This document discusses taxol and its derivatives used in cancer therapy. It provides background on the isolation of taxol from yew trees and the development of docetaxel as a semi-synthetic analogue. It describes the mechanism of action of taxanes as microtubule stabilizers, inhibiting cell division. Side effects and clinical uses of paclitaxel and docetaxel are outlined. Factors complicating treatment include drug resistance, debilitating side effects, and high costs.
CHEMISTRY OF PACLITAXEL( NATURAL CHEMISTRY).pptxMZzaddy
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. It is a natural product derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.
Paclitaxel works by inhibiting the growth and spread of cancer cells by interfering with the normal function of microtubules, which are necessary for cell division. By disrupting microtubule function, paclitaxel prevents cancer cells from dividing and replicating, ultimately leading to their death.
Paclitaxel is administered intravenously and is usually given in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. It can cause side effects such as hair loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and low blood cell counts. However, these side effects are often temporary and can be managed with supportive care.
Despite its side effects, paclitaxel has been shown to be an effective treatment for many types of cancer, and has helped to improve the survival rates of cancer patients.
Vinca Alkaloids as Anticancer Agents (Looking back and peering ahead)Mohammad Abrar Khan
The slides covers following topics-
1. Introduction
2.Structure of Vinca Alkaloids
3.Mechanism of Action
4.Emerging Vinblastine related compounds.
5.Drug Targetting aproaches.
As the conventional therapeutic strategies fail to fulfil the major requirements for a successful cancer therapy. The use of naturally developed anticancer agents has evolved as an alternative safe, low-cost and convenient one.
CHEMISTRY OF PACLITAXEL( NATURAL CHEMISTRY).pptxMZzaddy
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. It is a natural product derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.
Paclitaxel works by inhibiting the growth and spread of cancer cells by interfering with the normal function of microtubules, which are necessary for cell division. By disrupting microtubule function, paclitaxel prevents cancer cells from dividing and replicating, ultimately leading to their death.
Paclitaxel is administered intravenously and is usually given in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. It can cause side effects such as hair loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and low blood cell counts. However, these side effects are often temporary and can be managed with supportive care.
Despite its side effects, paclitaxel has been shown to be an effective treatment for many types of cancer, and has helped to improve the survival rates of cancer patients.
Vinca Alkaloids as Anticancer Agents (Looking back and peering ahead)Mohammad Abrar Khan
The slides covers following topics-
1. Introduction
2.Structure of Vinca Alkaloids
3.Mechanism of Action
4.Emerging Vinblastine related compounds.
5.Drug Targetting aproaches.
As the conventional therapeutic strategies fail to fulfil the major requirements for a successful cancer therapy. The use of naturally developed anticancer agents has evolved as an alternative safe, low-cost and convenient one.
THE PRODRUG DESIGNING FOR NEW SELECTION AND FORMULATION OF DRUG COMPATIBLE WITH API I.E. ACTIVE PHARMACUTICAL INGREDIENT, AND ITS EFFECT WHICH SHOULD BE 0. THE DRUG COMBINED WITH API AND AVILABLE IN MARKET AND DRUGS NEED TO BE COMBINE ARE ALSO DISCUSSED WITH ITS STRUCTURE AND SAR, AND COVERED AS PER THE SYLLABUS OF PCI.
This presentation included the general intro of herb,
its collection and cultivation,
chemical constituents,
uses,
mechanism of action;
dosage form and doses;
side effects, toxicity;
precautions,
interaction with other drugs an herbs
ANTI CANCER DRUGS[ANTI-NEOPLASTIC DRUGS] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BY P. RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
what is cancer?, History,Malignent tumor, non-malignent tumor(benign tumor),Largest tumor ever removed, tumour growth kinitics, doubling tume, angiogenesis, causes of cancer, drugs, treatment of cancer, classification of anti-cancer agents, mechanism of actions,alkylating agents,anti metabolites, vinka alkaloids, best ways to reducing cancer.
BY P. RAVISANKAR
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
VADLAMUDI
GUNTUR
ANDHRA PRADESH
INDIA.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
THE PRODRUG DESIGNING FOR NEW SELECTION AND FORMULATION OF DRUG COMPATIBLE WITH API I.E. ACTIVE PHARMACUTICAL INGREDIENT, AND ITS EFFECT WHICH SHOULD BE 0. THE DRUG COMBINED WITH API AND AVILABLE IN MARKET AND DRUGS NEED TO BE COMBINE ARE ALSO DISCUSSED WITH ITS STRUCTURE AND SAR, AND COVERED AS PER THE SYLLABUS OF PCI.
This presentation included the general intro of herb,
its collection and cultivation,
chemical constituents,
uses,
mechanism of action;
dosage form and doses;
side effects, toxicity;
precautions,
interaction with other drugs an herbs
ANTI CANCER DRUGS[ANTI-NEOPLASTIC DRUGS] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BY P. RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
what is cancer?, History,Malignent tumor, non-malignent tumor(benign tumor),Largest tumor ever removed, tumour growth kinitics, doubling tume, angiogenesis, causes of cancer, drugs, treatment of cancer, classification of anti-cancer agents, mechanism of actions,alkylating agents,anti metabolites, vinka alkaloids, best ways to reducing cancer.
BY P. RAVISANKAR
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
VADLAMUDI
GUNTUR
ANDHRA PRADESH
INDIA.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
Avastin with Xeloda as a first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancerSenology.org
Roche gains positive CHMP opinion for the combination of Avastin with Xeloda as a first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer in Europe
Approval would allow combination of Avastin with paclitaxel or Xeloda, offering more choice to physicians and patients
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Phytochemical and anti proliferative activity of Nigella sativa (Kalonji)Saptarshi Samajdar
Highly potent plant having very useful pharmacological effect especially in anticancer studies and various other diseases. It is even called Panacea because it can cure all diseases except death. Various religious books mention its existence as potent herbal drug.
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
Introduction
Amino Acid Structure & Polarity
Protein Structures
Polarization of Light
Circular Dichroism
Measurement of Circular Dichroism
Instrumentation For CD Spectropolarimeter
CD Spectrum
CD Spectra of Protein Secondary Structures
Other - CD Based Techniques
Conclusion
References
Microbial Assay of Antibiotics
STANDARD PREPARATION AND UNITS OF ACTIVITY
Preparation of media
Buffer solutions
Standard solution
Sample solution
Test organisms
Preparation of inoculum Method -1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
Determination of Inoculum
Apparatus
Assay design
Assay method
cylinder plate method
One level assay with standard curve
Estimation of potency
Turbidimetric method
Health & Dimensions of Health
Health
Dimensions of Health
WHO
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Broad Sense
Narrow sense
PHYSICAL DIMENSION
MENTAL DIMENSION
Features of mentally healthy person
SOCIAL DIMENSION
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
Residual solvents
USP <467>
ICH Q3C
Classification of Residual Solvents by Risk Assessment
Options for Determining Levels of Class 2 Residual Solvents
Methods For Establishing Exposure Limits
Analytical Procedures
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD)Aditya Sharma
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD)
Introduction
Programme Execution & Expansion
Objectives of the Programme
Components of the Programme
Strategies
Expected Benefits of the Programme
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
Stability and Shelf Life
Introduction
Stability Testing Methods:
Real Time Stability Testing
Accelerated Stability Testing
Retained Sample Stability Testing
Cyclic Temperature Stress Testing
Expiration Date/Shelf Life
Estimation of Shelf Life
Qualification of HVAC Systems As Per WHOAditya Sharma
Qualification of HVAC Systems As Per WHO
Documentation requirements to assist in commissioning, qualification and maintenance
Objectives
Commissioning
Qualification
Design conditions and normal operating ranges set to achievable limits
OOS results recorded
Qualification – examples of aspects to consider
Schedule of tests to demonstrate continuing compliance
Cleanroom monitoring program (1)
Cleanroom monitoring program (2)Particles and Microbiological contaminants
Definition of Conditions
examples of aspects to consider in qualification (OQ, PQ)
Maintenance
Inspecting the air handling system
Quality Management Principles
Quality Management System(QMS)
Total Quality Management(TQM)
ISO
ISO 9000
PPT
Seven Quality Management Principles
Customer Focus
Leadership
Engagement of People
Process Approach
Improvement
Evidence-Based Decision Making
Relationship Management
Statement
Rationale
Key benefits
quality assurance
quality control
gmp
Limit tests, Introduction, Definition,
Limit Test For Chlorides
Limit Test For Sulphates
Limit Test For Iron
Limit Test For Lead
Limit Test For Arsenic
Bioavailability & Bioequivalence ppt, Objectives, Improving bioavailability, Assessment of bioavailability, Urinary excretion studies, Blood serum studies, in vitro drug dissolution testing, need for dissolution testing, in vitro drug dissolution testing models, Bioequivalence, Therapeutic equivalence, Types of bioequivalence studies, Pharmacokinetic studies, Methods to enhance dissolution rate.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Isolated from the bark of the Western yew tree in 1971, Taxol/Paclitaxel became useful in
the treatment of cancer when it was discovered that it possessed the unique ability to
promote the formation of microtubules by binding to their B-tubulin subunit and
antagonizing their disassembly.
• However, the amount of paclitaxel in yew bark was small, and extracting it was a
complicated and expensive process. In addition, bark collection was restricted because
the Western yew is a limited resource located in forests that are home to the
endangered spotted owl.
• Taxol (paclitaxel) and its derivatives are microtubule-stabilizing drugs widely used in the
treatment of several types of cancer, including mammary, prostate, ovarian and non-
small-cell lung carcinoma, as well as AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma and other types of
tumor.
3
4. Mechanism of Action
• Taxanes stabilize microtubules by
enhancing their polymerization and
inhibiting depolymerization.
• Microtubule dynamics are crucial to
mitotic spindle formation and
function; therefore, cells exposed to
taxanes are unable to undergo
chromosomal separation during
mitosis, become arrested in the G2/M
phases of the cell cycle, and are
subsequently targeted for apoptosis.
Pacltaxel
4
6. Side Effects of Taxol
Common side effects include:
• nausea and vomiting
• loss of appetite
• change in taste
• thinned or brittle hair
• Joint pains more than 3 days
• color changes in nails
• tingling in the hands or toes
More serious side effects such as unusual bruising or bleeding, pain/redness/swelling at
the injection site, change in normal bowel habits for more than two days, fever, chills,
cough, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe
exhaustion, skin rash, facial flushing , female infertility by ovarian damage, etc.
6
7. Paclitaxel/Taxol In Cancer Therapy
1. Development of polyvinylpyrrolidone/paclitaxel self-assemblies for breast cancer
7
12. Docetaxel
• Docetaxel is of the chemotherapy drug
class; taxane, and is a semi-synthetic analogue of
Paclitaxel (Taxol) Due to scarcity of paclitaxel,
extensive research was carried out leading to the
formulation of docetaxel – an esterified product of
10-deacetyl baccatin III, which is extracted from
the renewable and more readily available leaves of
the European yew tree.
• Docetaxel differs from paclitaxel at two positions in
its chemical structure. It has a hydroxyl functional
group on carbon 10, whereas paclitaxel has an
acetate ester, and a tert-butyl carbamate ester
exists on the phenyl propionate side chain instead
of the benzamide in paclitaxel. The carbon 10
functional group change causes docetaxel to be
more water-soluble than paclitaxel.
12
Docetaxel
13. Contd..
• While it is paclitaxel’s structural analog, it is much more potent in terms of potential
patient toxicity.
• It acts to kill cancer cells in the same way as paclitaxel.
• Useful in the treatment of: mainly prostate cancer, but also breast, ovarian and lung
cancer.
• Must be co-administered with dexamethasone to prevent progressive, often disabling,
fluid retention in the peripheries, lungs and abdomen.
• Side effects are more severe but more short-lived than Taxol and include: leukopenia,
peripheral edema, neutropenia.
13
14. Drug Interactions of Docetaxel
Drug interacting with docetaxel Adverse effects from interaction
Cisplatin Increased risk of delayed neuropathy
Cyclosporine, dalfopristin, erythromycin, itraconazole,
ketoconazole, quinupristin, terfenadine,
troleandomycin
Increased risk of docetaxel toxicity including some or
all of the following: anemia, leucopoenia,
thrombocytopenia, fever, diarrhoea
Doxorubicin hydrochloride Cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis
Doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome Increased doxorubicin exposure
Vaccinations for Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin,
measles, mumps, poliovirus, rotavirus, rubella,
smallpox, typhoid, varicella, yellow fever
Increased risk of infection by live vaccine
Thalidomide Increased risk of venous thromboembolism
14
15. Taxanes: Complicating Factors
• Resistance to taxanes is a complicating factor to successful treatment and is often
associated with increased expression of the mdr-1 gene and its product, the P-
glycoprotein.
• Other resistant cells have B-tubulin mutations which inhibit the binding of
taxanes to the correct place on the microtubules; this renders the drug
ineffective. In addition, some resistant cells also display increased aurora kinase,
an enzyme that promotes completion of mitosis. Some cells display a heightened
amount of survivin, an anti-apoptotic factor.
• Side effects can be debilitating.
• These drugs are very expensive and must be administered in large amounts at
once due to the fact that much of the drug is excreted in the urine or allocated to
the plasma. This large administration volume cannot be tolerated in many
patients.
15
16. References
• Chowdhury, P., Nagesh, P. K. B., Khan, S., Hafeez, B. B., Chauhan, S. C., Jaggi, M., & Yallapu, M. M.
(2018). Development of polyvinylpyrrolidone/paclitaxel self-assemblies for breast cancer. Acta
Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 8(4), 602–614. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2017.10.004
• Chowdhury, P., Nagesh, P. K. B., Hatami, E., Wagh, S., Dan, N., Tripathi, M. K., … Yallapu, M. M. (2018).
Tannic acid-inspired paclitaxel nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer effects in breast cancer cells.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.072
• Chung, H.-J., Kim, H.-J., & Hong, S.-T. (2019). Tumor-specific delivery of a paclitaxel-loading HSA-haemin
nanoparticle for cancer treatment. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 102089.
doi:10.1016/j.nano.2019.102089
• Heinemann V, Boeck S, Hinke A, Labianca R, Louvet C. Meta-analysis of randomized trials: evaluation
of benefit from gemcitabine-based combination chemotherapy applied in advanced pancreatic
cancer. BMC Cancer 2008;8:82.
• Von Hoff DD, Thomas E, Arena FP, Chiorean EG, Infante JR, Moore M. Randomized phase III study of
weekly nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with metastatic
adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (MPACT). J Clin Oncol; 30: 2012
• Pazdur R, Kudelka AP, Kavanagh JJ, Cohen PR, Raber MN. The taxoids: paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel
(Taxotere). Cancer Treat Rev 1993;19:351–86.
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