The document summarizes the evolution of the English language over time. It discusses how English originated from earlier languages like Old English and was influenced by languages like French, Danish, and Italian. It also evolved from having complex cases and forms to a simpler structure with fewer inflections. Finally, it mentions how English spread globally through events like the American migration in the 16th-17th centuries.
This document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins to modern day. It traces the development of English from early Indo-European tribes in 3000 BC through Old English, Middle English influenced by French, Danish, and other languages, to Modern English with its current grammar structures and punctuation conventions. Key events mentioned include the various tribes that influenced English, the Norman conquest in the 11th century bringing French words and grammar, and the migration of English speakers to America in the 17th century.
The document discusses various English grammar concepts including tense, aspect, perfect and progressive forms, passive voice, modality, conditional sentences, and techniques for emphasis. It provides examples and explanations of these concepts and the differences between them. For example, it explains the difference between tense and aspect, how perfect and progressive forms combine with tenses, and how to form the passive voice and complex passive sentences.
This document discusses adverbs and adverbial phrases. It covers the formation of adverbs from adjectives using suffixes like -ly, as well as adverbs not formed from adjectives. It also describes the different types of adverbs including manner, place, time, frequency, and degree. Finally, it discusses the positions of adverbs in relation to the words they modify.
Usage of correct terms in English - Dr. Chithra G.K (Associate Professor at VIT)DrChithraGK
This document provides guidance on correctly using several pairs of similar English terms. It discusses the differences between tall/high, your/you're, who's/whose, while/during, what/which, in time/on time, say/tell/speak/talk, big/great/large, hear/listen, how much/how many, look/watch/see, do/make, disinterested/uninterested, and fiscal/financial. For each pair, it gives examples to illustrate when each term should be used based on its specific meaning in terms of people, objects, time frames, or level of formality.
This document provides information about an Encyclopedia Brown story including the genre, which is realistic fiction, and the author, Donald J. Sobol. It poses the question of how attention to detail can help solve a problem. The document also includes vocabulary words and questions related to the story.
This document discusses the uses of different verb tenses in English including:
- Simple Present, Past, and Future Tenses
- Present, Past, and Future Continuous Tenses
- Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect Tenses
- Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It provides examples and explanations of when each tense is used to describe actions, situations, or states in the present, past and future.
This document contains the agenda and materials for an English class. The agenda includes listening to and discussing the lyrics of "Roar" by Katy Perry, reviewing the definition and use of adjectives, using adjectives to describe partners, and writing a short paragraph describing a person or thing using adjectives. The full lyrics of "Roar" are included. The definition and examples of adjectives are also provided. An activity is described where students describe themselves and their partners using adjectives. Finally, students are instructed to write and share a short descriptive paragraph using adjectives.
This document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins to modern day. It traces the development of English from early Indo-European tribes in 3000 BC through Old English, Middle English influenced by French, Danish, and other languages, to Modern English with its current grammar structures and punctuation conventions. Key events mentioned include the various tribes that influenced English, the Norman conquest in the 11th century bringing French words and grammar, and the migration of English speakers to America in the 17th century.
The document discusses various English grammar concepts including tense, aspect, perfect and progressive forms, passive voice, modality, conditional sentences, and techniques for emphasis. It provides examples and explanations of these concepts and the differences between them. For example, it explains the difference between tense and aspect, how perfect and progressive forms combine with tenses, and how to form the passive voice and complex passive sentences.
This document discusses adverbs and adverbial phrases. It covers the formation of adverbs from adjectives using suffixes like -ly, as well as adverbs not formed from adjectives. It also describes the different types of adverbs including manner, place, time, frequency, and degree. Finally, it discusses the positions of adverbs in relation to the words they modify.
Usage of correct terms in English - Dr. Chithra G.K (Associate Professor at VIT)DrChithraGK
This document provides guidance on correctly using several pairs of similar English terms. It discusses the differences between tall/high, your/you're, who's/whose, while/during, what/which, in time/on time, say/tell/speak/talk, big/great/large, hear/listen, how much/how many, look/watch/see, do/make, disinterested/uninterested, and fiscal/financial. For each pair, it gives examples to illustrate when each term should be used based on its specific meaning in terms of people, objects, time frames, or level of formality.
This document provides information about an Encyclopedia Brown story including the genre, which is realistic fiction, and the author, Donald J. Sobol. It poses the question of how attention to detail can help solve a problem. The document also includes vocabulary words and questions related to the story.
This document discusses the uses of different verb tenses in English including:
- Simple Present, Past, and Future Tenses
- Present, Past, and Future Continuous Tenses
- Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect Tenses
- Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It provides examples and explanations of when each tense is used to describe actions, situations, or states in the present, past and future.
This document contains the agenda and materials for an English class. The agenda includes listening to and discussing the lyrics of "Roar" by Katy Perry, reviewing the definition and use of adjectives, using adjectives to describe partners, and writing a short paragraph describing a person or thing using adjectives. The full lyrics of "Roar" are included. The definition and examples of adjectives are also provided. An activity is described where students describe themselves and their partners using adjectives. Finally, students are instructed to write and share a short descriptive paragraph using adjectives.
This document provides guidance on frequently confused words and grammar concepts. It discusses the correct uses of affect vs effect, to vs too vs two, there vs their vs they're, amount vs number vs good vs well, and other word pairs. It also covers topics like subject-verb agreement, possessive pronouns, contractions, homonyms, and the impact of single letter changes. The document aims to help the reader accurately distinguish between commonly mixed up words and grammar structures in English.
- The document is a biography review that focuses on the question "How can knowing another language create understanding?".
- It includes vocabulary words, questions for each day of the week, and sections on building concepts, asking questions, vocabulary, fluency, grammar, spelling, and communication skills.
- The review explores how learning Egyptian hieroglyphics helped Jean Francois uncover the secrets of an ancient language and create new understanding between cultures.
This document contains notes from an English grammar lesson. It includes explanations and examples of several English grammar topics:
- The future perfect tense and how it is formed with "will have" plus the past participle.
- How to form the passive voice and reasons for using it, such as emphasizing the action over the subject. Example sentences are provided.
- The uses of modal verbs like "can", "must", "might" and "have to", along with examples of each.
- Other topics covered include reported speech, quantifiers, and the past simple form of "can". Links to external resources on English grammar are also included.
The document provides an agenda and guidance for an in-class writing workshop focused on editing. It discusses common writing errors like incorrect spacing and missing words. It reviews revision strategies like eliminating passive voice and repetition. It also reviews MLA style and opens the class to questions about past writing topics.
This document discusses parts of speech. It begins by defining nouns and their four classes: common, proper, collective, and abstract. It then discusses the formation of nouns using suffixes and how nouns are numbered as singular or plural. The rules for forming plural nouns and possessive nouns are also explained. The document then discusses pronouns and their types including personal, possessive, reflexive, and relative pronouns. It concludes by briefly defining and providing examples of other parts of speech such as adjectives, verbs, adverbs, articles, and determiners.
The position of adverbs and adverbial phrasesMíriam
The document discusses different types of adverbs including manner, frequency, time and place, degree, and comment adverbs. It provides examples for each type and discusses their typical position in sentences, such as manner adverbs describing how something is done usually appearing after the verb or verb phrase. The document also includes exercises reordering jumbled sentences with misplaced adverbs and adverbial phrases.
This document is a dictionary of English idioms and idiomatic expressions organized alphabetically from A-Z. It contains over 1000 entries defining common idioms. An idiom is defined as a phrase where the meaning of the whole is different from the literal definitions of the individual words. The document provides the idiom, part of speech or context clues, and a definition for each entry to help English language learners understand these expressions.
1) The document discusses the perfect and progressive aspects in English and how they add meaning about the completion or continuation of events.
2) The perfect aspect refers to past events with present relevance, while the progressive describes ongoing events. Both can be combined with present or past tense.
3) Certain verbs like "have", "be", and verbs indicating senses are very common in the present perfect and progressive aspects respectively. Aspect usage varies across registers and dialects.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to provide information about how, when, where, or how often an action occurred. Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to adjectives. Comparative adverbs ending in -ly use "more" and superlative adverbs use "most". Adverbs of time tell us when, how long, or how often an action occurred and have standard sentence positions. Common types of adverbs include adverbs of manner, place, time, frequency, degree, and doubt.
The document contains a series of questions about grammar and punctuation. It covers topics such as verbs, nouns, tenses, punctuation marks, pluralization, and parts of speech. The questions test understanding of grammatical concepts and require selecting or providing words to complete sentences demonstrating these concepts.
The document discusses the differences between active and passive voice. It notes that most transitive verbs can be used in either the active or passive voice. The passive voice is less common and used for special discourse functions. Some examples of sentences in both the active and passive voice are provided. The document also discusses short and long passives, verbs that are commonly used in the passive voice, verbs that rarely use the passive voice, and combinations of voice and aspect.
This document discusses the different types of nouns in English:
1) Common nouns refer to general classes or kinds of people, places, or things. Examples given are "man", "villages", and "river".
2) Proper nouns are the specific names of particular people or places and begin with capital letters. Examples are "Batu Pahat" and "Malaysia".
3) Abstract nouns refer to ideas, qualities, or feelings that cannot be seen or touched. Examples are "beauty" and "wisdom".
4) Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things considered as a whole, such as "an army of soldiers"
This document provides an overview of the present perfect tense in English. It discusses the form of the present perfect, which is has/have + past participle. It then outlines five main uses of the present perfect: 1) unspecified time before now, 2) experience, 3) change over time, 4) accomplishments, and 5) uncompleted actions. It provides examples for each use and discusses time expressions that can be used with the present perfect. The document also covers adverb placement and comparing the present perfect to the simple past tense.
The document provides examples and explanations of various English grammar concepts including:
- The present perfect tense of "there is/are" and examples of its use.
- The future tense of "have to" and examples of its conjugation.
- An introduction to the passive voice including examples of changing sentences from active to passive.
- Examples of the past perfect tense being used with "yet" and "already".
- A description of quantifiers in English grammar and examples of common quantifiers.
- Explanations and examples of using the modal verbs "must", "might", and "can".
0.2 the brain wash project - words - word connectorsthb2208
The document provides definitions and examples for various English word connectors and phrases. It defines terms like "even though", "prior to", "while", "afterward", "in the meantime", and "as far as". It also defines idioms that use some of these terms like "as though", "on the spur of the moment", and "compare notes". Each term or idiom is followed by its definition and one or more examples to illustrate its meaning in context.
This document contains excerpts from various literary works and speeches. It also discusses common English idioms and proverbs. Regarding introductions, it provides guidance on using short forms of verbs like "to be" and adding question tags. It suggests being polite when asking questions by using phrases like "I don't think so" rather than just saying "no".
Relative clauses-powerpoint-explanation-grammar close up unit 8HowaidaKamalElmaadaw
This document discusses relative pronouns and relative clauses. It defines the different types of relative pronouns that can be used to substitute for people, animals, things, possession, time and place. It also defines and provides examples of defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining clauses are essential for understanding the sentence, while non-defining clauses provide extra information between commas. The document emphasizes the importance of using commas correctly to distinguish between these two types of clauses.
This document provides guidance on frequently confused and misused words in English. It discusses the correct uses of to, too, and two, as well as there, their, and they're. Other topics covered include correctly spelling words, distinguishing between related words, the impact of adding or changing a single letter, possessive pronouns and contractions, homonyms that sound alike but have different meanings, and choosing the right word when only one letter differs. The document concludes with a quick test to assess comprehension of the guidelines.
The document summarizes the evolution of the English language over time. It discusses how English originated from earlier languages like Anglo-Frisian and was influenced by other languages such as French, Danish, and Italian. It also touched on some of the structural changes the language underwent, transitioning from having cases and genders to a simpler grammatical structure with fewer inflections. The modern English language continues to be influenced by languages from around the world due to globalization and migration.
This document provides information about parts of speech. It discusses nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs in detail. For nouns, it describes the different types of nouns including proper, common, collective, material and abstract nouns. It also discusses singular and plural nouns, gender of nouns and how to form the feminine of nouns. For pronouns, it explains the different types and forms of pronouns. For adjectives, it discusses the different kinds of adjectives including descriptive, proper, limiting and possessive adjectives. It also explains the degrees of comparison for adjectives. The document contains examples and exercises related to parts of speech.
This document contains the table of contents for a Spanish 3 grammar book. It lists 18 topics that will be covered, including the conditional tense, present perfect tense, subjunctive mood, commands, and differences between saber and conocer. For each topic, there is a brief introductory explanation of 1-3 sentences. The document also includes lists of irregular verb forms for certain tenses.
This document provides guidance on frequently confused words and grammar concepts. It discusses the correct uses of affect vs effect, to vs too vs two, there vs their vs they're, amount vs number vs good vs well, and other word pairs. It also covers topics like subject-verb agreement, possessive pronouns, contractions, homonyms, and the impact of single letter changes. The document aims to help the reader accurately distinguish between commonly mixed up words and grammar structures in English.
- The document is a biography review that focuses on the question "How can knowing another language create understanding?".
- It includes vocabulary words, questions for each day of the week, and sections on building concepts, asking questions, vocabulary, fluency, grammar, spelling, and communication skills.
- The review explores how learning Egyptian hieroglyphics helped Jean Francois uncover the secrets of an ancient language and create new understanding between cultures.
This document contains notes from an English grammar lesson. It includes explanations and examples of several English grammar topics:
- The future perfect tense and how it is formed with "will have" plus the past participle.
- How to form the passive voice and reasons for using it, such as emphasizing the action over the subject. Example sentences are provided.
- The uses of modal verbs like "can", "must", "might" and "have to", along with examples of each.
- Other topics covered include reported speech, quantifiers, and the past simple form of "can". Links to external resources on English grammar are also included.
The document provides an agenda and guidance for an in-class writing workshop focused on editing. It discusses common writing errors like incorrect spacing and missing words. It reviews revision strategies like eliminating passive voice and repetition. It also reviews MLA style and opens the class to questions about past writing topics.
This document discusses parts of speech. It begins by defining nouns and their four classes: common, proper, collective, and abstract. It then discusses the formation of nouns using suffixes and how nouns are numbered as singular or plural. The rules for forming plural nouns and possessive nouns are also explained. The document then discusses pronouns and their types including personal, possessive, reflexive, and relative pronouns. It concludes by briefly defining and providing examples of other parts of speech such as adjectives, verbs, adverbs, articles, and determiners.
The position of adverbs and adverbial phrasesMíriam
The document discusses different types of adverbs including manner, frequency, time and place, degree, and comment adverbs. It provides examples for each type and discusses their typical position in sentences, such as manner adverbs describing how something is done usually appearing after the verb or verb phrase. The document also includes exercises reordering jumbled sentences with misplaced adverbs and adverbial phrases.
This document is a dictionary of English idioms and idiomatic expressions organized alphabetically from A-Z. It contains over 1000 entries defining common idioms. An idiom is defined as a phrase where the meaning of the whole is different from the literal definitions of the individual words. The document provides the idiom, part of speech or context clues, and a definition for each entry to help English language learners understand these expressions.
1) The document discusses the perfect and progressive aspects in English and how they add meaning about the completion or continuation of events.
2) The perfect aspect refers to past events with present relevance, while the progressive describes ongoing events. Both can be combined with present or past tense.
3) Certain verbs like "have", "be", and verbs indicating senses are very common in the present perfect and progressive aspects respectively. Aspect usage varies across registers and dialects.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to provide information about how, when, where, or how often an action occurred. Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to adjectives. Comparative adverbs ending in -ly use "more" and superlative adverbs use "most". Adverbs of time tell us when, how long, or how often an action occurred and have standard sentence positions. Common types of adverbs include adverbs of manner, place, time, frequency, degree, and doubt.
The document contains a series of questions about grammar and punctuation. It covers topics such as verbs, nouns, tenses, punctuation marks, pluralization, and parts of speech. The questions test understanding of grammatical concepts and require selecting or providing words to complete sentences demonstrating these concepts.
The document discusses the differences between active and passive voice. It notes that most transitive verbs can be used in either the active or passive voice. The passive voice is less common and used for special discourse functions. Some examples of sentences in both the active and passive voice are provided. The document also discusses short and long passives, verbs that are commonly used in the passive voice, verbs that rarely use the passive voice, and combinations of voice and aspect.
This document discusses the different types of nouns in English:
1) Common nouns refer to general classes or kinds of people, places, or things. Examples given are "man", "villages", and "river".
2) Proper nouns are the specific names of particular people or places and begin with capital letters. Examples are "Batu Pahat" and "Malaysia".
3) Abstract nouns refer to ideas, qualities, or feelings that cannot be seen or touched. Examples are "beauty" and "wisdom".
4) Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things considered as a whole, such as "an army of soldiers"
This document provides an overview of the present perfect tense in English. It discusses the form of the present perfect, which is has/have + past participle. It then outlines five main uses of the present perfect: 1) unspecified time before now, 2) experience, 3) change over time, 4) accomplishments, and 5) uncompleted actions. It provides examples for each use and discusses time expressions that can be used with the present perfect. The document also covers adverb placement and comparing the present perfect to the simple past tense.
The document provides examples and explanations of various English grammar concepts including:
- The present perfect tense of "there is/are" and examples of its use.
- The future tense of "have to" and examples of its conjugation.
- An introduction to the passive voice including examples of changing sentences from active to passive.
- Examples of the past perfect tense being used with "yet" and "already".
- A description of quantifiers in English grammar and examples of common quantifiers.
- Explanations and examples of using the modal verbs "must", "might", and "can".
0.2 the brain wash project - words - word connectorsthb2208
The document provides definitions and examples for various English word connectors and phrases. It defines terms like "even though", "prior to", "while", "afterward", "in the meantime", and "as far as". It also defines idioms that use some of these terms like "as though", "on the spur of the moment", and "compare notes". Each term or idiom is followed by its definition and one or more examples to illustrate its meaning in context.
This document contains excerpts from various literary works and speeches. It also discusses common English idioms and proverbs. Regarding introductions, it provides guidance on using short forms of verbs like "to be" and adding question tags. It suggests being polite when asking questions by using phrases like "I don't think so" rather than just saying "no".
Relative clauses-powerpoint-explanation-grammar close up unit 8HowaidaKamalElmaadaw
This document discusses relative pronouns and relative clauses. It defines the different types of relative pronouns that can be used to substitute for people, animals, things, possession, time and place. It also defines and provides examples of defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining clauses are essential for understanding the sentence, while non-defining clauses provide extra information between commas. The document emphasizes the importance of using commas correctly to distinguish between these two types of clauses.
This document provides guidance on frequently confused and misused words in English. It discusses the correct uses of to, too, and two, as well as there, their, and they're. Other topics covered include correctly spelling words, distinguishing between related words, the impact of adding or changing a single letter, possessive pronouns and contractions, homonyms that sound alike but have different meanings, and choosing the right word when only one letter differs. The document concludes with a quick test to assess comprehension of the guidelines.
The document summarizes the evolution of the English language over time. It discusses how English originated from earlier languages like Anglo-Frisian and was influenced by other languages such as French, Danish, and Italian. It also touched on some of the structural changes the language underwent, transitioning from having cases and genders to a simpler grammatical structure with fewer inflections. The modern English language continues to be influenced by languages from around the world due to globalization and migration.
This document provides information about parts of speech. It discusses nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs in detail. For nouns, it describes the different types of nouns including proper, common, collective, material and abstract nouns. It also discusses singular and plural nouns, gender of nouns and how to form the feminine of nouns. For pronouns, it explains the different types and forms of pronouns. For adjectives, it discusses the different kinds of adjectives including descriptive, proper, limiting and possessive adjectives. It also explains the degrees of comparison for adjectives. The document contains examples and exercises related to parts of speech.
This document contains the table of contents for a Spanish 3 grammar book. It lists 18 topics that will be covered, including the conditional tense, present perfect tense, subjunctive mood, commands, and differences between saber and conocer. For each topic, there is a brief introductory explanation of 1-3 sentences. The document also includes lists of irregular verb forms for certain tenses.
This document provides a summary of 100 important grammar rules organized into categories including:
- Parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, verbs and their usage
- Sentence structure rules such as word order, subject-verb agreement, clauses
- Comparisons and comparisons of adjectives, adverbs, quantities
- Conditional sentences and their proper tense usage
- Prepositions and prepositional phrases
- Question tags and their formation
The document serves as a comprehensive grammar reference covering many fundamental English language rules.
This grammar book contains information about Spanish grammar topics such as verb conjugations, irregular verbs, saber vs conocer, por vs para, commands, and more. It includes charts, examples, and explanations of grammar points. The table of contents outlines the chapters on present tense, stem changers, reflexives, the preterite, imperfect, and future tenses, comparatives, por vs para, commands, and other concepts.
The document discusses prepositions and provides examples of their usage. It defines prepositions as words that show the relationship between nouns, pronouns, and other parts of a sentence. Some key points include:
- Prepositions usually come before nouns or pronouns and can indicate location, time, or direction.
- There are single-word, compound, and phrase prepositions. Common prepositions include on, at, in, to, from, with, by, about, over, under, off, of, for.
- Prepositions are classified into types including prepositions of place, time, and movement.
- Examples demonstrate correct preposition usage and exceptions to rules.
This document contains summaries and explanations of various English grammar topics in Spanish, including the present perfect tense with "there is/there are", future tense of "have to", introduction to the passive voice, present simple passive, past perfect tense with time expressions, quantifiers, "might" vs "must", past simple of "can", reported speech, and uses of "can", "mustn't", and "have to". Examples are provided to illustrate each grammar concept. Bibliography sources for further information on the topics are listed at the end.
This document provides a table of contents and summaries for various Spanish grammar topics including:
1. The differences between que and cual
2. The conjugations and uses of ser and estar
3. How to use verbs like gustar and reflexive verbs
4. Transitional words, the imperfect tense, and verbs that trigger the imperfect
5. Using acabar de + infinitive and hace + time + que + conjugated verb
6. Verbs like gustar, reflexive verbs, tu commands, and dop placement
7. How to conjugate verbs in the preterite tense
The document provides an overview of topics to be covered in an English grammar course over 3 weeks. Week 1 will focus on parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions. Week 2 will cover tenses, syntax, and vocabulary. Week 3 will discuss punctuation, capitalization, spelling rules, and composition. The document then goes on to provide detailed explanations and examples of different parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs.
The document discusses different parts of speech, beginning with nouns. It defines nouns and provides examples of different types of nouns such as proper, common, abstract, collective, concrete, and compound nouns. It then discusses pronouns, adjectives, verbs and their classifications. For nouns, it covers common and proper nouns. For pronouns, it discusses personal, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite and distributive pronouns. It also provides examples and exercises to identify different parts of speech in sentences.
High intermediate english level course 1Ángel Luna
The document provides an overview of nouns, pronouns, and other parts of speech. It defines nouns and lists different types of nouns. It explains the use of pronouns to avoid repetition and lists different types of pronouns including personal, possessive, reflexive, and relative pronouns. The document concludes with a quiz to test the reader's understanding of nouns and pronouns.
This document provides a table of contents that summarizes 10 grammar topics in Spanish including: que vs cual, ser vs estar, gustar, transitional words, imperfect tense, triggers, acabar de + infinitive, have + time + que + pro, verbs like gustar, and reflexive verbs. It then provides brief explanations and examples for each topic in 3 sentences or less.
The document discusses various parts of English grammar including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and tenses. It provides definitions and examples of different types of nouns such as common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, and plural nouns. It also discusses pronouns, adjectives, verbs and verb tenses including present, past and future tenses.
The document provides explanations and examples of several English grammar concepts:
(1) Indirect or reported speech and the tenses that change when converting direct to indirect speech.
(2) Present and past participles and examples of their uses in progressive and perfect tenses, passive voice, and adjectives.
(3) The modal verb "should" and examples of its uses to express obligation or probability.
(4) Reflexive pronouns and examples showing how they are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same.
(5) Personal and indefinite pronouns along with examples of their uses depending on number, person, gender, and case
This document contains sample test questions, vocabulary exercises, and reading comprehension passages related to an English language certification exam (CFE 17-18). It includes:
1) Multiple choice questions about a passage on Penelope Cruz commenting on Harvey Weinstein's abuse of power.
2) Exercises matching vocabulary words with definitions and identifying parts of speech.
3) A short passage about characters Alex and Bernie with blank spaces to test comprehension.
4) Additional vocabulary, grammar, and language use questions and exercises.
This document contains a lesson on defining relative clauses and other grammar topics taught by Mr. Sulub at Somali National University. It defines defining relative clauses and lists the relative pronouns who, which, that, where, and whose. It also covers vocabulary about places, transport, and words meaning "make." The document provides examples and explanations of grammar points like consonant clusters, definite articles, using "both" and "neither," ending conversations, and giving reasons.
This document discusses the eight parts of speech in English: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It provides definitions and examples for each part of speech. For nouns, it further explains the different types of nouns - proper noun, common noun, abstract noun, material noun, and collective noun. For verbs, it distinguishes between primary verbs, regular verbs that follow a predictable past tense formation, and irregular verbs that do not follow a predictable past tense formation.
This document defines and provides examples of the different parts of speech in English language. It discusses nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it provides a definition, examples, and example sentences to illustrate how they are used in context.
This document discusses the different parts of speech in English grammar. It begins by providing a brief history of parts of speech, noting that ancient Sanskrit grammarians and Greek scholars first categorized words into categories. It then defines and provides examples of the main parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it describes the key characteristics and functions and provides classifications and rules for formation and usage. The document serves as an introductory overview of the parts of speech in English.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Spoken english, ielts & grammar classes through phone
1. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
• Continent pangia- 2- gondanaland and lorasia to 5. Continental nation – Australia –
beg -6- great barier reef
• Origin of man in Africa. 1000 mosque kayro- Egypt – capital
• Common ancestor – Aryan/ indo – European about 3500 bc to 3000 bc - nomads
dwelled in black sea to asia / Europe
• Tribes: indo- Iranian, Albanian , Armenian, Balto- Slavonic, Hellenic, Celtic, Italic,
Germanic to NEW- West High/low/anglofrisian- old English
• Britain and England are names of tribes (600 AD -1100AD)
• 2tenses; future in meaning, case, endings
• Middle age : (1100- 1500 AD) ’s ,from French ‘of’, 3 genders, beef, sheep, dinner,
banquet, court, custom, rent, price, battle, uncle, aunt, cousin, prison
• Danish: 3rd pp, skin, skill , ill, leg, get, Thursday, infinitive, will shall, adj: more and
most
• Strong verbs: pt and pp – change of root vowels, weak verbs by adding an
inflectional suffix, had 19 forms in case, number and gender.
• Amrigo vaspuhi – Italian traveler- American migration – 1620. Oliver Cromwell #
James 1 – 1630-1640
2. EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE
• Gesture, sound, word, sentence, paragraph,
essay, literature
• Sound =44: vowels: - Pure -12, Diphthongs- 8
• Consonants: 24
• Articles: Indefinite – an, a/ Definite: the
• Capitals: proper, I, God, fest, poems, language,
“”,!
3. PUNCTUATIONS
• Full stop: the longest pause, sentence, statement, command,
abbreviation
• Question mark ?: direct question
• Exclamation mark ! : sudden feelings
• Comma: Parenthesis – But their question, I think, is difficult to
settle.
• Apostrophe: boy’s, boys’, n’t, it’s, ’m, ’ve, ’ll
• Semicolon: it was a small fight, certainly; it was an important event.
Reading makes a full man; speaking, a ready man; writing, an exact
man.
• Colon: examples, quotations, dash – Man proposes: God disposes.
• “” NAmE,BrE : “words of the speaker”
• Dash: parenthesis : Raju is- I hesitate to say it- a criminal.
• Hyphen: compound words – : sea- route, market- place
4. PART OF SPEECH
Noun = Name
• Abstract , Concrete
• Proper, common, material, collective
• Countable and uncountable
• Singular and plural
• Gender: masculine, feminine, neutral,
common
5. Pronoun = proxy for noun
• Personal: 1st , 2nd ,3rd
• Reflexive /Emphatic : pro + self/ves
• Possessive: his
• Demonstrative: this, that
• Indefinite: some, many, all
• Distributive: each, either, neither
• Reciprocal / compound personal: each other, one another
• Relative: who, that, whom, whose,
• Interrogative: what, how, when
• Exclamatory: what, who
• The student who won the second rank attended the meeting.
• What! You don’t know her?
6. Adjectives = qualifying words, ad more
meaning
• Single: little
• Compound: out of the way cottage
• Two functions / position: attributive, predicative = v+o – Raju is clever
• Kind of adjectives:
• Quality: beautiful
• Demonstrative: this, that
• Quantity and Number : much, many
• Interrogative: what time is it?
• Distributive: each, either
• Possessive: my
• Emphasizing: own, very
• Exclamatory: what a fool!
• Noun= the+ adj: the poor = poor men
• Degree: +,&, super(‘ior’ ending “to” /not than )
• Affix= prefix + suffix
• Little, less, least, fever, late, later, latest, latter, last; elder, older, further, farther
•
7. Verb
• Transitive and intransitive = O
• Position: Main Verb and Auxiliary Verb
• PAV: be , has, do (MV)
• SAV = will, shall, may, can
• Tense: SP near future: we leave Delhi at 10am and arrive I London at 2pm. We stop there for two hours and then fly to Newyork.
• Vivid: it is a trick used by the narrator to make past events seems immediate.
• Will and Shall
• I /we = shall
• You/3rd pp = will
• I /we +will
• Offer: I will carry that for you
• Promise: I will meet you at 10.
• Determination: I /we will fight against corruption
• 2nd pp & 3rd pp + shall
• Order: you shall go there.
• Threat: lazy students shall be punished
• Compulsion: you shall have to come here
• In the following sentences (shall) the will of the speaker is expressed.
• Assurance: you shall have whatever you need. You shall not go short of money.
• Intention: you shall have the best education possible.
• 23 Special Verbs
• PAVs, SAVs, ought to, must, need, dare (because they can be used with “not”)
• Could
• Indicate ability that existed in the past tense: In my younger days I could run 5 miles at a stretch.
• Report speech
• Unreal condition: you could do it if you tried hard.
• Polite?: could I have a glass of water , please?
• Verbs no ING: 5senses, know, understand, notice, watch, believe, like, love, remember, depend, own, resemble, and observe (notice), have (posses),
listen, look, forget, want, belong, consist, cost.
8. Adverb = qualifying words, ad more
meaning
• Manner: how? = well
• Place: where? = here, there
• Time: when? = all day
• They have been working hard (manner) at
office (place) everyday (time).
• Time always placed in the beginning or end.
9. Phrases
• Noun phrases: The child likes to see his mother. The
boy likes everyone.
• Adjective phrase: The Indian army, a green bird, a
populated city
• Adverb phrase: after sometimes, at this moment, in a
moderate manner
• Manner: Ram spoke wisely.
• Place: you can’t get it any place.
• Time: he is coming after some times.
• Pope says, “A little learning is a dangerous thing”. ‘I
don’t go looking for eggs in other people’s yard.
10. Kind of Prepositions
• Simple: {at, for from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with}
• Compound: which are generally formed by prefixing a prep (usually
a= no or be=by to a noun, an adj/ adv )
• {About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around,
before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside,
outside, underneath, within, without}
• Phrase : {according to, agreeable to, along with, away from,
because of , by dint of, by means of , by reason of, by virtue of , by
way of , conformably to, for the sake of, in accordance with, in
addition to, in/on behalf of, in case of, in compliance with, in
consequence of, in front of, in lieu of, in order to, in place of , in
reference to, in regard to, in spite of, instead of, in the event of, on
account of , owing to, with a view to, with an eye to , with reference
to, with regard to }
11. Conjunctions
• Joining words: Joining words, phrases,
sentences
• Co-ordinating: and, but, or, nor, yet, so, for,
only
• Subordinating: if, although, though, before,
after, until, till
• Correlative: either-or, neither-nor, not only…..
but… also, whether….or, both…and
12. Interjections
• Sudden and deep feelings or emotions
• Alas! What a pity!
• Hurrah! I have won!
• Alas! I am in real trouble!
14. INFINITIVES
• Change according to number and person = finite
• Kind
• Simple: sub, obj, compliment
• To smoke is forbidden
• I came here to teach
• Our wish is to live happily
• Qualifying: verb, adj, noun
• She is slow to do her duty.
• Omission
• Principle verb: see, hear, let, watch, make , have, know, bid, feel, need, dare
• We saw him leave. He was seen to leave.
• Help : with or without
• He helped us {to} push the boat.
• SAV and do: I can go = I am able to go
• After than & and
• I would rather die than beg.
• I want to sit and hear music.
• Verbs of knowing and thinking: object+ to be
• He is known to be honest.
• Split infinitive: in between to & verb
• Present and past
•
15. CLAUSE
• Subject and predicate form the part of sentence (7)
• Complex: main clause/principle + subordinate
• When I completed my studies I began to work.
• Coordinate: main + main
• He teaches well and he sings well.
• Simple: he teaches well
• Kind
• Noun clause
• I hope to win the race.
• What he does is quite right.
• I know where he stays.
• Hoping that he would succeed, he continues his pursuit.
• I differ with what you say.
• Happiness is what we believe it is.
• Life is what we make it.
• He wants to know what my mobile number is.
• Adjective clause
• The reason he failed is that he was lazy.
• This is the pen which I lost yesterday.
• Tell me the song you like most.
16. • Adverb clause
• Time: when he came it was to late.
• Condition: if it rains we shall play in rain.
• No conj: Had I been a fish I would swam away.
• Relative pro after adj/adv: whatever happens keeps cool.
• Place: I have hidden it where I can find it.
• Reason: Since you’re small you can’t do it.
• Purpose: you can’t succeed lest you work.
• Comparison: you may work, as you please.
• Effect, result, consequence:
• He worked so hard that he got exhausted.
• He was such a brave man that he went to enemies territory.
• Concession, contrast, supposition:
• Though he is not rich he is honest.
• Whatever you may do you will not be able to save him.
• Extent / manner
• The cow ran as if it was shot at.
• The more you eat, the stronger you become.
• You may do as you like.
• They danced as though they were exited.
17. CONDITIONALS
• Sentence with IF are used to express possibilities.
• First: if clause is present simple and main clause is future
simple: consequence of possible actions.
• Second: past simple and conditional simple
• Hypothetical action = imagination
• Third: past perfect and conditional perfect
• Didn’t happen
• Zero: Present simple {in both} or past simple.
• Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than
possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth
that is always true or that was always true in the past.
18. CASE
• Nominative = nirdasica: subject of a verb
• Accusative = prathigrahika : direct object(ive)
• Genitive = sambanthica: possessive
• Ablative = prayogica : cause/ by
• Dative = udasica : Indirect object
• Vocative = samyogica : nominative of address/
call
• Adarika (mal)
19. ADVERB USAGES
• As well as : adupolatanna
• As soon as : kazhivtum vagthil
• No sooner than: in the same moment
• Either….or : choice of two things
• Neither….nor: edum alla atum alla
• Not only …..but also: idu mathramalla adumkoodi
• So…..that
• Both…..and
• Too……to
• Such….that: used to emphasize a great degree.
• As far as : sambnthichidatholam
• Such….as: athupola
• Even if/though: annannirikalum
• Although / though: annirikalum, annalam, anniddum
• Such and such:athoitho
• As though/ as if: inganayokayidum
20. RULES FOR UNCHANGING PAST TENSE
• In theory: written English past simple and past continuous are unchanged
into past perfect and past perfect continuous. But in spoken English
sometimes are not changed.
• He said, “ when I went there, Raju was taking tea.”
• He said that when he had gone there he had been taking tea (odd,
stereotyped)
• He said that when he went there he was taking tea.
• 2. A condition in the past tense
• He exclaimed, “I didn’t buy the car, because it was second hand”
• He exclaimed that he didn’t buy the car because it was second hand
• 3. would, should, must, ought to, might, used to, had better: phrase
• He said, “I would be there”
• 4. It is time, rather, wishes, would rather: She said, “it is time, politicians
realize their mistakes.”
• 5. Second conditional
21. THE TECHNIQUES OF GRAMMATICAL
ANALYSIS
• Can be used to demonstrate the enormous creative power of language:
how , from a finite set of grammatical patterns, even a young child can
express an infinitive set of grammatical patterns, even a young child can
express an infinite set of sentences. They can help us all to identify the
fascinating edges of language, where we find the many kinds of humorous
and dramatic effects, both in literature and in everyday language (David
crystal; 1992:89)
• 6 types
• Prescriptive
• Descriptive
• Pedagogical
• Reference
• Theoretical and Traditional
• Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relation
• Communicative
22. TENSE USAGES (aspect)
The Present Simple
• To express a habitual action:
• He drinks tea every day.
• General truth:
• The sun rises in the east.
• In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what actually taking place in the present:
• Here comes the bus.
• In vivid narratives as substitute for past simple:
• Ram now rushes, forward and deals a heavy blow to Raju.
• Express an future event that is part of a fixed time table or fixed programme:
• The match starts at 6 O’clock.
• Introduce a quotation:
• Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”
• It is used instead of the future simple in clauses of time and condition:
• If it rains we shall get wet.
• As in broadcast commentaries on sporting events, the present simple is used instead of the present continuous to
describe activities in progress where there is stress on the succession of happening rather than on the duration.
• Instead of present continuous :
• verbs of perception: notice, recognize
• appearing : look, seem
• emotion: want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer
• posses: own
• thinking
23. The Present Continuous
• for the action going on at the time of speaking:
• He is dancing.
• For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the
time of speaking:
• I am reading Tagore. (But I am not reading now)
• For an action that already been arranged to take place in the near
future:
• I am going to cinema to night.
• It has been pointed out before that the present simple is used for a
habitual action. However when the reference is to a particularly
obstinate habit sth which persist.
• In spite of advice or warning: we use the present continuous with
adverbs like: always, continually, constantly.
24. The Present Perfect
• To indicate completed activities in immediate past: with Just:
• He has just gone out.
• To express past actions whose time is not given or not definite:
• Have you read Gulliver’s Travls?
• To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present
than of the action itself:
• Gopi has eaten all the mangos.
• To denote an action beginning at sometimes in the past and continuing up
to the present: often with since and for phrases :
• I have known him for a long time.
• The following adv/adv phrases can also be used with the present perfect:
never, ever =? So far, till, now yet = -ve, already, today, this week.
• Present perfect is never used with adverbs of past time:
• We should not say: He has gone to UK yesterday.
25. The Present Perfect Continuous
• Is used for an action which began at
sometime in the past and still continuing:
• He has been sleeping for 7 hours.
• Activities is emphasized as an explanation of
sth:
• Why are your clothes so wet? I have been
watering the plants.
•
26. The Past Simple
• Is used to indicate an action completed in the
past: it often occurs with adv and phrases of the
past time:
• The steamer sailed yesterday.
• Used without adv of time: it may be either
implied or indicated by the context: I learnt Hindi
in Nagpur.
• Is also used for past habit:
• He studied many hours a day.
•
27. The Past Continuous
• Used to denote an action going on at sometime in the past: time
may/not be indicated:
• They were listing to the radio all evening.
• It was getting darker.
• The past continuous are used together when a new action
happened in the middle of a longer action. the past simple is used
for the new action:
• The light went out while I was reading.
• When I saw him, he was playing chess.
• Used with always, continually, ect for persistent habit in the past:
• She was always grumbling.
•
28. The Past Perfect
• It describes an action completed before a certain
moment in the past:
• I had seen him last 5 years before.
• If two actions happened in the past , it may be
necessary to show which action happened earlier
than other. The past perfect is mainly used in
situations. The past simple is used in one clause
and past perfect in the another:
• I had done my exercise when Hari came to see
me.
• When I reached the station the train had started.
29. The Past Perfect Continuous
• Is used for an action that began before a
certain point in the past and continued up to
that time:
• At that time he had been writing a novel for
two months.
30. The Future Simple
• Is used to talk about things which we can’t control. It
expresses the future as fact:
• I shall be 20 next year.
• We use this tense to talk about what we think or
believe will happen in the future:
• I am sure Helen will get a first class.
• As in the above sentence we often use this tense with:
I think, I’m sure, I expect, I believe….
• We can use this tense when we decide to do sth at the
time of speaking:
• It is raining I will take an umbrella.
31. The Future Continuous
• To talk about actions which will be in progress
at time in the future:
• I suppose it will be raining when we start.
• To talk about actions in the future which are
already planed or which are expected to
happen in normal course of things:
• I will be staying here till Sunday.
32. The Future Perfect
• Is used to talk about actions that will be
completed by a certain future time:
• I shall have written my research paper by
then.
• He will have left before you go to see him.
33. The Future Perfect Continuous
• Is used for actions which will be in progress
over a period of time that will end in the
future:
• By next may we shall have been living here for
4 years.
• This tense usage is not very common.