1. Lanthanide triflates are Lewis acid catalysts that are stable in water, allowing reactions to be carried out in aqueous solvents.
2. They are synthesized by reacting lanthanide oxides with aqueous triflic acid to form hydrated lanthanide triflates.
3. As water-tolerant Lewis acids, lanthanide triflates have been used to catalyze various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions like Friedel-Crafts alkylations, Mukaiyama aldol additions, and hydroxymethylation reactions.
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
what is metal allyl complex
what is the definition of metal allyl complex
what are synthesis of metal allyl complex
what are reaction of metal allyl complex
summary of metal allyl complex
CATALYSIS, TYPES OF CATALYSIS FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTSShikha Popali
CATALYSIS IS A TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION. HERE IN THIS PREASENTATION THE CATALYSIS AND ITS TYPES ARE EXPLAINED IN DETAIL WITH ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
Synthesis and Characterization of MOF based Composites for Energy storage app...Danyal Hakeem Jokhio
Despite extensive efforts and research put in the field, conventional energy storage devices (ESDs) such as various supercapacitors and batteries are near their performance limit in terms of power densities, energy densities, capacitance, charge retention, and cyclic stability. This is primarily due to limiting intrinsic properties of the electrode materials such as average surface area and poor porosity, combined with sluggish redox kinetics due to lack of electrode functionality. So, the need of the hour is to explore new materials for efficient storage of the energy. Among these new materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as potential candidates because they have high specific surface area, high porosity with tuneable morphology and hence tuneable pore size, functionality linking to active metal sites and ligands. However, there remains a gap in fully utilising MOFs in energy storage applications commercially. Due to the highly porous nature of MOFs, their structural stability is compromised especially in aqueous electrolytes. To utilize the maximum potential of MOFs as electrode materials, it is of utmost importance to address poor structural integrity and low intrinsic conductivity of MOFs.
In this work, it has been tried to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of MOFs by using additives of conductive nature such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize hybrid MOF by controlling molar ratio of Nickel and Cobalt in combination with different organic ligands. As a battery-type supercapacitor electrode material, the 2:1 Ni/Co hybrid MOF with 40mg GNP, using terephthalic acid as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 658.8 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Similarly, the 1:2 Ni/Co hybrid MOF, using 2-MethylImidazole as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 642.4 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Moreover, breakthrough results were obtained by optimizing synthesis with in-situ deposition on nickel foam of 2:1 Ni/Co (with 40mg GNP) hybrid MOF, which produced an impressive specific capacity of 1264 C·g−1 at 1 A/g, surpassing, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previously reported MOF based electrode materials.
This work not only develops a high-performance electrode material of supercapacitor, but being the first of its kind in Pakistan, also provides the foundation of systematic research for the electrochemical properties of multi-metal MOFs.
[Brief]Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myglobin (Bio-Inorganic chem...Anim60
This ppt is made from the bio-inorganic point of view for those who are having difficulty in finding the correct type and quality of information. This ppt has all the important points which one needs to know about this topic.
Kinetics and feasibility studies of thiol oxidation using magnetically separa...Pawan Kumar
This work describes kinetic studies of the catalytic oxidation of thiols (RSHs) found in kerosene to disulphides using a magnetically separable iron oxide coated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide supported tetra-sulphonated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4) catalyst in an alkali-free environment. Using 1-octanethiol as a representative RSH, we investigated the effects of different experimental parameters on RSH oxidation kinetics, including catalyst concentration, temperature (30–60 °C), and initial thiol concentration ([RSH]0, 100–300 ppm). The catalyst concentration was varied so that the [RSH]0/[Co]tot molar ratio ranged from 45 to 180. Based on the results, we propose a mechanistic rate expression to explain the observed oxidation of RSH in the presence of the CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4 catalyst. The proposed rate law resembles double substrate Michaelis-Menten kinetics, however, for commonly …
Kinetics and feasibility studies of thiol oxidation using magnetically separa...Pawan Kumar
This work describes kinetic studies of the catalytic oxidation of thiols (RSHs) found in kerosene to disulphides
using a magnetically separable iron oxide coated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide supported tetra-sulphonated
cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4) catalyst in an alkali-free environment. Using 1-octanethiol as a representative
RSH, we investigated the effects of different experimental parameters on RSH oxidation kinetics, including
catalyst concentration, temperature (30–60 °C), and initial thiol concentration ([RSH]0, 100–300 ppm).
The catalyst concentration was varied so that the [RSH]0/[Co]tot molar ratio ranged from 45 to 180. Based on
the results, we propose a mechanistic rate expression to explain the observed oxidation of RSH in the presence
of the CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4 catalyst. The proposed rate law resembles double substrateMichaelis-Menten kinetics,
however, for commonly encountered industrial conditions, we were able to simplify it to a linear form. This rate
law for RSH oxidation can be used to design industrial reactors for an alkali-free sweetening process.
what is metal allyl complex
what is the definition of metal allyl complex
what are synthesis of metal allyl complex
what are reaction of metal allyl complex
summary of metal allyl complex
CATALYSIS, TYPES OF CATALYSIS FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTSShikha Popali
CATALYSIS IS A TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION. HERE IN THIS PREASENTATION THE CATALYSIS AND ITS TYPES ARE EXPLAINED IN DETAIL WITH ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
Synthesis and Characterization of MOF based Composites for Energy storage app...Danyal Hakeem Jokhio
Despite extensive efforts and research put in the field, conventional energy storage devices (ESDs) such as various supercapacitors and batteries are near their performance limit in terms of power densities, energy densities, capacitance, charge retention, and cyclic stability. This is primarily due to limiting intrinsic properties of the electrode materials such as average surface area and poor porosity, combined with sluggish redox kinetics due to lack of electrode functionality. So, the need of the hour is to explore new materials for efficient storage of the energy. Among these new materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as potential candidates because they have high specific surface area, high porosity with tuneable morphology and hence tuneable pore size, functionality linking to active metal sites and ligands. However, there remains a gap in fully utilising MOFs in energy storage applications commercially. Due to the highly porous nature of MOFs, their structural stability is compromised especially in aqueous electrolytes. To utilize the maximum potential of MOFs as electrode materials, it is of utmost importance to address poor structural integrity and low intrinsic conductivity of MOFs.
In this work, it has been tried to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of MOFs by using additives of conductive nature such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize hybrid MOF by controlling molar ratio of Nickel and Cobalt in combination with different organic ligands. As a battery-type supercapacitor electrode material, the 2:1 Ni/Co hybrid MOF with 40mg GNP, using terephthalic acid as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 658.8 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Similarly, the 1:2 Ni/Co hybrid MOF, using 2-MethylImidazole as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 642.4 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Moreover, breakthrough results were obtained by optimizing synthesis with in-situ deposition on nickel foam of 2:1 Ni/Co (with 40mg GNP) hybrid MOF, which produced an impressive specific capacity of 1264 C·g−1 at 1 A/g, surpassing, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previously reported MOF based electrode materials.
This work not only develops a high-performance electrode material of supercapacitor, but being the first of its kind in Pakistan, also provides the foundation of systematic research for the electrochemical properties of multi-metal MOFs.
[Brief]Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myglobin (Bio-Inorganic chem...Anim60
This ppt is made from the bio-inorganic point of view for those who are having difficulty in finding the correct type and quality of information. This ppt has all the important points which one needs to know about this topic.
Kinetics and feasibility studies of thiol oxidation using magnetically separa...Pawan Kumar
This work describes kinetic studies of the catalytic oxidation of thiols (RSHs) found in kerosene to disulphides using a magnetically separable iron oxide coated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide supported tetra-sulphonated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4) catalyst in an alkali-free environment. Using 1-octanethiol as a representative RSH, we investigated the effects of different experimental parameters on RSH oxidation kinetics, including catalyst concentration, temperature (30–60 °C), and initial thiol concentration ([RSH]0, 100–300 ppm). The catalyst concentration was varied so that the [RSH]0/[Co]tot molar ratio ranged from 45 to 180. Based on the results, we propose a mechanistic rate expression to explain the observed oxidation of RSH in the presence of the CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4 catalyst. The proposed rate law resembles double substrate Michaelis-Menten kinetics, however, for commonly …
Kinetics and feasibility studies of thiol oxidation using magnetically separa...Pawan Kumar
This work describes kinetic studies of the catalytic oxidation of thiols (RSHs) found in kerosene to disulphides
using a magnetically separable iron oxide coated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide supported tetra-sulphonated
cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4) catalyst in an alkali-free environment. Using 1-octanethiol as a representative
RSH, we investigated the effects of different experimental parameters on RSH oxidation kinetics, including
catalyst concentration, temperature (30–60 °C), and initial thiol concentration ([RSH]0, 100–300 ppm).
The catalyst concentration was varied so that the [RSH]0/[Co]tot molar ratio ranged from 45 to 180. Based on
the results, we propose a mechanistic rate expression to explain the observed oxidation of RSH in the presence
of the CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4 catalyst. The proposed rate law resembles double substrateMichaelis-Menten kinetics,
however, for commonly encountered industrial conditions, we were able to simplify it to a linear form. This rate
law for RSH oxidation can be used to design industrial reactors for an alkali-free sweetening process.
Kinetics and feasibility studies of thiol oxidation using magnetically separa...Pawan Kumar
This work describes kinetic studies of the catalytic oxidation of thiols (RSHs) found in kerosene to disulphides
using a magnetically separable iron oxide coated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide supported tetra-sulphonated
cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4) catalyst in an alkali-free environment. Using 1-octanethiol as a representative
RSH, we investigated the effects of different experimental parameters on RSH oxidation kinetics, including
catalyst concentration, temperature (30–60 °C), and initial thiol concentration ([RSH]0, 100–300 ppm).
The catalyst concentration was varied so that the [RSH]0/[Co]tot molar ratio ranged from 45 to 180. Based on
the results, we propose a mechanistic rate expression to explain the observed oxidation of RSH in the presence
of the CoPcS/LDH@Fe3O4 catalyst. The proposed rate law resembles double substrate Michaelis-Menten kinetics,
however, for commonly encountered industrial conditions, we were able to simplify it to a linear form. This rate
law for RSH oxidation can be used to design industrial reactors for an alkali-free sweetening process.
Aromatic compound can be sulfonated directly with SO3 in commercially available continuous and batch equipment.
Conventionally sulfonation is done by sulphuric acid or oleum. But with SO3 sulfonation process has the following
advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and,
therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility
characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste
products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.
In sulfonation processes sulfur trioxide is vaporized and is brought into contact with the aromatic compound in the
presence of a gaseous diluent such as air, nitrogen or an inert hydrocarbon. It has been thought necessary to utilize
such diluent carrier gases to reduce the intensity of the reaction between the sulfur trioxide and the material being
sulfated and thereby suppress unwanted side reactions. The purpose of admixing the sulfur trioxide vapour with a
diluent gas is to reduce the partial pressure of the sulfur trioxide, so that the chance of a single molecule of the
material being sulfated or sulfonated contacting several molecules of Sulfur trioxide is reduced. Aromatic compound
is sulfonated by sulfur trioxide in sulfonation reactor.
Synthesis And Evaluation of Different Numbers of Phosphonate Group Containing...inventionjournals
Oil fields were seriously affected by the mineral scale formation, mainly calcium deposition. This paper focused on the synthesis and scale prevention of oilfield scaling, especially carbonates scale and sulfate scale. Scale can cause loss of production due to blockages in the near-well formation, in the tubing or in the surface facilities. Phosphonates are widely accepted as the most effective inhibitors for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, also are widely used in many water treatment applications. Most good scale inhibitors should work at dosage levels between 5 and 25 ppm on most production systems depending on calcium concentration. The treatment rates can be affected by contaminants which take the scale inhibitor out of solution. Six different compounds of phosphonate containing groups have been synthesized and evaluated for scale inhibition property. Evaluation of synthetic phosphonate compounds as scale inhibitors has been done by using NACE Standard TM-0374-2001. From the results clear that one and two phosphonate group containing compounds do not show any characteristic of prevention of scales of either calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate. The compounds which have phosphonate group three or more show characteristics of prevention of both types of scales.
Substrate Inhibition in Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propane-1,3-dio...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by potassium periodate was studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. Orders
of reaction with respect to concentrations of oxidant, substrate, acid and catalyst were determined. First order in oxidant and catalyst
concentrations, and inverse fractional order in acid medium were observed. In addition, substrate inhibition (i.e. a decrease in reaction rate
with an increase in substrate concentration) was observed. Effect of addition of salt and solvent was studied. Based on the studies of
temperature variation, Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Plausible mechanism was also proposed based on observed kinetics.
A comprehensive birds eye view of catalysis in green chemistry. Includes descriptions of photocatalysis,zeolites and nanoparticles as efficient green catalysts.A simple and crisp presentation with minimum words and alot of figures and colors.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanide family with many uses in organic
chemistry as Lewis acid catalysts. The catalysts act similarly to aluminium
chloride or ferric chloride, but are stable in water, which makes it possible to use water
as a solvent instead of organic solvents.
Lanthanide triflates consist of a lanthanide metal ion and three triflate ions.
The lanthanides, or rare earth metals, are the elements
from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table. Triflate is a contraction of
trifluoromethanesulfonate; its molecular formula is CF3SO3, and is commonly
designated ‘OTf’. Triflic acid is a ‘superacid’ so its conjugate base ions are very
stable. Lanthanide triflates are normally nonahydrates, mostly commonly
depicted as Ln(OTf)3·(H2O)9; however, in the solid state and in aqueous
solution, the waters are bound to the lanthanide and the triflates are
counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as
[Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3.[1] Anhydrous lanthanide triflates, Ln(OTf)3, are also easily
obtained as described below. The metal triflate complex is
strongly electrophilic, thus acts as a strong Lewis acid.
3. Lanthanide triflates are synthesized from lanthanide oxide and aqueous triflic acid. In a typical
preparation, a 1:1 (v/v) solution of trilfic acid in water is added to a slight stoichiometric excess of
lanthanide oxide. The mixture is stirred and heated at 100 °C for a few hours, and the excess
lanthanide oxide is filtered off. The excess oxide ensures all of the triflic acid is consumed. The
water is removed under reduced pressure (or simply boiled away) to leave a hydrated
lanthanide triflate, Ln(H2O)9(OTf)3.[2]
In simplified form the reaction is
Ln2O3 + 6HOTf → 2Ln(OTf)3 + 3H2O
Since the reaction takes place in aqueous solution, more accurately,
Ln2O3 + 6HOTf + 18H2O → 2[Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3 + 3H2O
Anhydrous lanthanide triflates can be produced by dehydrating their hydrated counterparts by
heating between 180 and 200 °C under reduced pressure for 48 hrs. This is a major advantage
of lanthanide triflates compared to lanthanide halides, whose anhydrous forms require more
tedious synthetic procedures because they cannot be obtained by dehydrating their hydrates
(because of oxyhalide formation).
[Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3 → Ln(OTf)3 + 9H2O (180-200 °C, ~10−2 - 10−4 torr, 48 hrs)
4. 1. Lewis acid catalysis[ed
2. Lewis acids are used to catalyse a wide variety of reactions.
3. The mechanism steps are:[c
4. Lewis acid forms a polar coordinate with a basic site on the reactant
(such as an O or N)
5. Its electrons are drawn towards the catalyst, thus activating the
reactant
6. The reactant is then able to be transformed by a substitution
reaction or addition reaction
7. The product dissociates and catalyst is regenerated
5. • the substitution of organic solvents by water reduces the amount of waste and the metals
are recoverable and hence reusable.
• Generally, the benefits of these catalysts include:[citation needed]
• Selective, often producing fewer by-products than standard methods
• Asymmetric catalysts: chiral forms can be highly diastereo- and enantio-selective
• Some reactions can use greener non-chlorinated reagents, and reduce the number of synthesis
steps
• Less toxic and not corrosive, so safer and easier to handle
• Mild reaction conditions are safer and reduce energy consumption.
t
6. The main disadvantages of these new catalysts compared with
conventional ones are less industrial experience, reduced
availability and increased purchase cost. As they contain rare
metals and sulfonate ions, the production of these catalysts may
itself be a polluting or hazardous process. For example, metal
extraction usually requires large quantities of sulfuric acid. Since
the catalyst is recoverable, these disadvantages would be less
over time, and the cost savings from reduced waste treatment
and better product separation may be substantially greater.
The toxicity of individual lanthanides vary. One vendor MSDS lists
safety considerations including dermal/eye/respiratory/GI burns
on contact. It also lists possible hazardous decomposition
products including CO, CO2, HF and SOx.[10] The compounds
are hygroscopic, so care is required for storage and handling.
However, these considerations also apply to the more common
catalysts.
These possible disadvantages are difficult to quantify, as
essentially all public domain publications on their use are by
research chemists, and do not include Life Cycle Analysis or
budgetary considerations. Future work in these areas would
greatly encourage their uptake by industry.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. In 1993, Kobayashi et al. 23 first demonstrated the use of Sc(OTf)3 as a promising
Lewis acid catalyst in organic synthesis. Sc(OTf)3 is now commercially available and
can be prepared easily from scandium oxide (Sc2O3) and aqueous
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH).7 In general, most of the traditional Lewis acids
are deactivated in the presence of water, but Sc(OTf)3 is stable in an aqueous
environment and can efficiently catalyze organic transformations in aqueous media.
Moreover, Sc(OTf)3 is well tolerated and worked efficiently as a Lewis acid catalyst in
several other organic solvents. As the size of the scandium (Sc3+) ion is smaller than
those of the rare-earth elements forming triflate salts, Sc(OTf)3 is a much more
efficient Lewis acid catalyst than its congeners. Because of all these benefits the use
of this unique catalyst has increased rapidly in organic synthesis especially in carbon-
carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions.24 The present
communication focuses on the catalytic application of Sc(OTf)3 as a mild Lewis acid
in organic synthesis, leading to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming
reactions, with up-to-date literature reported on this subject during the last decade.
The following Sections describe the catalytic applicability of scandium(III) triflate in
organic synthesis.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Carbon-Carbon Bond-forming Reactions 2.1 Friedel-Crafts alkylation of
aromatic compounds with alkenes Scandium(III) triflate catalyzed Friedel-
Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds (1) with alkenes (2) to form the
corresponding alkylated products (3) was demonstrated by Song et al. 25
(Scheme 1) in 1,3- dialkylimidazolium salts as hydrophobic ionic liquid
solvents.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Organicchemistryin water Introduction
Organicreactionsin water
・
Advantage:safe,benign,environmentallyfriendly,and cheap
・
Disadvantage:Mostorganicsubstancesareinsolublein water
.
Manyreactivesubstrates,reagents,andcatalystsare decomposed
or deactivatedbywater
.
Me
AcO
+ N
O
O
AcO
N
O
O
Me
H
H
8h, r.t.
water
y. 81%
R1
+ R2I
Zn/CuI, cat. InCl
O OH
H R2
R1
Na2C2O4/H2O
R1 = CN, Br, Cl, H, CH3, CF3, CH2O, HO
R2 = alkyl
y. 14 - 85%
CN
cat. Ru(OH)x/Al2O3
water O
NH2
> 99%
Ru-catalyzed hydration of nitriles
to amides in water
4
Diels–Alder reaction in water
Rateaccelerationof Diels–Alderreactions
bywatersolvent.
Barbier–Grignard type
reaction in water
Chem.Soc.Rev
.,2006,35,68–82
35. Mukaiyamaaldol addition Introduction
R1
O
H
+
OTMS
R3
R2
1) Lewis acid
2) desilylation
R1
R2
OH O
R3
typicalLewisacids:TiCl4,SnCl4,BF3・
OEt3
TheMukaiyamaaldoladditionisatypeof aldolreaction
betweenasilylenoletherandanaldehydeor formate.
Thesereactantsallowfor acrossedaldolreaction
betweenanaldehydeandaketoneor adifferentaldehyde
withoutself-condensationof the aldehyde.
Lewisacidsundergohydrolysisbywatermolecules,
sostrictanhydrousconditionsareneededinthisreaction.
5
Aldoladditionisapowerfulmethodfor forming aC-C bond.