Temperature
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The document discusses kinetic theory and temperature. It explains that kinetic theory states that all matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. The movement of particles differs between solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles vibrate in place; in liquids, they slide and tumble; in gases, they are far apart and move quickly. Temperature relates to the average kinetic energy of particles - higher temperatures mean faster particle movement. Temperature is measured using a thermometer on different scales, including Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
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powerpoint presentation on topic Matter by Anurag Sahu
This is a powerpoint presentation on the topic matters which is created by me i.e. Anurag Sahu it is uploaded to give you some knowledge about Matters. So please watch it carefully
and know something from this presentation.
THANK YOU
Etht grp 9 (1400825001 002-003-004)
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Thermal energy describes the motion of atoms and molecules within matter. Temperature indicates how fast or slow these molecules are moving, with higher temperatures meaning faster motion and more energy. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference, always flowing from hotter to colder materials. Heat can transfer through three processes: conduction through direct contact, convection through the movement of heated liquids and gases, and radiation through electromagnetic waves that do not require matter to travel.
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The document discusses heat, temperature, and the transfer of thermal energy. It defines heat as the flow of energy due to temperature differences and explains that temperature depends on the motion of particles. All matter is made up of atoms that are constantly moving, even in solids. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Thermometers can measure temperature because substances inside expand or contract with changes in temperature. Heat transfers between objects by conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact, convection involves particle movement in fluids, and radiation involves electromagnetic waves.
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The document discusses the kinetic model of matter and the states of matter. It describes the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - in terms of their molecular structure and motion. Solids have fixed shapes and volumes, with particles closely packed and vibrating in fixed positions. Liquids have fixed volumes but no fixed shape, with particles moving freely within the liquid. Gases have no fixed shapes or volumes, with particles far apart and moving freely. The document also discusses gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and Gay-Lussac's law which relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases.
powerpoint presentation on topic Matter by Anurag Sahu
This is a powerpoint presentation on the topic matters which is created by me i.e. Anurag Sahu it is uploaded to give you some knowledge about Matters. So please watch it carefully
and know something from this presentation.
THANK YOU
Etht grp 9 (1400825001 002-003-004)
The document contains information about different modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides definitions and key details about each mode. For conduction, it describes how heat is transferred through collisions between particles in solids, liquids, and gases. It also explains Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction. For convection, it defines forced and natural convection and describes how fluid motion impacts heat transfer. Radiation is defined as the transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
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The document discusses the three main methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction involves the transfer of heat energy between particles in direct contact through molecular collisions. Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of fluids such as gases and liquids through convection currents. Radiation transfers heat energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require the movement of matter.
02-22-08 - Conduction, Convection & Radiation
The document discusses the three main methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction involves the transfer of heat energy between particles in direct contact through molecular collisions. Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of fluids such as gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require matter to be moved.
Heat transfer- Pharmaceutical Engineering
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Haba
Heat is a form of energy that can flow from hot areas to cold areas. It can be transferred through radiation, conduction, or convection. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium, while conduction requires physical contact between objects for heat transfer and convection involves the transfer of heat by a circulating fluid (liquid or gas). Good emitters of heat radiation are dull black surfaces, while good absorbers are also dull black surfaces. Shiny white or metallic surfaces are poor emitters and absorbers of heat radiation.
The Kinetic Model of Matter
A presentation that provides basic knowledge of the Kinetic Model of Matter. It sheds light on introductory concepts about the arrangement and motion of particles in each of the 3 states of matter. The presentation clearly and graphically explains the processes of changes in states of matter in a straightforward tone using simple language. A brief overview of the major gas laws is also given. Suggested for the IGCSE and O Level Physics and Chemistry lessons.
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2.1 form 3 simple kinetic molecular model of matter
2.1 form 3 simple kinetic molecular model of matter
powerpoint presentation on topic Matter by Anurag Sahu
powerpoint presentation on topic Matter by Anurag Sahu
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1. The kinetic particle theory describes the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) based on how closely particles are packed and how they move. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions; in liquids, they slide over each other; and in gases, they are far apart and move rapidly.
2. Changes of state like melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation can be explained by how particle kinetic energy changes with temperature. During melting and boiling, particle motion overcomes attractive forces, while freezing and condensation occur as particles slow down.
3. The temperatures at which changes of state occur (melting point, boiling point) remain constant as long as the change of state is happening
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory (1)
1. The kinetic particle theory describes the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) based on how closely particles are packed and how they move. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions; in liquids, they slide over each other; and in gases, they are far apart and move rapidly.
2. Changes of state like melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation occur when particles gain or lose enough kinetic energy to overcome the forces between them. Melting and boiling happen when particles break away from fixed positions and spread out. Freezing and condensation occur when particles slow down and settle into fixed positions.
3. Evaporation and sublimation are also changes of state: evap
temperature and heat
Here are some examples of situations where it would be important to slow the movement of energy:
- Insulating a home to keep it warm in winter and cool in summer.
- Packing food in insulated containers to keep it hot or cold during transport.
- Wearing insulating clothing like down jackets in cold weather.
- Using insulated mugs or bottles to keep drinks hot or cold.
heat and temperature
The document discusses heat, temperature, and the transfer of thermal energy. It defines heat as the flow of energy due to temperature differences and explains that temperature depends on the motion of particles in matter. All particles are constantly moving, with solids vibrating, liquids flowing, and gases moving freely. Temperature is measured in units like Celsius and Fahrenheit and represents the average kinetic energy of particles. Thermal energy can transfer between objects in three ways: conduction (direct contact), convection (movement of particles), and radiation (electromagnetic waves). The document provides examples of these processes and defines other related concepts like specific heat and thermal expansion.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and thermal energy. The document discusses several key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- Kinetic molecular theory explains that matter is made up of atoms and molecules in constant motion, with higher temperatures resulting from faster atomic motions.
- Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system due to their random motions. Temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy.
- Heat is the transfer of internal energy between objects due to a temperature difference, while internal energy is the total thermal energy of a single object.
- Temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin relate to molecular kinetic energy and absolute zero, the coldest possible temperature
Thermo
The document discusses several topics in thermodynamics including:
- Kinetic molecular theory which explains that matter is made of atoms and molecules in constant motion and heat is the energy from this motion.
- Internal energy which is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles due to their vibrations and motions. Higher temperatures mean faster particles and more internal energy.
- Heat which refers to energy transferred between objects due to temperature differences. An object's internal energy is not the same as the heat it possesses.
- Other topics covered include heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation, temperature scales, thermal equilibrium, calorimetry and the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
HEAT-TRANSFER science 7 third quarter.pptx
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer substance to a cooler one due to temperature difference. Heat transfers via conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction involves direct contact and transfer of kinetic energy between particles. Convection involves the transfer of heat by circulating fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves without contact between objects, such as heat from the sun reaching Earth.
2.1 Concept of Matter
The document discusses the basic concept of matter according to the kinetic theory. It states that:
1) Matter can exist in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on the arrangement and movement of its particles.
2) In solids, particles are closely packed and arranged orderly, while in liquids they are farther apart but not in an orderly arrangement. In gases, particles are very far apart and move freely at high speeds.
3) Changes in temperature can cause changes in a substance's state as it absorbs or releases heat, altering the kinetic energy and motion of its particles. For example, melting occurs when a solid absorbs enough heat energy to allow its particles to vibrate vigorously
Ways of transferring thermal energy.pdf
Thermal energy can be transferred between substances and objects through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact as particles vibrate and collide. Convection occurs through the bulk movement of heated fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation transfers thermal energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require direct contact between the objects.
Kineticparticletheory (002)
Kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant, random motion. The rate of particle vibration determines the state of matter. As heat is added, particles vibrate faster and can change the state from solid to liquid to gas. The reverse processes of freezing and condensation occur as heat is removed and particles slow down. Changes of state are reversible phase transitions that occur at characteristic melting and boiling points as heat is absorbed or released during the transition.
Temperature and Heat (1).ppt
This document discusses key concepts relating to heat and temperature. It explains that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object, and is measured in degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Heat can be transferred via conduction (direct contact), convection (movement of particles), or radiation (electromagnetic waves). The document provides examples of each type of heat transfer and defines other important terms like kinetic theory, thermometer, calorie, joule, and specific heat.
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Temperature
- 2. Kinetic theory of matter All matter is made of atoms; these particles are always moving and doesn’t look like theory are. The kinetic theory of matter states that all of the particles that make up matter are constantly in motion and because the particles are in motion they have kinetic energy.
- 3. How do particles move in solids, liquids and gases Solid.- The particles such as concrete, are not free to move around very much.They vibrate back and forth in the same position and are held tightly together by forces of attraction. Liquids.- The particles such as water in a pool, move much more freely than particles in a solid.They are constantly sliding around and tumbling over each other as they move.
- 4. ) Gas.- Such as the air around particles are far apart and move around at high speeds. Particles collide with one another.
- 5. How does temperature relate to kinetic energy For the colder, liquid, the particles are moving slower. For the warmer liquid the particles are moving faster. If an iron is hot, the particles in the solid are vibrating very fast and have a high average kinetic energy. If the iron has a low temperature the particles in the solid are vibrating more slowly and have lower average kinetic energy
- 6. How is measured the temperature The measure of the temperature depend of the scale. Every scale is measured in units called degrees. The temperature is measured suing an instrument called a thermometer.
- 7. Scales Celsius.- Is the most used commonly. Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C
- 8. Fahrenheit Water freeze at 32°F and boils at 212°F
- 9. Kelvin This scale was not officially developed until the 20th century. The equals units in the Kelvin scale are called kelvins not degrees. Water freeze at 273 K and boils at 373 K