Collision and Transition State Theory
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•373 views
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in chemistry lectures by Al-Chemist on his YouTube channel. The topics include: measuring reaction rates; how reaction rate depends on reactants; calculating unreacted amounts or reaction time; half-life; how the rate constant changes with temperature; and linking reaction rate to molecular processes. The document also outlines assumptions of chemical reactions, including that reactant molecules must collide with proper orientation and energy to react. Transition state theory and the formation of an activated complex during chemical reactions are also discussed. Contact information is provided to subscribe to the YouTube channel.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Phase rule
The document discusses the phase rule, which states that for a system in equilibrium that is influenced only by temperature, pressure, and concentration, the number of degrees of freedom (F) equals 2 plus or minus the number of phases (P) minus the number of components (C). It defines key terms like phase, component, and degree of freedom. It provides examples of applying the phase rule to systems with one, two, or three components. The phase rule helps predict a system's behavior under different conditions and indicates how systems with the same degrees of freedom will behave similarly.
Resonance
Resonance occurs when a molecule can be represented by multiple Lewis structures that differ in their bonding arrangements but have the same atoms. The actual structure is a hybrid of all the contributing structures. Resonance structures are imaginary but the resonance hybrid is more stable than any single contributing structure due to delocalization of electrons lowering the energy. Rules for drawing resonance structures include that they must be valid Lewis structures with the same number of electrons and atom positions. Resonance effects refer to changes in electron density, with electron-releasing groups increasing it in some areas and electron-withdrawing groups decreasing it.
Theories of Reaction Rate - Ashika G
1) Collision theory states that reactions only occur when reactant molecules collide with sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Only a small fraction of collisions result in reaction due to the requirement of proper orientation.
2) Transition state theory proposes that reactions proceed via an unstable intermediate transition state complex. The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of this transition state and its vibration frequency as it converts to products.
3) Both theories aim to explain reaction rates but collision theory applies to gas phase reactions while transition state theory can be used to determine rates of elementary reactions through various states.
Free Radical
This document discusses free radicals. It defines a free radical as a chemical species with an unpaired valence electron. Free radicals are formed through homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds, where the shared electrons are split evenly between the products. Factors like heat, light, peroxides, and other radicals can cause homolytic cleavage. Examples of free radicals include H., Cl., Br., and CH3.. Tertiary radicals are the most stable due to hyperconjugation. Free radicals are highly reactive due to their incomplete valence shells and are paramagnetic. Free radical reactions involve initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Inhibitors like benzoquinone and phenols can slow or stop free radical reactions.
Isomers and isomerism
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas or different arrangements of atoms in space. The two main types of isomerism are structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in their bonding connectivity or types of functional groups. Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms. Examples of stereoisomers are cis-trans isomers and enantiomers.
Hyperconjugation
Dr. Neelam from the Department of Chemistry presented on the topic of hyperconjugation. Hyperconjugation is the delocalization of σ-electrons from a C-H bond into an adjacent unsaturated system. It can occur in alkenes, alkynes, carbocations, and carbon radicals. The number of possible hyperconjugative structures equals the number of alpha hydrogens on sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. Hyperconjugation explains trends in stability and heats of hydrogenation between different alkenes. It is a permanent effect that does not change hybridization and is distance independent.
Steriochemistry ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of stereochemistry concepts including isomerism, chiral and achiral carbons, enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomerism, asymmetric synthesis, and optical resolution methods. Key topics covered are classification of isomers, properties of chiral carbons, differences between enantiomers and diastereomers, cis-trans isomers in cyclic compounds, how asymmetric synthesis produces unequal product amounts, and methods for separating enantiomers including mechanical, biochemical and chemical separation. Applications of stereochemistry in medicinal compounds and biological systems are also briefly discussed.
Order of a reaction 2302
Chemical kinematics deals with the rates of chemical reactions and their mechanisms. The rate constant in a rate law, such as the rate law d[A]/dt = k[A], is independent of concentration but depends on factors like temperature. The order of a reaction is the sum of the powers of the concentration terms in its rate equation. Common orders of reaction include zero-order, where the rate is independent of reactant concentration, first-order, where the rate depends on one concentration term, and second-order, where the rate depends on two concentration terms. Higher order reactions are also possible but are more complex.
Recommended
Phase rule
The document discusses the phase rule, which states that for a system in equilibrium that is influenced only by temperature, pressure, and concentration, the number of degrees of freedom (F) equals 2 plus or minus the number of phases (P) minus the number of components (C). It defines key terms like phase, component, and degree of freedom. It provides examples of applying the phase rule to systems with one, two, or three components. The phase rule helps predict a system's behavior under different conditions and indicates how systems with the same degrees of freedom will behave similarly.
Resonance
Resonance occurs when a molecule can be represented by multiple Lewis structures that differ in their bonding arrangements but have the same atoms. The actual structure is a hybrid of all the contributing structures. Resonance structures are imaginary but the resonance hybrid is more stable than any single contributing structure due to delocalization of electrons lowering the energy. Rules for drawing resonance structures include that they must be valid Lewis structures with the same number of electrons and atom positions. Resonance effects refer to changes in electron density, with electron-releasing groups increasing it in some areas and electron-withdrawing groups decreasing it.
Theories of Reaction Rate - Ashika G
1) Collision theory states that reactions only occur when reactant molecules collide with sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Only a small fraction of collisions result in reaction due to the requirement of proper orientation.
2) Transition state theory proposes that reactions proceed via an unstable intermediate transition state complex. The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of this transition state and its vibration frequency as it converts to products.
3) Both theories aim to explain reaction rates but collision theory applies to gas phase reactions while transition state theory can be used to determine rates of elementary reactions through various states.
Free Radical
This document discusses free radicals. It defines a free radical as a chemical species with an unpaired valence electron. Free radicals are formed through homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds, where the shared electrons are split evenly between the products. Factors like heat, light, peroxides, and other radicals can cause homolytic cleavage. Examples of free radicals include H., Cl., Br., and CH3.. Tertiary radicals are the most stable due to hyperconjugation. Free radicals are highly reactive due to their incomplete valence shells and are paramagnetic. Free radical reactions involve initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Inhibitors like benzoquinone and phenols can slow or stop free radical reactions.
Isomers and isomerism
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas or different arrangements of atoms in space. The two main types of isomerism are structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in their bonding connectivity or types of functional groups. Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms. Examples of stereoisomers are cis-trans isomers and enantiomers.
Hyperconjugation
Dr. Neelam from the Department of Chemistry presented on the topic of hyperconjugation. Hyperconjugation is the delocalization of σ-electrons from a C-H bond into an adjacent unsaturated system. It can occur in alkenes, alkynes, carbocations, and carbon radicals. The number of possible hyperconjugative structures equals the number of alpha hydrogens on sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. Hyperconjugation explains trends in stability and heats of hydrogenation between different alkenes. It is a permanent effect that does not change hybridization and is distance independent.
Steriochemistry ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of stereochemistry concepts including isomerism, chiral and achiral carbons, enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomerism, asymmetric synthesis, and optical resolution methods. Key topics covered are classification of isomers, properties of chiral carbons, differences between enantiomers and diastereomers, cis-trans isomers in cyclic compounds, how asymmetric synthesis produces unequal product amounts, and methods for separating enantiomers including mechanical, biochemical and chemical separation. Applications of stereochemistry in medicinal compounds and biological systems are also briefly discussed.
Order of a reaction 2302
Chemical kinematics deals with the rates of chemical reactions and their mechanisms. The rate constant in a rate law, such as the rate law d[A]/dt = k[A], is independent of concentration but depends on factors like temperature. The order of a reaction is the sum of the powers of the concentration terms in its rate equation. Common orders of reaction include zero-order, where the rate is independent of reactant concentration, first-order, where the rate depends on one concentration term, and second-order, where the rate depends on two concentration terms. Higher order reactions are also possible but are more complex.
Stereochemistry
This document discusses stereochemistry and conformational isomerism. It defines stereochemistry as the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules. Conformational isomers have the same bonding structure but different spatial arrangements due to rotation around single bonds. The document analyzes the different conformations of ethane and n-butane, including eclipsed, staggered, and skew conformations. It finds that staggered conformations are most stable due to reduced steric and torsional strain compared to eclipsed conformations.
Chemical kinetics- Physical Chemistry
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
Werner's theory
Werner's coordination theory from 1893 explained the structure and properties of transition metal complexes. It proposed that metals exhibit primary and secondary valences. Primary valency corresponds to oxidation state and is satisfied by anions, while secondary valency corresponds to coordination number and is satisfied by ligands. Werner's theory could successfully explain the structures of cobalt(III) and platinum(IV) ammine complexes based on these concepts. However, it had limitations and could not explain all properties of coordination compounds.
weak interaction by KK Sahu sir
Introduction
2. Defination
3. Type of weak interaction
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Vander waals attraction
Hydrophobic interaction
4. Weak interaction in aqueous solvent
5. Conclusion
6. Reference
Claisen condensation
A simplified content on general principle, mechanism and applications of Claisen condensation reaction.
Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
The document discusses adsorption and the Gibbs adsorption equation. It defines adsorption as molecules of a gas or liquid being attracted to and retained on the surface of a solid. Absorption occurs when a substance is uniformly distributed throughout a solid or liquid. The Gibbs adsorption equation relates changes in surface tension to changes in solute concentration at an interface. It shows that the surface excess concentration of a solute is proportional to the negative of the derivative of surface tension with respect to solute activity. The document also lists factors that affect adsorption and describes adsorption isotherms.
Conjugation
Conjugation involves the overlap of p-orbitals across intervening sigma bonds, creating a system of delocalized electrons within alternating single and multiple bonds. This conjugated system can be cyclic, linear, or mixed and increases stability compared to non-conjugated systems. Hyperconjugation also stabilizes compounds through the interaction of sigma bonds with adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbitals, without actual bond resonance. Both conjugation and hyperconjugation extend molecular orbitals to increase stability.
E2 reaction
1. The document outlines different elimination reaction mechanisms including E2, E1, and E1cb.
2. It discusses the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of elimination reactions and how Zaytzeff's rule and Hofmann's rule apply.
3. The key differences between the E2, E1, and E1cb mechanisms are described along with factors that determine whether substitution or elimination will occur for a given reaction.
First order complex reaction
A first order complex reaction:
- Is a multi-step reaction where the overall rate is determined by the slowest step.
- Has a rate dependent on the concentration of a single reactant.
- Involves reaction intermediates where one step is the rate determining elementary reaction.
Vander waals forces and its significance
The document discusses van der Waals forces, their characteristics, types (Keesom, Debye, London dispersion forces), and significance. Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces between molecules caused by interactions between permanent or induced molecular dipoles. They are important in protein folding, graphite bonding, polymer formation, animal climbing/walking, and modern technologies that aim to mimic gecko adhesion.
Aromaticity
This document provides an overview of aromatic compounds including benzene derivatives, antiaromatic compounds, annulenes, heterocyclic compounds, and metallocenes. It defines aromaticity as involving delocalized pi electrons within a conjugated cyclic system. The key requirements for aromaticity are a cyclic conjugated structure, planarity, and obeying Huckel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Common aromatic heterocycles include furan, pyrrole, thiophene, and pyridine. Ferrocene is provided as an example of a metallocene.
D pie and p pie bond
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on dπ-pπ bonds. It introduces that d-orbitals on third period elements can participate in bonding. The eg orbitals can form σ-bonds by overlapping with s and p orbitals, while the t2g orbitals can combine with p orbitals of the same character. However, free atom d-orbital energies are high, the orbitals are diffuse rather than compact, and promotion energies to d-orbital states are around 30-35 eV, making significant d-orbital contributions to bonding unlikely except in certain cases.
Polar and non polar compounds and dipole moment - PPT
Polar and non polar compounds and dipole moment - PPTSri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science,Coimbatore-20.
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems Bonding
The document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure. It begins by introducing different types of chemical bonds including ionic and covalent bonds. It then discusses how valence electrons are distributed in molecules as either bond pairs or lone pairs according to the octet rule. Examples of drawing Lewis structures for different molecules like NH3, CO2, and SO32- are provided. The document also discusses exceptions to the octet rule and concepts like formal charge, resonance structures, and bond order. Finally, it introduces VSEPR theory for predicting molecular geometry and discusses how bond properties like length and energy depend on factors like bond order.
Stability of metal complexes
The document discusses various factors that affect the stability of metal complexes. It explains that complexes formed with ligands having higher charge and smaller size are generally more stable. It also discusses the Irving-Williams order of stability and the factors of charge to radius ratio, electronegativity, and basicity of ligands. The chelate effect is described as an important ligand effect where multidentate ligands form more stable complexes due to entropy gains. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability are distinguished from reactivity concepts of labile and inert complexes.
Hyperconjugation
Hyperconjugation is the donation of a sigma bond into an adjacent empty or partially filled p orbital, which results in an increased stability of the molecule.
Contributed by: Samuel Redstone (Undergraduate), University of Utah, 2016
Photochemistry
1. Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions caused by the absorption of light. It involves photochemical reactions, which require light for initiation, as well as photophysical processes during the de-excitation of excited molecules.
2. Key concepts in photochemistry include Grotthuss-Draper law, Lambert's law, Beer's law, and Stark-Einstein law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum yield determines the efficiency of photochemical reactions.
3. Photochemistry examines differences between photochemical and thermal reactions. It also explores photochemical processes like fluorescence, phosphorescence, internal conversion, and intersystem crossing depicted in Jablonski diagrams.
Hinshel wood theory
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolaevich received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research on chemical reaction mechanisms. Hinshelwood modified Lindemann's explanation for unimolecular reactions by proposing that energized molecules (A*) may store energy in various molecular bonds and vibrational degrees of freedom, rather than immediately reacting. This statistical distribution of energy among s degrees of freedom leads to a modified rate constant expression containing an additional term of 1/(s-1) that can account for much higher observed reaction rates. However, Hinshelwood's theory does not fully explain some experimental observations such as the temperature dependence of rate constants and nonlinear plots of 1/k1 versus concentration.
Collision Theory
Collision theory proposes that for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant molecules must collide with sufficient energy to overcome an activation energy barrier. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the collision frequency and a fraction of effective collisions. However, collision theory fails to explain several observed reaction rates and does not account for molecular orientations or internal motions. Modifications were made to incorporate effective collision probability but correlations between this factor and reaction characteristics remain unclear.
8.1 rate law
The document discusses reaction kinetics and rate laws. It defines key terms like rate law, order of reaction, and rate constant. The rate law expresses the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentrations of reactants raised to powers corresponding to their order. The order of a reaction with respect to a reactant is the exponent on its concentration term in the rate expression. The total order is the sum of all exponents. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine orders from rate laws and write rate expressions.
Stoichiometry
This document provides an overview of stoichiometry and related concepts from a YouTube chemistry lecture series. It defines stoichiometry as dealing with quantitative relationships between reactants and products in balanced chemical equations. Key points covered include mole calculations using molar mass and Avogadro's number, determining limiting and excess reactants, and calculating theoretical and percent yield of products. Worked examples are provided for several stoichiometry calculations.
Catalysis
This document outlines a chemistry lecture series on reaction rates presented by Al-Chemist on their YouTube channel. The series covers topics like measuring reaction rates, how rates depend on reactant amounts, integrated and half-life rate laws, the Arrhenius equation relating rate and temperature, reaction mechanisms, activation energy, assumptions of collision theory, transition state theory, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and enzymatic catalysis. Contact information is provided to subscribe to the YouTube channel lectures via email.
More Related Content
What's hot
Stereochemistry
This document discusses stereochemistry and conformational isomerism. It defines stereochemistry as the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules. Conformational isomers have the same bonding structure but different spatial arrangements due to rotation around single bonds. The document analyzes the different conformations of ethane and n-butane, including eclipsed, staggered, and skew conformations. It finds that staggered conformations are most stable due to reduced steric and torsional strain compared to eclipsed conformations.
Chemical kinetics- Physical Chemistry
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
Werner's theory
Werner's coordination theory from 1893 explained the structure and properties of transition metal complexes. It proposed that metals exhibit primary and secondary valences. Primary valency corresponds to oxidation state and is satisfied by anions, while secondary valency corresponds to coordination number and is satisfied by ligands. Werner's theory could successfully explain the structures of cobalt(III) and platinum(IV) ammine complexes based on these concepts. However, it had limitations and could not explain all properties of coordination compounds.
weak interaction by KK Sahu sir
Introduction
2. Defination
3. Type of weak interaction
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Vander waals attraction
Hydrophobic interaction
4. Weak interaction in aqueous solvent
5. Conclusion
6. Reference
Claisen condensation
A simplified content on general principle, mechanism and applications of Claisen condensation reaction.
Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
The document discusses adsorption and the Gibbs adsorption equation. It defines adsorption as molecules of a gas or liquid being attracted to and retained on the surface of a solid. Absorption occurs when a substance is uniformly distributed throughout a solid or liquid. The Gibbs adsorption equation relates changes in surface tension to changes in solute concentration at an interface. It shows that the surface excess concentration of a solute is proportional to the negative of the derivative of surface tension with respect to solute activity. The document also lists factors that affect adsorption and describes adsorption isotherms.
Conjugation
Conjugation involves the overlap of p-orbitals across intervening sigma bonds, creating a system of delocalized electrons within alternating single and multiple bonds. This conjugated system can be cyclic, linear, or mixed and increases stability compared to non-conjugated systems. Hyperconjugation also stabilizes compounds through the interaction of sigma bonds with adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbitals, without actual bond resonance. Both conjugation and hyperconjugation extend molecular orbitals to increase stability.
E2 reaction
1. The document outlines different elimination reaction mechanisms including E2, E1, and E1cb.
2. It discusses the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of elimination reactions and how Zaytzeff's rule and Hofmann's rule apply.
3. The key differences between the E2, E1, and E1cb mechanisms are described along with factors that determine whether substitution or elimination will occur for a given reaction.
First order complex reaction
A first order complex reaction:
- Is a multi-step reaction where the overall rate is determined by the slowest step.
- Has a rate dependent on the concentration of a single reactant.
- Involves reaction intermediates where one step is the rate determining elementary reaction.
Vander waals forces and its significance
The document discusses van der Waals forces, their characteristics, types (Keesom, Debye, London dispersion forces), and significance. Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces between molecules caused by interactions between permanent or induced molecular dipoles. They are important in protein folding, graphite bonding, polymer formation, animal climbing/walking, and modern technologies that aim to mimic gecko adhesion.
Aromaticity
This document provides an overview of aromatic compounds including benzene derivatives, antiaromatic compounds, annulenes, heterocyclic compounds, and metallocenes. It defines aromaticity as involving delocalized pi electrons within a conjugated cyclic system. The key requirements for aromaticity are a cyclic conjugated structure, planarity, and obeying Huckel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Common aromatic heterocycles include furan, pyrrole, thiophene, and pyridine. Ferrocene is provided as an example of a metallocene.
D pie and p pie bond
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on dπ-pπ bonds. It introduces that d-orbitals on third period elements can participate in bonding. The eg orbitals can form σ-bonds by overlapping with s and p orbitals, while the t2g orbitals can combine with p orbitals of the same character. However, free atom d-orbital energies are high, the orbitals are diffuse rather than compact, and promotion energies to d-orbital states are around 30-35 eV, making significant d-orbital contributions to bonding unlikely except in certain cases.
Polar and non polar compounds and dipole moment - PPT
Polar and non polar compounds and dipole moment - PPTSri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science,Coimbatore-20.
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems Bonding
The document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure. It begins by introducing different types of chemical bonds including ionic and covalent bonds. It then discusses how valence electrons are distributed in molecules as either bond pairs or lone pairs according to the octet rule. Examples of drawing Lewis structures for different molecules like NH3, CO2, and SO32- are provided. The document also discusses exceptions to the octet rule and concepts like formal charge, resonance structures, and bond order. Finally, it introduces VSEPR theory for predicting molecular geometry and discusses how bond properties like length and energy depend on factors like bond order.
Stability of metal complexes
The document discusses various factors that affect the stability of metal complexes. It explains that complexes formed with ligands having higher charge and smaller size are generally more stable. It also discusses the Irving-Williams order of stability and the factors of charge to radius ratio, electronegativity, and basicity of ligands. The chelate effect is described as an important ligand effect where multidentate ligands form more stable complexes due to entropy gains. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability are distinguished from reactivity concepts of labile and inert complexes.
Hyperconjugation
Hyperconjugation is the donation of a sigma bond into an adjacent empty or partially filled p orbital, which results in an increased stability of the molecule.
Contributed by: Samuel Redstone (Undergraduate), University of Utah, 2016
Photochemistry
1. Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions caused by the absorption of light. It involves photochemical reactions, which require light for initiation, as well as photophysical processes during the de-excitation of excited molecules.
2. Key concepts in photochemistry include Grotthuss-Draper law, Lambert's law, Beer's law, and Stark-Einstein law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum yield determines the efficiency of photochemical reactions.
3. Photochemistry examines differences between photochemical and thermal reactions. It also explores photochemical processes like fluorescence, phosphorescence, internal conversion, and intersystem crossing depicted in Jablonski diagrams.
Hinshel wood theory
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolaevich received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research on chemical reaction mechanisms. Hinshelwood modified Lindemann's explanation for unimolecular reactions by proposing that energized molecules (A*) may store energy in various molecular bonds and vibrational degrees of freedom, rather than immediately reacting. This statistical distribution of energy among s degrees of freedom leads to a modified rate constant expression containing an additional term of 1/(s-1) that can account for much higher observed reaction rates. However, Hinshelwood's theory does not fully explain some experimental observations such as the temperature dependence of rate constants and nonlinear plots of 1/k1 versus concentration.
Collision Theory
Collision theory proposes that for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant molecules must collide with sufficient energy to overcome an activation energy barrier. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the collision frequency and a fraction of effective collisions. However, collision theory fails to explain several observed reaction rates and does not account for molecular orientations or internal motions. Modifications were made to incorporate effective collision probability but correlations between this factor and reaction characteristics remain unclear.
8.1 rate law
The document discusses reaction kinetics and rate laws. It defines key terms like rate law, order of reaction, and rate constant. The rate law expresses the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentrations of reactants raised to powers corresponding to their order. The order of a reaction with respect to a reactant is the exponent on its concentration term in the rate expression. The total order is the sum of all exponents. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine orders from rate laws and write rate expressions.
What's hot (20)
Polar and non polar compounds and dipole moment - PPT
Polar and non polar compounds and dipole moment - PPT
More from Al-Chemist Channel
Stoichiometry
This document provides an overview of stoichiometry and related concepts from a YouTube chemistry lecture series. It defines stoichiometry as dealing with quantitative relationships between reactants and products in balanced chemical equations. Key points covered include mole calculations using molar mass and Avogadro's number, determining limiting and excess reactants, and calculating theoretical and percent yield of products. Worked examples are provided for several stoichiometry calculations.
Catalysis
This document outlines a chemistry lecture series on reaction rates presented by Al-Chemist on their YouTube channel. The series covers topics like measuring reaction rates, how rates depend on reactant amounts, integrated and half-life rate laws, the Arrhenius equation relating rate and temperature, reaction mechanisms, activation energy, assumptions of collision theory, transition state theory, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and enzymatic catalysis. Contact information is provided to subscribe to the YouTube channel lectures via email.
Chemical kinetics lec 1
This document discusses the topic of chemical kinetics from a YouTube chemistry lecture series. It defines chemical kinetics as the speed or rate at which a chemical reaction occurs, and how this rate is affected by factors like reactant concentration, temperature, state, and catalysts. The document outlines how reaction rates are measured and defined, and distinguishes between instantaneous rate, average rate, and rate determining steps in multi-step reactions. The overall focus is on introducing fundamental concepts regarding the rates of chemical reactions.
Buffer solutions and their applications [autosaved]
The document discusses buffers and their properties. It defines a weak acid as having less ability to produce hydrogen ions (H+), and a weak base as having less ability to accept H+. It explains that buffers resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. Common examples of buffers include a solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate, which can accept or donate H+ to resist pH changes. Buffers have important applications in biological systems like blood and microbial cultures.
Biochemistry Chapter21 Federal Board
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. The video discusses the basic components of biochemistry including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and perform important structural and catalytic functions. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids and terpenoids. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc are essential micronutrients that play critical roles in many biological processes.
Solutions suspensions and colloids
1) The document discusses various types of mixtures including solutions, suspensions, and colloids. It defines key terms like solute and solvent.
2) Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where solute particles dissolve evenly in the solvent. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures with undissolved particles that can be filtered out.
3) Colloids have intermediate particle sizes between solutions and suspensions. The document also covers Raoult's law, colligative properties, and equations for calculating properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
More from Al-Chemist Channel (6)
Buffer solutions and their applications [autosaved]
Buffer solutions and their applications [autosaved]
Recently uploaded
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
Wahiba Chair's Talk at the 2024 Learning Ideas Conference. The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Recently uploaded (20)
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Collision and Transition State Theory
- 1. Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com 1/9/2021
- 2. 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 3. Reaction Rates How we measure rates. Rate Laws How the rate depends on amounts of reactants. Integrated Rate Laws How to calc amount left or time to reach a given amount. Half-life How long it takes to react 50% of reactants. Arrhenius Equation How rate constant changes with T. Mechanisms Link between rate and molecular scale processes. 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 4. Assumptions 1- For a reaction to take place reactant molecules must collide A B AB Collision of A and B 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 5. The colliding molecules must collide with proper orientation AB + CD ---- AC + BD A ----- C ----- A C + B D B ------ D 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 6. In order to make the collisions fruitful,the colliding molecules must possess sufficeint energy to collide otherwise the reaction will not occur 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 7. Transition state theory (TST) describes a hypothetical “transition state” that occurs in the space between the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction. The species that is formed during the transition state is known as the activated complex. AB + CD---- A ---- C --- AC+BD B----- D Activated Complex 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 8. 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 9. 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com
- 10. 1/9/2021 Chemistry Lectures By Al-Chemist Youtube Channel E-mai: ghizer1@gmail.com