Microbial Assay of Antibiotics
STANDARD PREPARATION AND UNITS OF ACTIVITY
Preparation of media
Buffer solutions
Standard solution
Sample solution
Test organisms
Preparation of inoculum Method -1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
Determination of Inoculum
Apparatus
Assay design
Assay method
cylinder plate method
One level assay with standard curve
Estimation of potency
Turbidimetric method
Microbiological assay-Principles and methods of different microbiological assay.someshwar mankar
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods for standardization of
antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids. Assessment of a new antibiotic.
It's all about the microbiological assay of antibiotics and there has different type of microbiological assay of antibiotics.It's main purpose how to determine the potency of antibiotics.
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin & Amino acid Assessment of a New Antibiotic...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-IV Part-3
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin & Amino acid Assessment of a New Antibiotic: Introduction:
Principle
Microbiological Assay of Cynocobalamin (Vitamin B12):
Tritrimetric Method.
Turbidimetric Method.
Preparation of Standard Cynocobalmine stock solution:
Preparation of Basal Medium Stock Solution:
Test Solution of the material to be assayed Preparation of inoculum: Procedure of Titrimetric method: Turbidimetric Method: Microbiological assay of Amino acids. Assessment of a New Antibiotic.
Introduction:
MIC of an antibiotic is tested either by one of the following ways,
Liquid Dilution Method.
Solid Dilution Method
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents. PHARMACEU...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-3
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents.
Introduction. Ideal Properties of Preservatives:
Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives
Development of a Preservative System.
Factors affecting efficacy of a preservative: 1. Interaction With components of the formulation
2. Properties of the Preservatives:
3) Effect of Containers.
4) Type of microbes:
5) Influence of pH:
Challenge Test: Efficacy Test of Preservative : Medium used, Choice of test organism:
Preparation of the inoculum:
Procedure:
Interpretation of Results:
Microbiological assay-Principles and methods of different microbiological assay.someshwar mankar
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods for standardization of
antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids. Assessment of a new antibiotic.
It's all about the microbiological assay of antibiotics and there has different type of microbiological assay of antibiotics.It's main purpose how to determine the potency of antibiotics.
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin & Amino acid Assessment of a New Antibiotic...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-IV Part-3
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin & Amino acid Assessment of a New Antibiotic: Introduction:
Principle
Microbiological Assay of Cynocobalamin (Vitamin B12):
Tritrimetric Method.
Turbidimetric Method.
Preparation of Standard Cynocobalmine stock solution:
Preparation of Basal Medium Stock Solution:
Test Solution of the material to be assayed Preparation of inoculum: Procedure of Titrimetric method: Turbidimetric Method: Microbiological assay of Amino acids. Assessment of a New Antibiotic.
Introduction:
MIC of an antibiotic is tested either by one of the following ways,
Liquid Dilution Method.
Solid Dilution Method
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents. PHARMACEU...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-3
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents.
Introduction. Ideal Properties of Preservatives:
Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives
Development of a Preservative System.
Factors affecting efficacy of a preservative: 1. Interaction With components of the formulation
2. Properties of the Preservatives:
3) Effect of Containers.
4) Type of microbes:
5) Influence of pH:
Challenge Test: Efficacy Test of Preservative : Medium used, Choice of test organism:
Preparation of the inoculum:
Procedure:
Interpretation of Results:
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and BacteriostaticRajsingh467604
What are disinfectants?
As per the definition given by WHO ( World health organization ) : a disinfectant is a chemical agent, which destroys or inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the non-sporing or vegetative state.
Why Evaluation?
Evaluation of disinfectants is used to check the ability or efficacy of any disinfectant against specific microorganisms to establish its effectiveness.
Evaluation tests of bactericide.
1. RIDEAL WALKER TEST
This test is also known as the phenol coefficient test,in which any chemical is compared with phenol for its antimicrobial activity.
The result is shown in the form of phenol coefficient.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is less than 1, it means that disinfectant is less effective than phenol.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is more than 1, it means that disinfectant is more effective than phenol.
Procedure
1.1 Different dilutions of the test disinfectant and phenol are prepared and 5 ml of each dilution is inoculated with 0.5ml of the 24 hour growth culture of the organisms.
1.2 All tubes(Disinfectant + organisms & phenol + organisms) are placed in a water bath ( at 17.5° C)
1.3 Subcultures of each reaction mixture are taken and transferred to 5ml sterile broth at an interval of 2.5 minutes from zero to 10 mintues.
1.4 Broth tubes are incubated at 37° C for 2 to 3 days & examined for the presence or absence of the growth.
1.5 Then the Rideal Walker coefficient is calculated :
2. CHICK MARTIN TEST.
CHICK MARTIN test is performed in the much similar way as the RIDEAL Walker test but with a little variation.
Principle : This test is carried out in the presence of organic matter like 3% human feces or dried yeast.
Procedure
2.1 Serial dilutions of test solution and phenol is prepared in distilled water.
2.2 To this 3% yeast suspension is also added.
2.3 To this solution the S. typhi is added
2.4 After contact time of 30 mins the above mixture is transferred to the freshly prepared 10 ml of broth.
2.5 The test tubes are incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
2.6 Presence or absence of the growth is calculated.
Evaluation tests of Bacteriostatic.
1. Tube dilution & Agar plate Method
1.1 The chemical agent is incorporated into nutrient broth or agar medium and inoculated with test micro-organisms.
1.2 These tubes are incubated at 30° TO 35°C for 2 to 3 days and then the results in the form of turbidity or colonies are observed.
1.3 The results are recorded and the activity of the given disinfectant is compared.
2. Cup plate method
2.1 Agar is melted and cooled at 45° Celsius.
2.2 Then inoculated with test micro-organisms and poured into a sterile petri plate.
2.3 In the cup plate method, when the inoculated agar has solidified, holes around 8mm in diameter are cut in the medium with a steel cork borer.
2.4 Now the antimicrobial agents are directly placed in the holes.
Two general methods are used for microbiological assays
Method A: Cylinder plate method or cup plate method.
Method B: Tube assay method or titrimetric method.
Microbial assays or microbiological assays could be a sort of bioassays designed to analyse the compounds or substances that have impact on micro-organisms. They help to estimate concentration and efficiency of antibiotics. Also facilitate in determination of the simplest anti-biotic appropriate for patient recovery.
this presentation gives informationabout microbial assay of vitamins B2 and B12. it is based upon the guidelines of indian pharmacopoeia. this presentation highlights the principle, process and applications of microbial assay
Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). PHARMACEUTICAL ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Part-5 Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). The common methods used for evaluation of a disinfectant are as follows,
Tube Dilution Method.
Agar Plate Method.
Filter Paper & Cup Plate Method.
Ditch-Plate Method.
Phenol Coefficient Method.
The official phenol coefficient tests include,
Rideal-Walker Test (RW Test).
Chick-Martin Test.
United States FDA Test for Phenol Coefficient. (FDA Test)
The US Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Test (FDA Test)
A. Rideal-Walker Test:
Kelsey Sykes Method
This presentation is brief introduction about preservatives employed in pharmaceutical dosage forms to prevent formulation from oxidation and microbial attack during storage and patient usage.it includes classification of preservatives, uses and method of analysis of preservatives and also introduction about pharmacopoeial evaluation of preservatives that is preservative activity test (PAT)
The inhibition of growth under standardized conditions may be utilized for demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
Any subtle change in the antibiotic molecule which may not be detected by chemical methods will be revealed by a change in the antimicrobial activity and hence microbiological assays are very useful for resolving doubts regarding possible change in potency of antibiotics and their preparations.
principle;
The microbiological assay is based upon a comparison of the inhibition of growth of micro-organisms by measured concentration of the antibiotics to be examined with that produced by known concentrations of a standard preparation of the antibiotic having a known activity.
Two general method are usually employed:-
The cylinder-plate (or cup-plate) method.
The turbidimetric (or tube assay) method.
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and BacteriostaticRajsingh467604
What are disinfectants?
As per the definition given by WHO ( World health organization ) : a disinfectant is a chemical agent, which destroys or inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the non-sporing or vegetative state.
Why Evaluation?
Evaluation of disinfectants is used to check the ability or efficacy of any disinfectant against specific microorganisms to establish its effectiveness.
Evaluation tests of bactericide.
1. RIDEAL WALKER TEST
This test is also known as the phenol coefficient test,in which any chemical is compared with phenol for its antimicrobial activity.
The result is shown in the form of phenol coefficient.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is less than 1, it means that disinfectant is less effective than phenol.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is more than 1, it means that disinfectant is more effective than phenol.
Procedure
1.1 Different dilutions of the test disinfectant and phenol are prepared and 5 ml of each dilution is inoculated with 0.5ml of the 24 hour growth culture of the organisms.
1.2 All tubes(Disinfectant + organisms & phenol + organisms) are placed in a water bath ( at 17.5° C)
1.3 Subcultures of each reaction mixture are taken and transferred to 5ml sterile broth at an interval of 2.5 minutes from zero to 10 mintues.
1.4 Broth tubes are incubated at 37° C for 2 to 3 days & examined for the presence or absence of the growth.
1.5 Then the Rideal Walker coefficient is calculated :
2. CHICK MARTIN TEST.
CHICK MARTIN test is performed in the much similar way as the RIDEAL Walker test but with a little variation.
Principle : This test is carried out in the presence of organic matter like 3% human feces or dried yeast.
Procedure
2.1 Serial dilutions of test solution and phenol is prepared in distilled water.
2.2 To this 3% yeast suspension is also added.
2.3 To this solution the S. typhi is added
2.4 After contact time of 30 mins the above mixture is transferred to the freshly prepared 10 ml of broth.
2.5 The test tubes are incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
2.6 Presence or absence of the growth is calculated.
Evaluation tests of Bacteriostatic.
1. Tube dilution & Agar plate Method
1.1 The chemical agent is incorporated into nutrient broth or agar medium and inoculated with test micro-organisms.
1.2 These tubes are incubated at 30° TO 35°C for 2 to 3 days and then the results in the form of turbidity or colonies are observed.
1.3 The results are recorded and the activity of the given disinfectant is compared.
2. Cup plate method
2.1 Agar is melted and cooled at 45° Celsius.
2.2 Then inoculated with test micro-organisms and poured into a sterile petri plate.
2.3 In the cup plate method, when the inoculated agar has solidified, holes around 8mm in diameter are cut in the medium with a steel cork borer.
2.4 Now the antimicrobial agents are directly placed in the holes.
Two general methods are used for microbiological assays
Method A: Cylinder plate method or cup plate method.
Method B: Tube assay method or titrimetric method.
Microbial assays or microbiological assays could be a sort of bioassays designed to analyse the compounds or substances that have impact on micro-organisms. They help to estimate concentration and efficiency of antibiotics. Also facilitate in determination of the simplest anti-biotic appropriate for patient recovery.
this presentation gives informationabout microbial assay of vitamins B2 and B12. it is based upon the guidelines of indian pharmacopoeia. this presentation highlights the principle, process and applications of microbial assay
Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). PHARMACEUTICAL ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Part-5 Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). The common methods used for evaluation of a disinfectant are as follows,
Tube Dilution Method.
Agar Plate Method.
Filter Paper & Cup Plate Method.
Ditch-Plate Method.
Phenol Coefficient Method.
The official phenol coefficient tests include,
Rideal-Walker Test (RW Test).
Chick-Martin Test.
United States FDA Test for Phenol Coefficient. (FDA Test)
The US Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Test (FDA Test)
A. Rideal-Walker Test:
Kelsey Sykes Method
This presentation is brief introduction about preservatives employed in pharmaceutical dosage forms to prevent formulation from oxidation and microbial attack during storage and patient usage.it includes classification of preservatives, uses and method of analysis of preservatives and also introduction about pharmacopoeial evaluation of preservatives that is preservative activity test (PAT)
The inhibition of growth under standardized conditions may be utilized for demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
Any subtle change in the antibiotic molecule which may not be detected by chemical methods will be revealed by a change in the antimicrobial activity and hence microbiological assays are very useful for resolving doubts regarding possible change in potency of antibiotics and their preparations.
principle;
The microbiological assay is based upon a comparison of the inhibition of growth of micro-organisms by measured concentration of the antibiotics to be examined with that produced by known concentrations of a standard preparation of the antibiotic having a known activity.
Two general method are usually employed:-
The cylinder-plate (or cup-plate) method.
The turbidimetric (or tube assay) method.
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TEST
Tube dilution and agar plate method.
Filter paper and cup plate method.
Ditch-plate method.
Phenol coefficient method.
Kelsey Sykes method.
To avoid contamination, the aseptic technique is the method of reducing or removing contaminants from entering the operative field in surgery or medicine.
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
Introduction
Amino Acid Structure & Polarity
Protein Structures
Polarization of Light
Circular Dichroism
Measurement of Circular Dichroism
Instrumentation For CD Spectropolarimeter
CD Spectrum
CD Spectra of Protein Secondary Structures
Other - CD Based Techniques
Conclusion
References
Health & Dimensions of Health
Health
Dimensions of Health
WHO
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Broad Sense
Narrow sense
PHYSICAL DIMENSION
MENTAL DIMENSION
Features of mentally healthy person
SOCIAL DIMENSION
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
Residual solvents
USP <467>
ICH Q3C
Classification of Residual Solvents by Risk Assessment
Options for Determining Levels of Class 2 Residual Solvents
Methods For Establishing Exposure Limits
Analytical Procedures
Taxol and Derivatives in Therapy
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Structure-Activity Relationship of Taxol
Side Effects of Taxol
Paclitaxel/Taxol In Cancer Therapy
Docetaxel
Drug Interactions of Docetaxel
Taxanes: Complicating Factors
References
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD)Aditya Sharma
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD)
Introduction
Programme Execution & Expansion
Objectives of the Programme
Components of the Programme
Strategies
Expected Benefits of the Programme
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
Stability and Shelf Life
Introduction
Stability Testing Methods:
Real Time Stability Testing
Accelerated Stability Testing
Retained Sample Stability Testing
Cyclic Temperature Stress Testing
Expiration Date/Shelf Life
Estimation of Shelf Life
Qualification of HVAC Systems As Per WHOAditya Sharma
Qualification of HVAC Systems As Per WHO
Documentation requirements to assist in commissioning, qualification and maintenance
Objectives
Commissioning
Qualification
Design conditions and normal operating ranges set to achievable limits
OOS results recorded
Qualification – examples of aspects to consider
Schedule of tests to demonstrate continuing compliance
Cleanroom monitoring program (1)
Cleanroom monitoring program (2)Particles and Microbiological contaminants
Definition of Conditions
examples of aspects to consider in qualification (OQ, PQ)
Maintenance
Inspecting the air handling system
Quality Management Principles
Quality Management System(QMS)
Total Quality Management(TQM)
ISO
ISO 9000
PPT
Seven Quality Management Principles
Customer Focus
Leadership
Engagement of People
Process Approach
Improvement
Evidence-Based Decision Making
Relationship Management
Statement
Rationale
Key benefits
quality assurance
quality control
gmp
Limit tests, Introduction, Definition,
Limit Test For Chlorides
Limit Test For Sulphates
Limit Test For Iron
Limit Test For Lead
Limit Test For Arsenic
Bioavailability & Bioequivalence ppt, Objectives, Improving bioavailability, Assessment of bioavailability, Urinary excretion studies, Blood serum studies, in vitro drug dissolution testing, need for dissolution testing, in vitro drug dissolution testing models, Bioequivalence, Therapeutic equivalence, Types of bioequivalence studies, Pharmacokinetic studies, Methods to enhance dissolution rate.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Microbial assay of antibiotics
◦ It is based upon the comparison of the inhibition of growth of microorganisms by
measured concentration of the antibiotics under examination with that produced by
known concentration of standard preparation of antibiotic having a known activity.
◦ Two general methods are usually employed
2
Method A
Cylinder plate method or
Plate(USP)
Cup-plate (IP)
Diffusion method (BP)
Method B
Turbidimetric method or
Tube assay
3. 3
Cylinder plate
method
Depends on diffusion of the
antibiotic from a vertical cylinder
through a solidified agar layer in a
Petri dish or a plate
The growth of specific
microorganisms incoculated into the
medium is prevented in the circular
area or zone around the cylinder
containing the solution of antibiotic
Turbidimetric
method
Depends on the inhibition of growth of micro organism in a
uniform solution of the antibiotic in a fluid medium that is
favourable to the growth of microorganism in the absence
of antibiotic.
4. STANDARD PREPARATION AND
UNITS OF ACTIVITY
◦ A standard preparation is a authentic sample of the appropriate antibiotic, for which potency has
been precisely determined by the reference to an appropriate international standard.
◦ The potency of the standard preparation may be expressed in International Units or in µg per mg of
the pure antibiotic.
◦ µg of activity is based on single active ingredient.
◦ Unit is used when there are more than one active ingredient in the antibiotic.
4
5. Preparation of media
◦ Preparation of test microorgnism inocula from the ingrdients listed
in the following table.
5
• Dissolve the ingredients
in sufficient water to
produce 1000ml.
• Add sufficient 1M
sodium hydroxide or hcl,
as required, so after
sterilization the pH is as
given.
6. Buffer solutions
◦ Dissolve given quantities of dipotassium hydrogen
phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate in
water to produce 1000ml.
◦ Adjust the pH with 8M phosporic acid or 10M
potassium hydroxide, after sterilization.
6
7. Standard solution
7
• Dissolve standard preparation of
antibiotic in the solvent specified.
• Dilute to required concentrations
• Store in a refregirator and use within the
period indicated.
• From th stock solutions prepare 5 or more
test dilutions
• the succesive solutions increasing in
stepwise in concentrations in the ratio of
1:2.5 for method A and smaller for
method B
8. Sample solution
◦ Assign assumed potency per unit
weight or volume.
◦ On the day of assay prepare a stock
solution and test dilution as
specified for each antibiotic.
◦ Dilute the sample stock solution in
the specified final diluent to obtain
a nominal concentration equal to
median concentration of the
standard
8
9. Test organisms
◦ Maintain a culture on slants of
the medium and under the
incubation conditions specified in
Table, and transfer weekly to
fresh slants.
9
11. 11
Preparation of inoculum
Method -1
Maintain the test organism on
slants of Medium A and transfer
to a fresh slant once a week.
Incubate the slants at the
temperature indicated for 24
hours.
Using 3 ml of saline solution,
wash the organism from the agar
slant onto a large agar surface of
Medium A such as a Roux bottle
containing 250 ml of agar.
Incubate for 24 hours at the
appropriate temperature.
Wash the growth from the
nutrient surface using 50 ml of
saline solution.
Store the test organism under
refrigeration.
Determine the dilution factor
which will give 25 per cent light
transmission at about 530 nm.
Determine the amount of
suspensions to be added to each
100 ml of agar of nutrient broth
by use of test plates or test
broth.
Store the suspension under
refrigeration.
12. 12
Method 2
Proceed as described in
Method 1 but incubate
the Roux bottle for 5
days.
Centrifuge and decant
the supernatant liquid.
Resuspend the sediment
with 50 to 70 ml of
saline solution and heat
the suspension for 30
minutes at 70º.
Wash the spore
suspension three times
with 50 to 70 ml of
saline solution.
Resuspend in 50 to 70
ml of saline solution and
heat- shock again for 30
minutes.
Use test plates to
determine the amount
of the suspension
required for 100 ml of
agar.
Store the suspension
under refrigeration.
13. Method 3
◦ Maintain the test organism on 10 ml agar slants of Medium G.
◦ Incubate at 32º to 35º for 24 hours.
◦ Inoculate 100 ml of nutrient broth.
◦ Incubate or 16 to 18 hours at 37º and proceed as described in Method I.
13
14. Method 4
◦ Proceed as described in Method 1 but wash the growth from the nutrient surface using 50 ml
of Medium 1 (prepared without agar) in place of saline solution.
14
15. Determination of Inoculum
◦ The inoculum prepared above is inoculated into 100ml of each type of the medium.
◦ Assay is performed as indicated in the monograph.
◦ In cylinder-plate assays, double-layer plates may be prepared by pouring a seed layer
(inoculated with the desired microorganism) over a solidified uninoculated base layer.
◦ 21 ml of base layer and 4 ml of the seed layer may be generally suitable.
◦ Each cylinder was filled with the median concentration of the antibiotic and
◦ Then incubate the plates.
◦ After incubation, examine and measure the zones of inhibition.
◦ The volume of suspension that produces the optimum zones of inhibition with respect to both
clarity and diameter determines the inoculum to be used for the assay.
15
For method A-
16. Determination of Inoculum
◦ Proceed as described for Method A .
◦ The specific antibiotic assay was performed by running only the high and low
concentrations of the standard response curve.
◦ Read the absorbance's of the appropriate tubes.
◦ Determine which inoculum produces the best response between the low and
high antibiotic concentrations
◦ Use that inoculum for the assay.
16
For method B-
17. Apparatus
◦ All equipment is to be thoroughly cleaned before and after each use.
◦ Glassware for holding and transferring test organisms is sterilized by dry heat or by steam.
◦ Thermostatic control is required at several stages of a microbial assay, when culturing a
microorganism and preparing its inoculum and during incubation in a plate assay.
◦ Temperature control during the conduct of the experiment is done by maintaining a continuous
heat through air or water
17
18. Apparatus
◦ A spectrophotometer in which a 580nm(for inoculum preparation) or a 530 nm(for tube assay)
filter for allowing only required wavelengths.
◦ For the instrument to carry over the assay a flow through cell and a drain are arranged to
communicate the exchange of medium components whenever necessary.
◦ Set the instrument to zero using uninoculated broth.
18
19. Apparatus
◦ Rectangular trays or glass or plastic petri dishes of particular dimensions are used
◦ Agar is made as gel and into which bores are made cylindrically into which
antibiotic solution is dropped on or paper discs wetted with antibiotic was placed
19
Cylinder-plate Assay Receptacles
20. Apparatus
◦ Test tubes of particular dimension with uniformity in length, width and thickness
were maintained along with blemish and scratch free properties.
◦ The receptacles are cleaned with 2M nitric acid or chromic acid to take off the left
residues.
20
Turbidimetric Assay Receptacles.
21. Assay design
Normal assay design:
◦ For a cylinder plate assay, comparative study of inhibition zone diameters.
◦ For a turbidimetric assay, comparison of turbidities
Alternative assay designs:
◦ A two level(or 3 level) factorial assay.
◦ Single level assay with a standard curve.
21
22. 22
◦ For factorial assay, prepare 2 or 3 test dilutions of both standard and test on the day of
assay.
◦ For single level assay, prepare 5 dilutions of standard and a single test solution such that it
falls in the median value of the corresponding standard preparations.
◦ If the computed potency is less than 60% or greater than 150% repeat the assay by adjusting
the assumed potencies.
◦ Smaller independent assays carried over large number of days is more reliable in potency
estimation than a single large assay carried using same plates and tubes.
23. 23
Assay method
cylinder plate method
Inoculate the specified organism
in a liquid medium at 40-50
degrees and pour into a petri dish
so that depth of 3-4 mm is
reached(1-2mm for Nystatin) .
Prepare standards and
test solutions as
mentioned in the
monographs.
Apply these solutions
into the cylinders or agar
cavities or two sided
sterilized (lamp)paper
discs
Leave the dishes for about
4 hrs at room
temperature to
equilibrate all of them as
the time of applying
solution differs between
the dishes.
Maintain the
incubation
temperature
and leave for
18hrs
Calculate the
inhibition
zone
diameters.
Select the assay
design as
specified in the
monograph.
24. One level assay with standard curve
◦ prepare from the stock solution, 5 dilution (solutions S1to S5) representing 5 test
levels of the standard and increasing stepwise in the ratio of 4:5.
◦ From the information available, assign to antibiotic an assumed potency per unit
weight or volume .
◦ a stock solution with same solvent as used for the standard.
◦ Prepare from this stock solution a dilution to a concentration equal to the median
level of the standard to give the sample solution.
24
Standard solution
Sample solution
25. 25
A.One level assay with standard curve
(cont.)
For preparing the standard
curve, use a total of 12 petri
dishes or plates to
accommodate 72 cylinders or
cavities.
A set of 3 plates (18 cylinders
or cavities) is used for each
dilution.
On each of the three plates of a set
fill alternate cylinders or cavities
with solution S3 (representing the
median concentration of the
standard solution) and each of the
remaining 9 cylinders or cavities
with one of the other 4 dilutions of
the standard solution.
Repeat the process for the
other 3 dilutions of the
standard solution.
For each unknown
preparation use a set of 3
plates (18 cylinders or
cavities) and fill alternate
cylinders or cavities with the
sample solution and each of
the remaining 9 cylinders of
cavities with solution S3‘
Incubate the plates for about
18 hours at the specified
temperature and measure the
diameters or the zones of
inhibition.
METHOD
26. Estimation of potency
◦ Calculate average inhibition zones of each tested samples per plate and the inhibition zones of
S3 of 12 plates.
◦ The average value of S3 is considered as correction factor.
◦ From the averages of each sample’s concentration the correction factor is subtracted .
◦ Plot these values on a semi log paper using concentration in mcg/ml on ordinate and zone
diameter on abscissa.
◦ Highest and lowest zone diameters are calculated and the concentrations obtained after
averages are plotted through them.
26
28. 28
◦ If the averages of the zone sizes of the sample solutions is greater than that of the average of
the reference S3 then add the difference to the avg zone diameter of the reference.
◦ If the value is smaller then subtract the difference between them from the avg of the reference.
◦ Check for the concentrations corresponding to these corrected values from the response line.
◦ From the dilution factor potencies can be calculated.
29. Turbidimetric method
◦ The method has the advantage of a shorter incubation period for the growth of the test
organism (usually 3 to 4 hours)
◦ The presence of solvent residues or other inhibitory substances affects this assay more than the
cylinder plates assay
◦ Care should be taken to ensure freedom from such substances in the final test solutions.
◦ This method is not recommended for cloudy or turbid preparations.
29
30. 30
To each tube add 9
ml of nutrient
medium previously
seeded with the
appropriate test
organism).
Place 1ml of each
concentration of the
standard solution
and of the sample
solution in each of
the tubes in
duplicate.
Select the median
concentration and dilute
the solution of the
substance being
examined (unknown) to
obtain approximately
this concentration.
Prepare five different
concentrations of the
standard solution for
preparing the standard
curve, increasing
stepwise in the ration
4:5.
Measure the growth of the test
organism by determining the
absorbance at about 530 nm of
each of the solutions in the
tubes against the blank.
After incubation add 0.5 ml of
dilute formaldehyde solution to
each tube.
Place all the tubes, randomly
distributed or in a randomized
block arrangement, in an
incubator or water-bath and
maintain them at the specified
temperature for 3 to 4 hours.
At the same time prepare three control tubes,
• one containing the inoculated culture medium (culture control),
• another identical with it but treated immediately with 0.5 ml of dilute formaldehyde
solution (blank) and
• a third containing uninoculated culture medium.
31. Estimation of potency
◦ Plot the average absorbance's for each
concentration of the standard on semi-
logarithmic paper with the absorbance's on
the arithmetic scale and concentrations on
the logarithmic scale.
◦ Construct the best straight response line
through the points either by inspection or
by means of the following expressions:
31