Temperate deciduous forests, characterized by trees that shed leaves annually, are primarily found in regions between polar and tropic areas and experience four distinct seasons with a range of temperatures. These forests support diverse flora and fauna, including various tree species and wildlife adapted to seasonal changes, but they face threats from human activity and climate change, resulting in diminishing habitats. The economic significance of these forests includes biodiversity, recreational opportunities, and resources for lumber and herbal medicine.

1. Temperate Deciduous Forest
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2. Description
 Also known as temperate broad-leaf forests.
 Mainly characterized by trees that lose their leaves every
year.
 Located at the center of latitude areas
 Between polar and the tropic regions.
 Areas exposed to cold and warm air, influencing their
experience of four seasons.
 Temperature variance in these regions from season to
season
 Cold winters and hot or wet summers.
 Receive between 750-1500 mm of rainfall every year, evenly
spread
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3. Description
 As trees prepare for winter, they change color and drop
their leaves.
 Use the mechanism to survive in such conditions.
 Other adaptations to the cold winters:
 Dormancy and going to sleep
 Thick barks, offering protection from cold weather.
 Trees grow and flower during summer and the spring
seasons, when weather is bearable.
 Plants in forest are mainly shrubs, herbs.
 Most trees have broad leaves.
 Deciduous means “falling off or out at a certain season”
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4. Location
 In the temperate zones
 Upper side of the tropical forests and on the lower side of the
coniferous forests.
 In most parts of Europe, eastern part of North America, Asia and in
some parts of Japan.
 However, seem to be diminishing in these areas.
 Due to human activity and climate change.
 In regions with very rich soils; good for agricultural practice.
 Little natural deciduous forests left; eliminated for the purposes of
farming.
 Other temperate forests in Eastern North America - between 35-480N
 Also on the other side in Europe and Asia - around 45-600N
 Some deciduous forests in the southern hemisphere,
 Plants, animals found here are different from those in northern
deciduous forests.
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5. Types of plants
 Dominated by eucalyptus trees, fir, pine, spruce, cypress, and
giant Sequoia.
 Characterized by hardy trees able to survive extreme weather.
 Five zones in deciduous forests:
i. tree stratum zone- 60 and 100 feet tall beech, oak, maple,
chestnut hickory, basswood, elm, walnut, and sweet gum
trees.
ii. sapling and small tree - young and short trees.
iii. shrub zone - shrubs like rhododendrons, azaleas,
huckleberries and mountain laurel
iv. herb zone - herbal plants.
v. Ground zone - mainly the lichen, true mosses and the club
mosses.
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6. Types of animals
 Great diversity of animal life
 Insects, slugs, spiders, salamanders and turtles.
 Broad-winged hawks, snowy owls, pileated
woodpeckers, and cardinals
 Mammals: raccoons, white-tailed deer, opossum, red
foxes and porcupines.
 Have adaptations to changing climatic conditions of
the area.
 Some hibernate, others migrate during harsh
conditions
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7. Economic significance
 Huge biodiversity
 Home to broad variety of plant, animal species
 Rich resource in balancing the ecosystem
 Trees a rich source of lumber for houses, other wood
products.
 Excellent sites for hiking, camping, tourism
 Rich source of employment to the people around.
 Good source of herbal medicine, used in medical
fields
 Rich agricultural resources
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8. Threats
 Global warming – the greenhouse effect.
 Desertification, loss of biodiversity.
 Human activity, industrialization causing heavy
logging
 Mining, illegal harvesting of plants, animals –
poaching
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