The document discusses various building materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes the properties and uses of common materials like stone, brick, lime, cement, timber, sand, aggregates, mortar and concrete. For each material, it covers types/classes, composition, properties and applications in construction. The key materials discussed include stone, which is used for foundations, walls and arches. Bricks are made from clay and come in traditional and modular sizes. Lime is a cementing material used to make mortar and concrete. The document also examines portland cement and its various types, as well as the uses of timber, sand, aggregates, mortar and concrete in civil works.

2. 1.Prajapati Narendrakumar
ME-D-237

3. Selection of right material is an important problem
which an engineer has to face. The basic concern of a
civil engineer is design, construction ,supervision and
maintenance of different types of structures such as
buildings bridges canals road etc. hence he/she most
have thorough knowledge of nature and behavior of
material. A key element field practice is to deal with
type of material. Selection of material depends upon
their properties in relation to intend use. Also overall
economy of material should be considered. a study of
these aspects of material and their application in
construction is very important for an civil engineer.

4. Types of building materials:-
Stone
brick
Lime
Cement
Timber
Sand
Aggregates
Mortar
Concrete
Bitumen

5. Classification of stone

6. The stones are used for foundation columns
,wall ,lintel ,arches , floats, damp -proof , courses
, cornices,
And copings , sills ,etc.
The stone are used for give massive appearance
The stone are used for heavy engineering
works such as dams ,docks , bridges.
The stone are used for paving of road foot -
paths etc.
The stone are also used for the railway track
ballast as a roofing material in the form of slates
Etc.

7. Introduction
Bricks are manufactured by moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of uniform predermine size , drying
them and then burning them in klin.

8. Composite of good brick earth
Composite
Alumina -20 to 30%
Silica-50 to 60%
Lime -4 to 6%
Iron oxide- 4 to 6%
Magnesium- a small quantity

9. 1.Traditional brick:-
size-23cm*11.4cm*7.6cm
2.Modular brick:-
size-19cm*9cm*9cm
-first class bricks
-second class bricks
-third class bricks
-fourth class bricks

10. Introduction
Lime is an important cementing material use in
engineer construction. A cement material may be
defined as that material which has the capacity of
holding structural unit together with sufficient
strength. When it is mixed sand and water, the
mixture is called lime mortar and is used to bind
bricks and stones in wall of building and plaster of
walls. when it is mixed with sand ,coarse aggregartes
and water the mixture is called lime concreate and is
used as filler material of foundation and base coarse
for flooring etc.

11. Classification of lime
Fat lime
Hydraulic lime
1.Eminently hydraulic lime
2.Moderately hydraulic lime
3.Poorly hydraulic lime
Poor lime
Use of lime-
1. Fat lime is used in whitewashing and plastering walls
2. Hydraulic lime is used for preparing mortar for thick walls and
damp places etc.
3. Poor lime is some time used in inferior works

12. cement
Cement is binding material. It is most important
engineering materials of civil engineering. In almost
all types of civil engineering works cement is used.
The ordinary cement which we commonly use is
known as portland cement. Cement is generally
divided in two type
1.natural cement
2.artificial cement

13.  Types of cement
1. Quick setting cement 10.pozzolana cement
2. Rapid hardening cement 11.hydrophobic cement
3. High alumina cement 12.water proofing cement
4. Blast furnace cement 13.acid resistance cement
5. Low heat cement
6. White cement
7. Coloured cement
8. Sulphate cement
9. Expanding cement

14. 33grade cement
43grade cement
53grade cement
Physical properties
Mechanical properties
Chemical properties

15. Timber is one of the oldest structural
material used by men. Timber has been
used in a variety
Of ways in building construction, bridge
construction , In tunnel ,and many other
engineering activities. It has been extensively
use as beams ,columns ,and plates in
construction in variety of situations ,such as
, foundation ,flooring , stairs and roofing.

16. i. Pith
ii. Heart wood
iii. Sap wood
iv. Cambium layer
v. Medullary rays
vi. Bark

17. i. Logs
ii. Baulk
iii. Post
iv. Deal
v. Plank
vi. Batten
vii. Scantlings
i. Veneers
ii. Plywoods
iii. Fibre board
iv. Impreg timber
v. Compreg timber
vi. Laminated timber

18. Sand is an important material material.
It consists of small rounded or angular
grains of silica sio2 and is formed by the
decomposition or disintegration of
sand stone under the action of weather
such as wind ,rain frost etc. it forms a
major ingredient in concreate ,lime
mortar ,cement mortar etc.

19. Natural source of sand:
1.Pit sand
2.River sand
3.Sea sand
Classification of sand:
1.Coarse sand
2.Medium sand
3.Fine sand
Function of sand in mortar
1.Strength 4.shrinkage
2.Setting 5.surface area
3.Bulk

20. Aggregates are the inert materials that are
mixed in fixed proportion wit cementing
material to produce concrete. These act as
fillers or volume increasing components on the
one hand and are responsible for strength
hardness and durability of the concrete on the
othe hand. these aggregates are bound together
by means of cement

21. Uses of aggregates
Aggregates are generally used to make concrete
The fine aggregates serve the purpose of filling all the open
spaces in between the coarse particles , and thus by
decreasing the porosity of final mass, its strength is
considerably increased.
For making light weight concrete , blast furnace slag is a
very suitable aggregates
Aggregates are used as road metal, ballast for railway
sleepers , etc.
Lightweight aggregates are used for lightweight concrete
which are used in sound proofing and heat proofing.

22. The term mortar is used to
indicate a paste prepared by
adding a required quantities of
water to a mixture of binding
material like lime or cement
and find aggregates like sand.

23. The mortar mix should be easily workable.
It should set and harden quickly so that
construction could be done with speed
It should not develop any cracks on drying.
It should be durable.
It should be capable of retaining sufficient water
during its application.
It should be cheap and economical.
It should be capable of resisting penetration of rain
water

24.  Fresh concrete may be defined as a
plastic mixture of binding materials
with sand and aggregates in the
presence of water. The mixture in a
plastic condition when allowed to set
become as hard as stone certain other
material called admixtures are also
added sometimes to obtain specific
effect

25. Bituminous binder used in pavement
construction works include both bitumen
and tar. The bitumen is the binding
material which is present in asphalt . It is
also sometimes called the mineral tar.
Bitumen is a petroleum product obtained
by the distillation of petroleum crude
where's road tar is obtained by the
destructure distillation of coal or wood. It
is chemically hydro-carbon.