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1. Submitted to
Dr.zeeshan
Akbar
Submitted by
14-Arid-2022
FAISAL SHAHZAD
SOMROO

2.  2: Accessory Organs
 It consist of
 - Tongue
 - Teeth
 - Salivary Glands
 - Liver
 - Pancreas
 OTHER RELEVANT STRUCTURES
 Abdominal Cavity, Peritoneum, and Spleen

3. TONGUE.
 covered by mucous membrane.
 Located at the floor of the mouth, between the rami of the
mandible.
PARTS
The tongue is divided into three
parts.
 1. ROOT:
 2. BODY:
 3. APEX:

4. Tongue is situated on the floor of mouth
,between the rami of the mandible
It is narrower in the middle of the body but
width of the apex and root is almost same .
Color of tongue is variable.
 PARTS OF TONGUE
1.Root
2.Body
3.Apex

5.  PAPILLAE:
 The mucous membrane of tongue
give rise a large number of projections,called
papillae which are of following four tyoing
 PARTS:
 1.Filliform
 2.Fungiform
 3.Lenticular
 4.vallate


6.  1.Filliform:
 Thread-like and small in size and soft
touch
 2.Fungiform:
 Mushroom-like, they are relatively large
in size .
 3.Lenticular:
 They are rounded papillae on dorsum
linguae.
 4.Vallate:
 *They are cup-shape.
 *They are 14-16 in number.

7.  Teeth
 COMPOSITION.
 Pulp
 Dentine
 Enamel
 Comentum
DESCRIPTION
A tooth presents four surfaces:
 1. Vestibular:
 2. Lingua:
 3.contact
 4. Masticating:

8. 1.Crown:
 It is the parts of the tooth visible
above the mucous membrane of the gum.
2.Root:
A tooth is anchored by its root .In a
socket of a bone , called alveolus

9.  COMPUSION:
 TEETH IS COMPOSED OF
FOUR TYPES OF TEETH.
 1.PULP:
 Inner part of teeth that contain nerve
,vessels ,and loose connective tissue.
 2.Dentine:
 Connective tissue surrounding the
pulp.
 3.Enamel:
 Outer surface located in the root.

10. SETS OF TEETH
 diphyodont.
 i) Deciduous Teeth
 ii) Permanent Teeth
TYPES OF TEETH
 The teeth are of four types named as follows;
 Incisor
 Canine
 Premolar
 molar

11. DENTAL FORMULA
Deciduous Teeth Formula Permanent Teeth Formula
2 (Di 0/4 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3) = 20 2 (I 0/4 C 0/0 Pm 3/3 M 3/3) = 32
Di = Incisors (of deciduous teeth)
Dc = Canine of deciduous teeth
Dp = Premolars (of deciduous
teeth)
I = Incisors of permanent teeth
C = Canines (of permanent teeth)
Pm = Premolars of permanent
teeth
M = Molars (of permanent teeth

12.  Salivary Gland
 enzyme ptylalin.
 TYPES OF GLANDS
Two categories:
 1. Chief Salivary Glands
 i) Parotid gland
 ii) Mandibular gland
 iii) Sublingual gland
 2. Minor Salivary Gland
 i) Labial gland
 ii) Buccal gland
 iii) Lingual gland
 iv) Palatine gland
 The parotid salivary gland secretes primarily a serous
saliva.
 The mandibular and sublingual glands are classified as
mixed glands.
 Most of the minor salivary glands have a mucous secretion.

13.  largest gland of the body
 1-2 % WIEGHT
 DESCRIPTION
 The liver presents two surfaces.
 (i) Parietal Surface
 (ii) Visceral Surface
 IMPRESSIONS
 i) Reticular impression
 ii) Omasal impression
 iii) Abomasal impression
 iv) Renal impression (possess by the right kidney

14.  pear-shaped
LIGAMENTS OF THE LIVER
 The attachment of the liver is governed by six chief ligaments.
 1. Coronary Ligament
 2. Falciform Ligament
 3. Hepatorenal Ligament kidney
 4. Round Ligament
 5. Right Lateral Ligament
 6. Left Lateral Ligamen
 BLOOD SUPPLY
 Hepatic artery
 ceoliac artery
 Portal vein

15.  FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
 1. METABOLISM
 1. METABOLISM
 3. EXCRETION
 4. PROTECTIVE
 5. STORAGE of glycogen, iron, fat, vitamin A and D

16.  Weight Aprox. 100 grams
 Length 12 -15 cm
 Greatest width of spleen 7.5 -10 cm
 acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role
in
 the immune responses of the body.
DESCRIPTION
 The spleen may be described as having:
 Two Ends
 i) Dorsal end or base
 ii) Ventral end
 Two Surfaces
 i) Parietal surface
 ii) Visceral surface

17.  FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN
 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
 2. HAEMOPOIESIS
 3. IMMUNE RESPONSES
 4. STORAGE OF RBCs

18.  The weight 50 to 70 grams
LOBES OF PANCREAS
 i) A large Right Lobe
 ii) A small Left Lobe.
BLOOD SUPPLY
 pancreatic arteries
 pancreatic veins
FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS
 1. DIGESTIVE: Trypsin,Amylase,Lipase.
 2. ENDOCRINE: Insulin helps in utilizations of sugar in the cells.
Deficiency of insulin results in
 Hyper- glycemia . The disease is called diabetes mellitus.
 3. PANCREATIC JUICE: It provides appropriate alkaline medium
(pH – 8) for the activity of the
 Pancrea-tic enzymes.

19. Any questions?