Brief description of targeted drug delivery system, along with its concept and strategies for drug targeting. Advantages and disadvantages of drug targeting
Need for drug targeting.
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)SanketPawar47
This is slide about formulation and evaluations of transdermal drugs delivery system . Introduction , general structure of TDDS , basic components of TDDS , approch for formulation of TDDS , manufacturing processes for TDDS ,and evaluations of TDDS
Brief description of targeted drug delivery system, along with its concept and strategies for drug targeting. Advantages and disadvantages of drug targeting
Need for drug targeting.
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)SanketPawar47
This is slide about formulation and evaluations of transdermal drugs delivery system . Introduction , general structure of TDDS , basic components of TDDS , approch for formulation of TDDS , manufacturing processes for TDDS ,and evaluations of TDDS
Sustained release, are terms used to identify drug delivery system that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose.
Sustained release dosage forms provide an
amount of drug initially made available to the body
to cause the desired therapeutic response, followed
by a constant release of medication for maintenance
of activity over a period of time
Various approaches to Targeted Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) in its formuation and evaluation in a pharmaceutical industry and research is outlined in this presentation.
Sustained release, are terms used to identify drug delivery system that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose.
Sustained release dosage forms provide an
amount of drug initially made available to the body
to cause the desired therapeutic response, followed
by a constant release of medication for maintenance
of activity over a period of time
Various approaches to Targeted Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) in its formuation and evaluation in a pharmaceutical industry and research is outlined in this presentation.
Targeted Drug Delivery Systems:
Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) are a revolutionary approach in medicine that aims to deliver medications directly to diseased cells or tissues, minimizing exposure to healthy parts of the body. This strategy offers numerous advantages over traditional drug delivery methods, including:
Reduced side effects: By minimizing drug exposure to healthy tissues, TDDS can significantly reduce the risk of adverse reactions and improve patient tolerability.
Increased efficacy: Delivering drugs directly to their target site allows for higher drug concentrations at the diseased area, potentially leading to improved treatment outcomes.
Enhanced specificity: TDDS can be designed to target specific biomarkers associated with diseases, offering greater precision and personalized treatment options.
Here's a closer look at the key components and mechanisms of TDDS:
Components:
Drug: The therapeutic agent encapsulated within the delivery system.
Carrier: A biocompatible material that encapsulates and protects the drug, facilitating its transport and release. Examples include liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymers.
Targeting moiety: A molecule attached to the carrier that specifically binds to receptors on the target cells or tissues, guiding the delivery system to its designated location. Antibodies, peptides, and aptamers are commonly used targeting moieties.
Mechanisms:
Passive targeting: Utilizes the natural properties of the carrier or targeting moiety to accumulate in the target area due to factors like size, charge, or permeability.
Active targeting: Employs specific interactions between the targeting moiety and receptors on the target cells, ensuring precise delivery.
Types of TDDS:
Liposomal drug delivery: Liposomes are microscopic bubbles made of phospholipids that can encapsulate drugs and deliver them to specific cells.
Polymeric nanoparticles: Nanoparticles made of biodegradable polymers can be designed to release drugs in a controlled manner at the target site.
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Antibodies are linked to cytotoxic drugs, allowing them to specifically target and kill cancer cells.
Aptamer-based drug delivery: Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind to specific targets with high affinity, guiding drug delivery.
Benefits of TDDS:
Improved treatment outcomes
Reduced side effects
Enhanced patient compliance
Personalized medicine options
Challenges of TDDS:
Complex design and development
Regulatory hurdles
Higher costs compared to traditional drugs
Future of TDDS:
Research in TDDS is rapidly advancing, with new technologies and targeting strategies emerging constantly. The future holds promise for even more precise and effective drug delivery systems, revolutionizing the treatment of various diseases.
Drug absorption by the human intestine
Models of intestinal absorption of pharmaceutical compounds.
Characteristics of Caco-2 cells
Permeability assessment
Cultivation of Caco-2 cell monolayers
Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement
LY rejection
Caco-2 permeability assay procedure
Apparent permeability, Papp(cm/s) & Efflux Ratio
1. Introduction
2. Phases of metabolism
3. Phase-I Metabolism
4. Cytochrome P family
5. Phase –II Metabolism
6. First pass metabolism
7. Ante Drugs
8. Microsomal Enzymes induction
Role of metabolism in drug discovery
1. INTRODUCTION TO CELL CULTURE
2. SOURCES & TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
3. MONITORING OF CONTAMINATION IN CELL CULTURE
4. CROSS CONTAMINATION
5. ANTIBIOTIC USE
1. History of Cell Culture
2. Introduction to cell culture
3. types of cell lines
4. culture media
5. serum in culture media
6. Applications of cell & tissue culture
7. Adherence
8. Cell line evolution
9. Passaging, revival and cryopreservation
10. cell culture laboratory layout
Introduction to cell culture- concepts of cell culture part-1PHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Introduction to Cell Culture
What is Cell Culture?
Finite vs Continuous Cell Line
Culture Conditions
Cryopreservation
Morphology of Cells in Culture
Applications of Cell Culture
This document contains the mostly asked questions for the job interviews of drug regulatory affairs which will help the candidate ace the interview with ease
Thank me later for this :*)
1. What are hypersensitivity reactions
2. Types of hypersensitivity reactions
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
4. Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
5. Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
6. Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
7. Summary
1. Introduction & Pathophysiology of Liver fibrosis
2. Experimental Models of Hepatic fibrosis
3. Timeline of development of Fibrotic models
4. Surgically developed models for Fibrosis
5. Chemically Induced Models for Fibrosis
6. Diet Induced Models for Fibrosis
7. Infection based models
8. Extra points
9. Conclusion
10. References
1. WHAT IS HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
2. STAGES OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
3. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
5. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS
6. FREE RADICALS
7. HOW DO FREE RADICALS CAUSE HEPATIC FIBROSIS/ CIRRHOSIS
8. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. INTRODUCTION
Drug delivery to the body can be divided into two broad groups: (I) Local (II) systemic.
The local delivery of drugs is available only for the external sites of the body while drug delivery to
internal sites of the body is usually systemic.
In case of systemic delivery drugs are sent into systemic circulation in a therapeutic concentration
range, which besides reaching the decreased site reach the majority of other sites of the body.
This exposure of the drug to the other sites of the body causes various side-effects and
maintenance of therapeutic concentration requires a large dose of the drug.
One more problem is maintenance of steady drug concentration for a longer period of time, which
is faced in the treatment of chronic diseases.
Multiple dosing usually leads to the drug concentration falling off the therapeutic range many
times.
Because of these problems associated with the conventional systemic delivery of the drugs there
is a need for the development of a targeted drug delivery system - a system that can deliver the
drug selectively to the diseased site in a specified steady concentration for the prescribed time.
3. TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Targeted drug delivery, sometimes called smart drug delivery, is a method of delivering
medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in
some parts of the body relative to others.
4. “TDDS (smart delivery system) means selective and effective localization of the pharmacologically active
moiety at pre identified target(s) in therapeutic concentration, while restricting its access to non targets,
thus minimizing its toxic effects and maximizing its Therapeutic index”.
OR
“It is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the
medication in some parts of the body relative to others”.
Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the
relative concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues.
This improves efficacy and reduce side effects.
THE DRUG MAY BE DELIVERED :
• To the capillary bed of the active sites.
• To the specific type of cell (or) even an intracellular region.
Ex: Tumour cells but not to normal cells.
• To a specific organ (or) tissues by complexion with the carrier that recognizes the target.
CONTD…
5. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS
Restrict drug distribution to target cells
or tissues or organs and should have
uniform capillary distribution.
Controllable and predictive rate of drug
release.
Drug release does not effect the drug
action.
It should be nontoxic, biocompatible,
biodegradable, and physiochemically
stable both in vivo and in vitro.
Therapeutic amount of drug release.
Minimal drug leakage during transit.
Carriers used must be bio-degradable
or readily eliminated from the body
without any problem and no carrier
induced modulation of diseased state.
The preparation of the delivery system
should be easy or reasonably simple,
reproductive and cost effective.
6. ADVANTAGES
Target drug delivery system reduces the
side effects and toxicity.
The Dose of the drug reduces by
targeting organ.
It avoids the degradation of drug (first
pass metabolism).
Drug bioavailability increases and
fluctuation in concentration decreases.
It also has positive effect on permeability
of proteins and peptide.
These all factors in combination cause in
reduction in dosage frequency and hence
reduce the cost of expensive drug.
DISADVANTAGES
With the targeted drug delivery it
becomes difficult (not impossible) to
target the tumor cells.
Advanced techniques and skilled
persons are required.
Sometimes it may causes toxicity and
it is very difficult to maintain stability
of dosage forms.
7. TYPES OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY
Types of
Targeted
Drug
Delivery
Active
Targeting
Passive
Targeting
Inverse
Targeting
Dual
Targeting
Double
Targeting
Combination
Targeting
8. ACTIVE TARGETING
Active targeting means a specific ligand– receptor type interaction for intracellular localization which occurs
only after bloodcirculation and extravasations.
This active targeting approach can be further classified into three different levels of targeting which are
1. First order targeting refers to restricted distribution of the drug carrier systems to the capillary bed of a
predetermined target site, organ or tissue e.g. compartmental targeting in lymphatics, peritoneal cavity, plural
cavity, cerebral ventricles and eyes, joints.
2. Second order targeting refers to selective delivery of drugs to specific cell types such as tumour cells and not
to the normal cells e.g. selective drug delivery to kupffer cells in the liver.
3. Third order targeting refers to drug delivery specifically to the intracellular site of targeted cells e.g. receptor
based ligand mediated entry of a drug complex into a cell by endocytosis
9. PASSIVE TARGETING
Drug delivery systems which are targeted to systemic circulation are
characterized as Passive delivery systems.
In this technique drug targeting occurs because of the body’s natural
response to physicochemical characteristics of the drug or drug carrier
system.
The ability of some colloid to be taken up by the Reticulo Endothelial Systems
(RES) especially in liver and spleen made them ideal substrate for passive
hepatic targeting of drugs
10. INVERSE TARGETING
This approach leads to saturation of RES and suppression of defense mechanism.
This type of targeting is a effective approach to target drug(s) to non-RES organs.
In this targeting approach carrier molecule itself have therapeutic activity and thus increase
the therapeutic effect of drug.
For example, a carrier molecule having its own antiviral activity can be loaded with antiviral
drug and the net synergistic effect of drug conjugate was observed.
DUAL TARGETING
11. DOUBLE TARGETING
When temporal and spatial methodologies are combined to target a carrier system, then
targeting may be called double targeting.
Spatial placement relates to targeting drugs to specific organs tissues, cells or even
subcellular compartment ,whereas temporal delivery refers to controlling the rate of drug
delivery to target site.
COMBINATION TARGETING
These targeting systems are equipped with cariers, polymers and homing devices of
molecular specificity that could provide a direct approach to target site.
12. LIPOSOMES
Derived from two Greek words: 'Lipos'
meaning FAT and 'Soma' meaning
BODY.
Concentric bilayered vesicles in which
an aqueous core is entirely enclosed
by a membranous lipid bilayer mainly
composed of natural or synthetic
phospholipids.
The structural components of liposomes
include:
a. Phospholipids
b. Cholesterol
13. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Anticancer Therapy: Toxicities can be reduced by 50% by using encapsulated liposomal preparations but
the efficiency may be compromised due to bioavailability variations in some cases.
Ocular Drug Delivery: Enhance penetration of drug in eye.
Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Good solubilization capacity of liposomes make them a useful tool for the
delivery of drug through this route.
Topical Drug Delivery: Enhance skin permeability and also increase Drug transport due to the
lipophilicity of the vesicles.
14. NIOSOMES
Niosomes are ampiphillic , non-ionic surfactant vesicles.
It hold hydrophilic drugs within the core or space enclosed in the vesicle, while
hydrophobic drugs are embedded within the bilayer itself.
The first niosome formulations were developed and patented by L’Oreal in 1975
Niosomes can entrap solutes.
Niosomes are osmotically active and stable. Accommodate the drug molecules with a
wide range of solubility.
Exhibits flexibility in their structural characteristics (composition, fluidity and size)
Performance of the drug molecules is increased.
Better availability to the particular site by protecting the drug from biological
environment.
Surfactants used in preparation are biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic.
15. APPLICATION OF NIOSOMES
Niosome as a
carrier for Hb
Ophthalmic drug
delivery
Delivery of
peptide drugs
Neoplasia
Use in studying
immune
response
Anti-
inflammatory
agents
Niosomes in gene
delivery
16. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like
bacteria and viruses.
Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one
type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell.
The specificity of the toxins is increased by using MAbs as active drug targeting systems.
Drug immunoconjugates: Agents like chlorambucil, methotrexate and doxorubicin are conjugated with
tumor specific antibodies. Ex: doxorubicin-BR96 immunoconjugate for Lewis antigen found on the
surface of tumor cells.
Uses for monoclonal antibodies include:
Cancer, Rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple sclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Systemic
lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis, Psoriasis.
17. ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
Limitations
1. As they are specific to a particular antigen, they
cannot distinguish molecule as a whole.
2. Some times they cannot distinguish groups of
different molecules. Ex:- presence of retro viruses
as a part of mammalian chromosomes is not
distinguished.
3. The presence of some of these viruses is detected
in hybridomas. This poses a great danger since
there is no guarantee for MAb produced is totally
virus free.
4. For this reason US food and drug administration
insists that MAb for human use should be totally
free from all pathogenic organisms including
viruses.
Advantages
1. They are homogenous in nature.
2. They are specific to a particular antigen with a
particular epitope.
3. Ex:Rituximab (Rituxan®, anti-CD20) is a good
example – this antibody is used for the treatment
of lymphoma.
4. Monoclonal Antibodies Approved By FDA
Antibody Target Indication Trastuzumab HER2
Breast Cancer Bevacizumab VEGF Lung Cancer
Cetuximab EGFR Colorectal carcinoma
Panitumumab EGFR Colorectal carcinoma
18. NANOPARTICLES
“ Nanoparticles are nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi- synthetic polymers.”
Size range : 10–1000 nm
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.
The first reported nanoparticles were based on non-biodegradable polymeric system that is
polyacrylamide, polymethyl methacrylate, polysterene etc. by Birrenbach and Speiser , 1976 ; Kreuter and
Speiser , 1976.
ADVANTAGES
1. Nanoparticles can act as controlled release system depending on their polymeric composition.
2. Less amount of dose required.
3. They enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug therefore increase its bioavailability, therapeutic
efficacy and Reduces side effects.
4. Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
5. As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug toxicity.
19. NANOPARTICLES APPLICATIONS
Targeted drug delivery
Alternative drug and vaccine delivery mechanisms (e.g. inhalation, oral in place of injection).
Bone growth promoters
Cancer treatments
Biocompatible coatings for implants
Sunscreens (e.g. using ZnO and TiO2) / cosmetics
Bio labeling and detection (e.g. using Au)
Carriers for drugs with low water solubility