Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Bioinorganic Chemistry-Introduction,
Essential Elements,Functions of metal ions in biochemical process.Biochemistry Of Iron,Haemoglobin And Myoglobin,Biological Functions And Toxicity Of Some Elements
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Bioinorganic Chemistry-Introduction,
Essential Elements,Functions of metal ions in biochemical process.Biochemistry Of Iron,Haemoglobin And Myoglobin,Biological Functions And Toxicity Of Some Elements
[Brief]Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myglobin (Bio-Inorganic chem...Anim60
This ppt is made from the bio-inorganic point of view for those who are having difficulty in finding the correct type and quality of information. This ppt has all the important points which one needs to know about this topic.
Metalloporphyrins with special reference to Iron porphyrins ( Haemoglobin and...ADITYA ARYA
Metalloporphyrins with special reference to Iron
porphyrins ( Haemoglobin and Myoglobin )
Porphyrins are one of the most important groups of
bioinorganic compounds in which a metal ion is
surrounded by the four nitrogens of porphin ring.
❑ Porphines are made of four pyrrole rings linked
together through methene bridges.
❑ Therefore, porphines have macrocylic pyrrole system
with conjugated double bonds as shown here:
❑ These porphines act as tetradentate ligands with four
nitrogen donor sites.
Two of these are tertiary nitrogen donor positions which can form
coordinate bonds by donating a pair of electrons each to the metal
ion.
❑ The other two are secondary nitrogen donor positions. each of
which lose a proton in forming a coordinate bond with a metal
ion.
❑ Thus, a porphin ring acts as a tetradentate dinegative ligand (or
dianion).
❑ Dipositive cations such as Mg2+ Fe2+ or Ni2+ are capable of
forming neutral complexes with porphine as shown here:
❑ Four pyrrole rings of porphin carrying substituents other than hydrogen
are called porphyrins. The complexes in which a metal ion is held in
the porphyrin ring system are called metalloporphyrins.
❑ Such complexes play a vital role in biological systems.
Role of co-ordination chemistry in myoglobin chemistry MyoglobinMaryumAkhter
in this presentation, one can see the structure, properties, function, binding capacity with Carbon dioxide and oxygen, co-ordination chemistry in myoglobin, difference and similarities with haemoglobin.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. NON-HEME OXYGEN
CARRIER PROTEINS :
HEMOCYANIN AND
HEMERYTHRIN
Dr. Santarupa Thakurta
Assistant Professor in
Chemistry
Prabhu Jagatbandhu College,
West Bengal, India
Bio-inorganic Chemistry
Undergraduate Chemistry Honours
Course
2. Hemocyanin (Hc)
The name ‘hemocyanin’ is a misnomer, as the protein contains
neither a porphyrin ring nor an iron atom, although it is blue as
reflected in ‘cyan’.
The name simply means “Blue blood” (Hemo- comes from the
Greek haîma, meaning “blood)
Oxygen carrying proteins/oxygen carriers that transport oxygen
throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals such as
molluscs (eg. octopus, snails, squids) and arthropods (eg.
scorpions, crabs, lobsters).
It is responsible for the bluish-green color of their blood.
Unlike hemoglobin, they are not bound to blood cells
Extracellular protein - suspended directly in the hemolymph.
They are second only to hemoglobin in frequency of use as an
3. Copper containing
metalloprotein
These metalloproteins contain two copper
atoms (rather than iron) that reversibly bind a
single oxygen molecule (O2).
Oligomeric with each monomer containing a pair
of Cu atoms in close proximity.
Haemocyanins isolated from arthropods and
molluscs are hexameric, while those from
molluscs possess 10 or 20 subunits
Deoxyhemocyanin contains two Cu+ ions per
subunit and is colorless, whereas
oxyhemocyanin contains two Cu2+ ions and is
4. Active site of deoxyhemocyanin
Each monomer contains two cuprous ions
[Cu(I)] that reversibly bind one dioxygen.
An empty cavity is present between the
two cuprous ions to accommodate the
dioxygen.
The Cu(I)- Cu(I) bond distance is 460 pm
(no direct interaction between them).
The coordination number of each Cu(I) is
three and is satisfied by three histidines
residues from the protein.
This results in a distorted trigonal
pyramidal geometry.
Two phenylalanine residues which are in
close proximity to the histidines residues
provide a hydrophobic environment at the
5. Binding of dioxygen to the active
site
Cu(I) is oxidized to Cu(II).
O2 is reduced to peroxide O2
2-.
The binding and release of O2 correspond to a
two-electron reaction:
Oxidative addition of dioxygen occurs, i.e.
electron transfer accompanies O2 binding.
Colour of protein changes from colorless (d10)
to blue (d9).
6. Active site structure of
oxyhemocyanin
Coordination number of copper changes to five from three.
Geometry of copper changes to square pyramidal from
trigonal pyramidal. The equatorial plane has two histidyl
imidazole nitrogens, the bound oxygens and the third histidyl
nitrogen is axially coordinated to copper.
The Cu-Cu distance decreases to 360 pm.
To accommodate the binding of O2, the protein adjusts its
conformation to bring the two Cu atoms closer together.
The O2-binding site is formulated as Cu(II)-[O2]2--Cu(II)
Coordination of O2 occurs between the two Cu atoms in a
bridging dihapto manner(μ-2-2)
8. Experimental observation
Evidence for the peroxo linkage comes from Raman
spectroscopy.
The (O-O) stretching frequency is observed at 744 cm-1
confirming the presence of peroxo linkage
Lowering of the bond order from 2 to 1.
The O2 unit is bound in a bridging mode with an O-O
bond length of 140 pm, typical of that found in peroxide
complexes.
Coordination of dioxygen to Cu(II) is symmetrical
The Cu(II) centres are strongly antiferromagnetically
coupled, with the -[O2]2- ligand being involved in a
superexchange mechanism
10. Real structure
The structure of deoxyhaemocyanin from the
spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus)
11. Model compounds
Many model compounds have been studied in
attempts to understand the binding of O2 in
hemocyanin, and often involve imidazole or
pyrazole derivatives to represent His residues.
12. Mechanism
It has been noted that species using hemocyanin for oxygen
transportation include crustaceans living in cold environments with low
oxygen pressure.
Under these circumstances hemoglobin oxygen transportation is less
efficient than hemocyanin oxygen transportation.
Nevertheless, there are also terrestrial arthropods using hemocyanin,
notably spiders and scorpions, that live in warm climates.
Most hemocyanins bind with oxygen non-cooperatively and are
roughly one-fourth as efficient as hemoglobin at transporting oxygen
per amount of blood.
In some hemocyanins of horseshoe crabs and some other species of
arthropods, cooperative binding is observed, with Hill coefficients of
1.6–3.0.
In these cases of cooperative binding hemocyanin was arranged in
protein sub-complexes of 6 subunits (hexamer) each with one oxygen
13. Hemerythrin (Hr)
Hemerythrin is a reversible oxygen binding
metalloprotein found in blood cells of a few marine
invertebrates.
A non-hem Fe-containing protein.
Intracelluar : Located within specialised immune cells
(hemerythrocytes) of invertebrate fluid
It is an oligomeric protein generally found in an
octomeric form. The dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric
forms of hemerythrin are also known.
Each subunit contains each with 113 amino acid
residues and a di-iron-active site
It is colorless in the deoxy form and on oxygenation the
color changes to purple-red.
14. Active site structure of
deoxyhemerythrin
Each monomeric unit contains an active site which has two
high spin ferrous ions [Fe(II)].
The ferrous ions are bridged together by a hydroxyl group
and two carboxyl groups from an aspartate residue and a
glutamate residue of the protein chain.
One of the ferrous is hexacoordinated with an octahedral
geometry and the other is pentacoordinated with a distorted
trigonal bipyramidal geometry.
The remaining coordination sites of hexacoordinated ferrous
and pentacoordinated ferrous are satisfied by three and two
imidazole nitrogens respectively from histidine residues of the
protein chain
The hydroxyl group serves as a bridging ligand but also
functions as a proton donor to the O2 substrate.
16. Active site structure of
oxyhemerythrin
One monomeric unit of hemerythrin binds one dioxygen.
The dioxygen adds only to the coordinatively unsaturated
ferrous.
The dioxygen adds to hemerythrin in an oxidative manner
resulting in the formation of two Fe(III) centers and peroxide
(O2
2-).
The oxidative addition is followed by the shifting of proton
from the bridged OH to the bound peroxide resulting in the
formation of hydroperoxo (HO2-) group.
This proton-transfer result in the formation of a single oxygen
atom (μ-oxo) bridge in oxyhemerythrin.
The hydroperoxo group is hydrogen bonded with the μ-oxo
group.
17. Experimental observation
By resonance Raman techniques, the O—O stretch is observed at 844
cm-1 in oxyhemerythrin. Dioxygen is therefore coordinated as peroxo
species.
By use of radioisotope experiments, it was established that dioxygen
binds asymmetrically in oxyhemerythrin.
Single crystal X-ray diffraction study of oxyhemerythrin showed end–on
coordination of dioxygen to only one iron.
Study based on model system reveals the two high spin Fe(II) centres in
deoxyhaemerythrin are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled through
the bridging hydroxo group (J = -10 cm-1).
The strong antiferromagnetic coupling observed for oxyhemerythrin
(J ~ - 100 cm-1) is uniquely consistent with a bridging oxo moiety
between a pair of FeIII centers.
Unlike hemoglobin, hemerythrin exhibits no cooperativity between the
subunits during O2 binding.
20. Interesting fact
Although hemocyanin and hemerythrin
perform the same basic function as
hemoglobin, these proteins are not
interchangeable.
In fact, hemocyanin is so foreign to humans
that it is one of the major factors responsible
for the common allergies to shellfish.