This document discusses derivational morphology in English and provides examples of affixes that derive different parts of speech. It examines: 1) Noun markers like -cy, -tion, -ty, -ship, -al, -er, -or, -ce, -ing, -ate, -logy, and -ist and how nouns can be derived from nouns, verbs, and adjectives. 2) Verb markers like -en, -ize, -en-, -0, and -en and how verbs can be derived from adjectives, nouns, and adverbs. 3) Adjective markers like -ic, -ous, -ing, -

1. Derivations
English Morphology
By
Mahrukh Shehzadi
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2. Introduction
Derivational morphology is a branch of
morphology dealing with word-formation.
(Trask.1993)
The process of obtaining new words by
adding affixes to existing words or stem
occurs.
Affixes are bound morphemes which can
only attach to word or stem. The process
changes the new semantically and
grammatically.
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3. 1. Noun Markers
 Noun is a word that names a person,
place, thing or idea (Spears:1991).
 Exp:
1. Bobby;
2. London;
3. Board;
4. Freedom.
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4. Noun Marker Suffixes (cont....)
1. cy = democracy
2. tion = proclamation
3. ty = celebrity
4. ship = citizenship
5. al = proposal
6. er = teacher
7. or = actor
8. ce = confidence
9. ing = smiling
10. ate = directorate
11. logy = ideology
12. -0 = wish
13. ist = dentist
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5.  In English word-formation, a noun derives
from a noun, a verb and an adjective but
not an adverb.
 If a noun form is from an identical word
class, the meaning may change but its
grammatical category remains the same.
(Noun is derived from Noun)
Company = companion;
Independence = independency;
Philosophy = philosopher;
Friend = friendship.
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6. Noun Markers (cont....)
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7. 2. Verb Markers
A verb is a word conveying action or a state
of being; the core of the predicate and in
modern linguistics, the core of the sentence
(Spears: 1991).
-en = widen, blacken; (adj/suffix)
-ize = harmonize, modernize; (adj/suffix)
-en- = endanger, enjoy; (prefix/N)
-0 = glue, tie.(zero marking)
-en = fasten (adv/suffix)
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8. 3. Adjective Marker
Adjective is a member of a group of words that
are used to modify, supplement, add to, or restrict
the meaning of nouns or nominal (Spears: 1991).
-ic = alcoholic, organic; (N/suffix)
-ous = dangerous; (N/suffix)
-ing = boring; (N/suffix)
-ed = educated; (V/suffix)
-ive = protective; (V/suffix)
-al = instrumental; (N/suffix)
-ial = influential; (adj/suffix)
-0 = black, sad.( adj/-)
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9. 4. Adverb Marker
Spears (1991) argues that an adverb is a
word or phrase that modifies a verb,
adjective, another adverb and sentence.
-ly = smoothly;
Very = very rarely;
-0 = fast, late.
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11. Find out four markers of
word-formation and
their examples !!
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12. The end
Thank you
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