root, can reproduce to compensate for attrition of more
coronal aspects of a tooth.
11. Pulp canals
a. are located in the crown portion

b. have hornlike projections
c. occupy the root portion
d. occupy both the crown and root portion
ANSWER: C
Anatomically the pulp is divided into two areas: the pulp chamber and the pulp canals. The
pulp canals, also called root canals, are located within the roots of the tooth. The pulp
chamber is located within the coronal portion of the tooth. Together the pulp chamber and
pulp canals are referred to as the pulp cavity. Hornlike projections, appropriately called the
pulp horns, are located at the most coronal aspect of the pulp cavity.

12. The tooth surface facing the lip is called the mesial surface. The corresponding surface facing the
cheek is called the distal surface.
ANSWER: D
The key feature to this terminology is the position of a surface within the arch. Surfaces of
anterior teeth that face the lip are called labial surfaces. Surfaces of posterior teeth that face the
cheek are called buccal surfaces. A more broad term, encompassing both labial and buccal
surfaces, is the facial surface. Mesial and distal surfaces are considered proximal surfaces and are
adjacent, next to, or face neighboring teeth. Mesial proximal surfaces face to the midline while
distal proximal surfaces face away from the midline.
including but not limited to: teeth. | CDA: GC I.C.2. Identify the surfaces of the tooth.
13. The prominence on the cervical third of the lingual aspect of anterior teeth is called the
a. cervical line
b. lingual ridge
c. marginal ridge
d. cingulum
e. lingual cusp
ANSWER: D
NURSINGTB.COM
The cingulum is the developmental lobe that makes up the bulk of the cervical third of anterior
teeth. The lingually occurring cingulum is considered the fourth lobe of anterior teeth because
anterior teeth are comprised of three other lobes, all positioned on the labial surface. The
cervical line is the line that demarcates the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). A lingual ridge is the
triangular ridge of a mesiobuccal cusp that runs to the center of an occlusal surface. A marginal
ridge is a rounded border of enamel that forms the mesial and distal shoulders of occlusal
surfaces of posterior teeth and the mesial and distal shoulders of the lingual surfaces of anterior
teeth. Cusps occur on canines, premolars, and molars. Lingual

cusps are positioned at the lingual aspect of teeth and assist in chewing and grinding
functions.
REF: p. 2 | p. 12 | p. 19 | p. 21
OBJ: To name and identify the location of the various tooth surfaces
14. Each of the following teeth is developed from four lobes EXCEPT one. Which one is the
EXCEPTION?
a. Maxillary incisor
b. Mandibular canine
c. Maxillary first molar
d. Mandibular second molar

ANSWER: C
Incisors, canines, and most premolars are developed from four lobes—three facial and one
lingual. Second molars are developed from four lobes—two facial and two lingual. First molars
develop from five lobes.
REF: p. 21 OBJ: To recognize how the functions of teeth determine their shape and size
15. In a partially erupted tooth, the visible portion is called the clinical crown. The anatomic
crown is not yet fully formed.
ANSWER: B
The clinical crown is the portion of the tooth that is actually visible in the mouth. In a partially
erupted tooth only the visible portion, i.e., the portion coronal to the marginal gingiva, comprises
the clinical crown. Conversely, in areas of gingival recession the entire portion of the tooth that
is visible, i.e., coronal to the marginal gingiva, comprises the clinical crown. In cases of recession
the visible portion of the root as well as the entire crown comprise the clinical crown. The
second statement is false because in partially erupted teeth the crown is fully formed.
REF: p. 11 OBJ: To differentiate between clinical and anatomic crowns and roots
including but not limited to: teeN
thU
. RSING
TT
OB
P:.BL
CO
O
M
OM: Remembering
16. Which dental tissue is composed of 70% inorganic and 30% organic matter?
a. Dentin
b. Enamel
c. Cementum
d. Bone
ANSWER: A
The chemical composition of dentin is 70% inorganic and 30% organic matter and water. Dentin
is softer than enamel but harder than cementum or bone. Dentin, the tissue forming the

greatest bulk of the tooth, is yellow in color and elastic in nature. It is wrapped in an envelope
of enamel covering the crown and an envelope of cementum covering the tooth.
17. Which structure separates primary parts of a crown or root?
a. Marginal ridge
b. Developmental groove
c. Developmental pit
d. Transverse ridge
e. B and C

ANSWER: B
Shallow grooves or lines that separate primary parts of the crown or root are called developmental
grooves. Marginal ridges are rounded borders of enamel that form mesial and distal shoulders of
occlusal and incisal surfaces. Developmental pits are pinpoint holes evident within a fossa or
anywhere on a tooth that are not associated with a disease process. A transverse ridge is the union
of two triangular ridges, a buccal and a lingual, that cross the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth.
REF: p. 21 | pp. 25-26
OBJ: To differentiate between clinical and anatomic crowns and roots
18. In the illustration below, structure “a” represents the
a. distal marginal ridge
b. mesial marginal ridge
c. lingual fossa
d. lingual groove
NURSINGTB.COM
ANSWER: C
Structure “a” in the illustration is the lingual fossa. A fossa is a depression, concavity, or an area
on the tooth that is indented. Fossae are named for their location; the fossa represented in the
question is a lingual fossa. Structures b, c, and d are the mesial marginal ridge, the lingual groove,
and the distal marginal ridge, respectively.
REF: p. 21 | p. 23 OBJ: To name and identify the location of the various tooth surfaces
19. In the illustration below, structure “b” is the

c. lingual fossa
d. lingual groove
ANSWER: B
Structure “b” in the illustration is the mesial marginal ridge, which forms the mesial shoulder of
the lingual surface of an anterior tooth. Structures a, c, and d are the lingual fossa, the lingual
groove, and the distal marginal ridge, respectively.
REF: p. 21 | pp. 23-24
OBJ: To name and identify the location of the various tooth surfaces
20. In the illustration below, struN
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e “cI
” isG
theB.C M
U S N T O

c. lingual fossa
d. lingual groove
ANSWER: D
Structure “c” in the illustration is the lingual groove, which is a developmental line that
separates the fourth (labial) lobe from the three labial lobes of anterior tooth. Structures a, b,
and d, are the lingual fossa, the mesial marginal ridge, and the distal marginal ridge, respectively.

21. In the illustration below, structure “d” is the
c. lingual fossa
d. lingual groove
ANSWER: A
Structure “d” in the illustration is the distal marginal ridge, which forms the distal shoulder of
the lingual surface of an anterior tooth. Structures a, b, and c are the lingual fossa, mesial
marginal ridge, and the lingual groove, respectively.
N
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l anatomy, physiology, and development,
including but not limited to: teethU
. SNTT
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OOM: Remembering
22. In the following illustration, structure “a” refers to a fossa, which is a convexity or bulge on a
tooth. Structure “b” refers to a ridge, which is a concavity or depression within a tooth.

d. Both statement are false.
ANSWER: D

Although the structures are correctly identified, the descriptive comments are reversed so both
statements are incorrect. A fossa is a concavity or depression within a tooth. A ridge is a
convexity or bulge on a tooth. More specifically, “a” is the lingual fossa; “b” is the distal marginal
ridge.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. The pulp is composed of which of the following tissues (Select all that apply.)?
a. Lymph tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. Nerve tissue
d. Odontoblasts
e. Alveolus
ANSWER: A, B, C, D
The pulp is composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and
special dentin-formative cells called odontoblasts. Alveolus, the term for the tooth socket
within the alveolar process, is not contained within the pulp and is an incorrect response.
REF: p. 13 | p. 16 OBJ: To identify the different tissues that compose teeth
2. Which of the following s tr uc
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t
B
a
.
co
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vity or depression within the surface of a
tooth (Select all that apply.)?
a. Pit
b. Fossa
c. Tubercle
d. Cusp
e. Groove
ANSWER: A, B, E
A concavity is a carved-out section or area, like a cave. The smallest concavities found on teeth
are called pits, which are pinpoint holes usually occurring along developmental grooves

or fossa. Grooves and fossa are also concavities because they are depressed or carved-out
areas. Conversely, tubercles and cusps represent the opposite of concavities, convexities. A
convexity is defined as an area that bulges out.
TRUE/FALSE
1. All anterior teeth have cusps.
ANSWER: F

All POSTERIOR teeth have cusps; however the only anterior teeth with cusps are canines. In
earlier nomenclature, canines were called cuspids. The remaining anterior teeth, the central and
lateral incisors, do NOT have cusps.
REF: p. 25 OBJ: To recognize how the functions of teeth determine their shape and size
2. Cellular cementum has the ability to reproduce itself.
ANSWER: T
The two types of cementum are cellular and acellular; only the cellular type is capable of
reproducing itself. Cellular cementum is confined to the apical third of the root and is able to
compensate for the attrition (wear) that occurs on the crown of the tooth throughout life. The
cells that produce cementum are called cementocytes.
3. Roots of molars can be bifurcated or trifurcated.
ANSWER: T
While it is true that molars can be bifurcated or trifurcated, this characteristic is dependent on
the arch. Maxillary molars are trifurcated, meaning they have three roots; their root is divided
into three portions. Mandibular molars are bifurcated; their root is divided into two portions.
REF: p. 14 | p. 172 | p. 183 NURSING
OT
BB
J:.T
Co
OdM
efine single, bifurcated, and trifurcated roots
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.7. Identify basic oral and dental anatomy, physiology, and development, including
but not limited to: teeth. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
4. Mesio-occlusodistal is a location of a point angle.
ANSWER: F
A mesio-occlusaldistal point angle does not exist. A point angle is the point at which three
surfaces meet. The mesial and distal surfaces are separated by too much distance for them to
meet at a point with any other surface.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: To name and identify the point angles of teeth

5. The part of the tooth that shows when someone opens their mouth is the anatomic crown.
ANSWER: F
The anatomic crown is the entire coronal portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel,
regardless of whether it is visible in the mouth or not. Unerupted portions of the crown are
considered part of the anatomic crown. By contrast, the clinical crown is only that portion
visible above the gingiva, and hence the part visible when someone opens his or her mouth.
The clinical crown is also described as that portion of the crown that has erupted.
REF: p. 11 OBJ: To differentiate between clinical and anatomic crowns and roots

6. Edentulous people may have problems speaking properly.
ANSWER: T
Teeth are necessary for proper speech and phonetics; therefore those without teeth
(edentulous) may have significant problems in this area.
REF: p. 11 OBJ: To identify the different functions of teeth
including but not limited to: teeth. TOP: BLOOM: Understanding
7. The lower the root to crown ratio number the more resistance a tooth would have to
displacement.
ANSWER: F
The higher the root to crown ratio number the more resistance to displacement. The root to
crown ratio is the length of the root divided by the length of the crown. The root is measured
from its apical end to the cervical line. The crown is measured from the cervical line to its most
occlusal or incisal part. Almost all anatomic teeth have longer roots than crowns; therefore, the
root to crown ratio of anatomic teeth is nearly always at least 1 or more. This ratio affords us a
way to compare the resistance to displacement of teeth based on the length of their roots
compared with their crowns.
REF: pp. 11-12 OBJ: To understand the significance of the crown/root ratio
including but not limited to: teeN
thU
. RSING
TT
OB
P:.BL
CO
O
M
OM: Understanding
MATCHING
Teeth are comprised of the four tissue types listed below. While examining and treating teeth dental professionals
must understand the composition and characteristics of each tissue type. Match the tissue type with the appropriate
description.
a. Enamel
b. Cementum
c. Dentin
d. Pulp

1. Has a sensory function
2. Outer covering of root
3. Hardest mineralized tissue
4. Tissue next to pulp
1. ANSWER: D REF: pp. 13-17 OBJ: To identify the different tissues that compose teeth
NAT: CDA: GC I.A.7. Identify basic oral and dental anatomy, physiology, and development, including
but not limited to: teeth. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
NOT: The pulp has sensory and nourishing functions as well as dentin-reparative capability. Enamel is
the most densely mineralized and hardest tissue in the human body. The cementum is a bonelike
substance that covers the root and provides a medium for attachment of the tooth to the alveolar bone.
Dentin is the tissue that lies next to the pulp, forms the main body of the tooth, and comprises the
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CHAPTERS IN PDF FORMAT

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