The document discusses various construction materials including stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, clay products, and bricks. It describes what each material is made of and how it is produced or manufactured. It also provides brief explanations of how these materials are used in construction processes and building steps.

1. Construction materials

2. Materials for construction

3. Stone

4. Cement

5. Production of cement

6. Mortar

7. Concrete Plaster

8. Ceramics (History)

9. Clay and products

10. Manufacturing

11. Use of bricks

12. Steps of construction Index

13. From ancient times to nowadays,builders used a wide variety of materials for construction:sand, stone, wood, hay... For example stone, ceramiscs and concreteare good for making columns and walls. Wood and metal are good for making beams. Ceramics are good for making roof tiles. Materials for Construction

14. Stone is a natural material that we extract from quarries. It's used for construction (marble, granite and slate). Each type of stone has different properties and it's used for different purpose. Nowadays stone is used for foundations for railway lines and to cover walls. Stone

15. It's a blinder like glue. It's a grey powder that binds other materials together.There are many types of cement, depending on wich materials and oxides we put in the mix and in what percentage. The stantard mixture of cement is called PORTLAND CEMENT and contains:clay, gypsum, tricalcium aluminate, metal oxides, chalk, limestone and calcium ferrites. Cement

16. 1º- We grind chalk and limestone. 2º- Chalk and limestone are calcinated at 1450ºC in an oven called kiln. This process is called clinker. 3º- The clinker is ground with gypsum. 4º- All the other ingredients are mixed with the clinker and gypsum. This process causes a lot of pollution because of the consumption of large amount of energy and the generation of Carbon dioxide when calcium is heated. Production of Cement

17. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water. I'ts best to mix sand and cement first because they mix better without water. Once that we add water the mixture becomes a paste. Setting is the chemical reaction between the chemical elements of the different minerals and the water. Hydrogen and oxygen from the water are part of the resulting material. The water doesn't evaporate, it's an essential ingredient. Mortar