Technical analysis uses charts of market action to detect trends and predict future prices based on the idea that history repeats itself. Various technical indicators are used to analyze price, time, volume, and market breadth to identify trend changes. Dow theory analyzes market averages to identify primary bull and bear markets through confirmation between averages. Charts like line charts, bar charts, and point and figure charts along with common patterns like triangles, head and shoulders, and rectangles are used to identify trends and signals.

1. Technical Analysis

2. Technical Analysis Prices are determined by the interaction of demand and supply. Supply and demand are affected by various factors, which may be rational or irrational Barring minor fluctuation, prices move in trends Change in trend can be detected in charts of market action. History repeats itself – Past Prices Predict Future. No Single investor influences the trend

3. Perspectives of TA Price - changes in perception Time - duration of a change Volume – intensity of change Breadth – quality of price changes -spread across sectors

4. Dow Theory Average discounts everything Market has three movements Price action determines trend Lines indicate movement Price/Volume relationship provides background Averages must confirm

5. Dow Theory contd.. Revival of Market Confidence Phase -1 B 1 B 2 T 1 T 2 T 3 Good Corporate Earnings Phase -2 Speculation Phase -3 PEAK ● ● BULL MARKET PRICE Days

6. Dow Theory contd.. Falling trend line Flat trend line Rising trend line Trend Line Days P R I C E X Y

7. Tops Bottoms ABORTIVE RECOVERY SECONDARY MOVEMENTS UPWARD PRIMARY TREND DOWNWARD PRIMARY TREND l + x l + z TRADING DAYS CLOSING PRICE DOW THEORY SIGNALS Line Chart

8. Point Figure Chart 0 = Sell X = Buy Up Flag Down Flag Point and Figure Chart x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 0 0 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x x x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x x x x x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x x x x x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 x x x x

9. Charts Line Charts Bar Charts Point & Figure Charts

10. Price Patterns Triangles Heads & Shoulders Double Tops & Bottoms Rectangles Flags Saucers & Rounding Tops Gaps

11. Triangles Connecting Lower tops 300 200 400 500 Jan 97 Jan 98

12. NECKLINE Fig. Chart Patterns BOTTOMS SAUCER BOTTOMS INVERSE HEAD ANDSHOULDERS BUY FULCRUM V BASE COMPOUND FULCRUM V EXTENDED DUPLEX HORIZONTAL BOTTOM DELAYED ENDING BOTTOMS DELAY

13. TOPS INVERTED SAUCER TOPS HEAD AND SHOULDERS SELL NECKLINE INVERSE FULCRUM INVERSE COMPOUND FULCRUM INVERTED V INVERTED EXTENED DELAYED ENDING TOP DELAY DUPLEX HORIZONTAL TOP Chart Patterns

14. P R I C E DAYS SHARP DECLINE FAST REVIVAL V – SHAPED REVERSAL Zee Telefilms Jan98 Jan99 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

15. Double Top P R I C E DAYS P R I C E DAYS Double Bottom X Y

16. Breadth of the Market A-D Line - Stocks in positive trends %age of stocks over a moving average Diffusion indices - rate of change in prices (ROC) High-Low statistics

17. Theory of Contrary Opinions Odd-Lot theory – Small Investors buying and selling shares are usually wrong in their actions. Odd-lot index is defined as – A decline in the index would indicate more purchases in relation to sales by the small investor indicating the optimistic attitude.

18. Theory of Contrary Opinions Mutual Funds Liquidity – When mutual funds have high liquidity, it is believed that they are bearish, so analysts buy thinking that market is at low point. Conversely, the analysts sell when the mutual funds build large positions.

19. Stochastics Measures price velocity on the premise that when the prices increase, the closing prices have a tendency to be nearer to the highs and conversely, price have a tendency to be near to the lows. C-Latest Closing Price L- n periods low H-n periods high

20. Stochastics contd.. %K is smoothened to derive %D using simple moving average method. %D is n-period moving average of % K. A 14-day %K (14-period Stochastic Oscillator) would use the most recent close, the highest high over the last 14 days and the lowest low over the last 14 days. The number of periods will vary according to the sensitivity and the type of signals desired. %K tells us that the close (115.38) was in the 57th percentile of the high/low range, or just above the mid-point. Because %K is a percentage or ratio, it will fluctuate between 0 and 100. A 3-day simple moving average of %K is usually plotted alongside to act as a signal or trigger line, called %D.

23. Oscillators ROC Index – nth Day momentum index of advances and declines. 107.14 1540 429 1650 600 6 115.94 1511 511 1752 550 5 139.73 1334 600 1864 500 4 174.32 1184 400 2064 702 3 - - 334 - 662 2 - - 450 - 700 1 3-Day Momentum Index A/D*100 3-Days total of Declines (D) Declines 3-Days total of Advances (A) Advances Day

24. Elliot Wave Principle R.N. Elliot formulated this idea in a series of articles in Financial World in 1939. Elliot believed that the market has a rhythmic regularity that can be used to predict future prices. The Elliot Wave Principle is based on a repeating 8-wave cycle, and each cycle is made up of similar shorter-term cycles (“Big fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em - little fleas have smaller fleas and so on ad infinitem”).

25. The Elliot Wave Principle