This document describes the development of ground potential gradient surveys to locate coating faults on buried pipelines. It discusses:
- How moving a Cu/CuSO4 electrode causes voltage variations that can identify coating faults.
- The technique was developed in the UK in 1973 to use differences in ground potentials rather than assuming the electrode was a reference point.
- Interpreting the largest voltages as areas where cathodic protection current is returning to the pipeline through coating faults.
- By the 1990s, the technique called DCVG was established for pipeline coating fault detection and also adopted for offshore submerged pipelines.
At the outset we wish to thank you for the curtsey and excellent response from you and active interest in taking a comprehensive view of modern safe Lightning Protection / Earthing and the underlying scientific principles as we posted in our Linkedin Profile, which is for your ready reference.
At the outset we wish to thank you for the curtsey and excellent response from you and active interest in taking a comprehensive view of modern safe Lightning Protection / Earthing and the underlying scientific principles as we posted in our Linkedin Profile, which is for your ready reference.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
In impressed current cathodic protection method, an impressed current is applied in opposite direction to nullify the corrosion current and convert the corroding metal from anode to cathode.
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
This paper proposes fault location model for underground power cable using microcontroller. The aim of this project is to determine the di stance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. This project uses the simple c oncept of ohm�s law.When any fault like short circuit occurs,voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable,since the current varies. A set of resistors are ther efore used to represen t the cable and a dc vol tage is fed at one end and the fault is detected by detecting the change in voltage using a analog to voltage converter and a microcontroller is used to make the necessary calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on the LCD display.
What is Grounding?
• Importance of Grounding
• Types of Grounding
• Applications of Grounding in power system
• Instruments employed in Grounding
• Grounding procedure & calculations
• Hazards due to lack of Grounding
• Good Grounding practice
• IEEE rules regarding Grounding
• Conclusion
This presentation, given by Georgia Power, discusses the importance of grounding and bonding. Real life examples are given and how they were handled as well as safety measures.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
5. Voltages between two electrodes
• The voltages are measured between two
Cu/CuSO4 ground contact electrodes.
• One of these electrodes is in a fixed position
during this type of survey.
• The cathodic protection current is interrupted
and the difference between the switched on
reading and the switched off reading is recorded
at a grid of locations.
• This can be done with a transformer rectifier or
sacrificial anode.
6. Devised in 1973 in the UK.
• In 1973 I realised that the Cu/CuSO4 electrode
could not be a reference potential as suggested.
• I found that I could achieve any voltage I wanted
by simply moving the electrode without altering
the electrical equilibrium between the pipeline
metal and the electrolyte.
• I used the difference in potentials of the ground
itself to identify the exact position of coating
faults.
7. Low resistance of pipeline
• The resistance of the pipeline metal between
two test posts is so small that it cannot be
measured on most instruments.
8. Moving the Cu/CuSO4 electrode
• Moving the ground contact electrode caused a
variation of the displayed voltage.
9. Ground current flow
• My experiments about the detection of
direct electrical currents flowing in the
ground (that I had carried out in the UK
and in Iran) had resulted in a method of
detecting the presence of high electrical
potential zones based on the simple
assumption the current would flow from
areas of high potential towards areas of
low potential.
11. Galvanometer
• When I put a low resistance path between the two, then
the charges would use this path and I could see the
needle deflect in the direction of the current.
12. Calculations from field data.
• The negative pole of the transformer rectifier sucks
charges from the pipeline and that is why the connection
is known as the 'drain point'. We can conveniently say
that this is at zero potential for the purposes calculations.
13. Visualising charge distribution
• The next few pictures show the steps in logic
that helped in visualisation of the electrical
equilibrium in the ground when charges are
impressed.
16. Visualisation mistake
• The problem is that if you visualise cones then
you might mistakenly think that current in the
earth path is directional, but this is not true.
17. Ground potential profiles
• This can be dramatically demonstrated in the
field where the impressed current system uses
horizontal anodes in trenches about 2 meters
deep.
21. Switching is essential
• The reason why I used switching was to identify each
source of energy and thus get further information to add
to the plan of the area.
27. Interpretation
• The largest voltages are obtained where the potential
gradient is caused by the CP current returning to the
pipeline.
• It follows that the marked locations are over coating
faults which allow contact between the backfill and the
pipe metal.
• In the mid 1980's I held a Cathodic Protection Course for
Graduate Corrosion Engineers during which the students
were required to carry out two-half-cell techniques and
later these same students were given the opportunity to
carry out field work on pipelines owned by the Severn
and Trent Water Authority.
28. Acceptance
• By the 1990's DCVG had been
established as a way to locate coating
faults on buried pipelines and a form of
DCVG had been adopted for offshore
inspection of submerged pipelines.
30. Electronic model
• Our electronic model has a TR and an
interrupter.
• These can be adjusted to replicate the
electrical equilibrium that we experience in
field work.
• Technotoy is designed to enable us to
calculate corrosion and corrosion control.
37. On and Off voltages.
• We can now measure voltages with the
impressed current switched on or off at any
intervals we need to investigate.
• The built in capacitor in Orac shows the system
decays as soon as the system is switched off.
• The two corrosion cells show if we have
achieved cathodic protection and the Alexander
Cell shows the exact criterion for cathodic
protection in this configuration.
38. Electronic coating fault
• The following pictures show the shells of
resistance that are inherent to any coating
defect.
• Charges follow the path of lowest
resistance according to Kirchhoffs laws.
• We can position the contact point of our
Cu/CuSO4 probe to measure the effect
that the current has on the corrosion
reaction.
42. Ready to go
• We can now apply energy and measure
the effects on corrosion that we can not
only measure but observe.
• We can record everything we do and build
our software to accurately calculate the
settings required to stop corrosion.
• We can use the oscilloscope to trigger
adjustments in response to events.