Concrete is a composite building material made of coarse aggregate particles bonded together with a hard matrix. The most common type of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate like gravel and sand, Portland cement, and water. Cement is a binder that sets and hardens, binding other materials together. In ancient Rome, burnt lime was used as a binder with crushed rock and additives like volcanic ash or brick to create an early version of concrete.

1. Грушко О.О.

9. is a
composite
building
material
composed of
coarse
granular
material (the
aggregate or
filler)
embedded in
a hard matrix
of material
that fills the
space among
the aggregate
particles and
glues them
together.
The most
common
form of
concrete is
Portland
cement
concrete,
which
consists of
mineral
aggregate
(generally
gravel and
sand),
portland
cement and
water.

15. is a valued building material because of its advantageous
properties.These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light
weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and
a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters,
downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor
design elements.

18. is a binder, a
substance that sets and hardens
independently, and can bind other
materials together. The word
"cement" traces to the Romans,
who used the term opus
caementicium to describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that
was made from crushed rock with
burnt lime as binder. The volcanic
ash and pulverized brick additives
that were added to the burnt lime
to obtain a hydraulic binder were
later referred to as cement.