This document provides an overview of English grammar, including the eight parts of speech and their definitions: noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It also covers verb tenses, sentence structures, active and passive voice, direct and indirect speech, modal verbs, and gerunds and infinitives. The purpose is to explain the basic rules and concepts of English grammar to support correct written and spoken communication in the language.

1. G.N. TEWARI’S
ENGLISH GRAMMAR -
MADE EASY
English Expression/Communication –
i) Verbal or spoken
ii) Written
First step is to decide what we want to say. Second step is to say it correctly, that is with
i) Correct grammar
ii) Correct formation of sentence, and finally
iii) Correct pronunciation or spelling.
Writing or speaking any language without the knowledge of grammar is like driving on
the road without the knowledge of traffic rules. The result – CRASH.
Sometimes, same word with the same spelling may be used with different pronunciation
and may mean differently. (For example – “I read” is used as Present and also Past tense.
If pronounced like REED, then it is Present tense. If pronounced like RED, then it is Past
tense)
Sometimes, different words with different spelling may be used with same pronunciation
and may mean differently. (For example – “Made” and “Maid”)
Meaning depends upon the context in which it is used.

2. PARTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUN – Name of a person, place or thing
( Examples – Ashok, man, Kanpur, city, Class, gold, honesty, men,
girls, classes, baby, babies, boy’s, boys’)
2. PRONOUN – Words which can be used to replace nouns
( Examples – I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, my, mine, us, our,
your, yours, him, hers, its, them, theirs, myself,
those, yourself, yourselves, who, which, whose, whom, what,
many, all, others, few, any either, neither, each, none)
3. ADJECTIVE – Word which qualifies a noun i.e. used to describe its speciality.
( Examples – five, clever, that, thin, small, good, white, much, some)
Some words may be either noun or adjective depending on the context.
Examples – none, some, each, all, many
4. ADVERB – Word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.
Simple Adverb – time, place, number, manner, degree, quantity, affirmative or
negative
Time – examples- today, tomorrow, daily, soon, when
Place- here, there, in, out, up, down
Number- once, twice, again, always, after, How OFTEN
Manner- soundly, clearly, bravely, cleverly, well(done)
Degree or quantity- very, quite, pretty (well), almost (ripe), how much
Affirmative – certain, surely
Negative- I do not know. He never said so.
Interrogative – When, where , why, how
Three degrees of Adverbs -
Positive – Early, late, near, fast, badly, far, much

3. Comparative – Earlier, later, nearer, faster, worse, farther, more
Superlative – Earliest, latest, nearest, fastest, worst, farthest, most
5. VERB -
Sentence Formation – Must have (i) Subject (Noun/ Pronoun)
(ii) Verb
Tenses
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT
TENSE
I go
You go
We go
He goes
She goes
It goes
They go
I am going
You are going
We are going
He is going
She is going
It is going
They are going
I have gone
You have gone
We have gone
He has gone
She has gone
It has gone
They have gone
I have been going
You have been going
We have been going
He has been going
She has been going
It has been going
They have been going
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PAST TENSE
I went
You went
We went
He went
She went
It went
They went
I was going
You were going
We were going
He was going
She was going
It was going
They were going
I had gone
You had gone
We had gone
He had gone
She had gone
It had gone
They had gone
I had been going
You had been going
We had been going
He had been going
She had been going
It had been going
They had been going

4. INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
FUTURE
TENSE
I shall go
You will go
We shall go
He will go
She will go
It will go
They will go
I shall be going
You will be going
We shall be going
He will be going
She will be going
It will be going
They will be going
I shall have gone
You will have gone
We shall have gone
He will have gone
She will have gone
It will have gone
They will have gone
I shall have been going
You will have been going
We shall have been going
He will have been going
She will have been going
It will have been going
They will have been going
Will & shall – These can be replaced with the other to convey certainty or
determination.
Auxiliary Verbs - used along with the main Verb – Is, am, are, was were, have,
has, had, do, does, did, have been, had been.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
Tenses
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT
TENSE
I do not go
You do not go
We do not go
He does not go
She does not go
It does not go
They do not go
I am not going
You are not going
We are not going
He is not going
She is not going
It is not going
They are not going
I have not gone
You have not gone
We have not gone
He has not gone
She has not gone
It has not gone
They have not gone
I have not been going
You have not been going
We have not been going
He has not been going
She has not been going
It has not been going
They have not been going
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PAST
TENSE
I did not go
You did not go
We did not go
He did not go
She did not go
It did not go
They did not go
I was not going
You were not going
We were not going
He was not going
She was not going
It was not going
They were not going
I had not gone
You had not gone
We had not gone
He had not gone
She had not gone
It had not gone
They had not gone
I had not been going
You had not been going
We had not been going
He had not been going
She had not been going
It had not been going
They had not been going
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

5. FUTURE
TENSE
I shall not go
You will not go
We shall not go
He will not go
She will not go
It will not go
They will not go
I shall not be going
You will not be going
We shall not be going
He will not be going
She will not be going
It will not be going
They will not be going
I shall not have gone
You will not have gone
We shall not have gone
He will not have gone
She will not have gone
It will not have gone
They will not have
gone
I shall not have been going
You will not have been going
We shall not have been going
He will not have been going
She will not have been going
It will not have been going
They will not have been going
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Tenses
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT
TENSE
Do I go?
Do you go?
Do we go?
Does he go?
Does she go?
Does it go?
Do they go?
Am I going?
Are you going?
Are we going?
Is he going?
Is she going?
Is it going?
Are they going?
Have I gone?
Have you gone?
Have we gone?
Has he gone?
Has she gone?
Has it gone?
Have they gone?
Have I been going?
You have been going?
We have been going?
He has been going?
She has been going?
It has been going?
They have been going?
To correct
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PAST
TENSE
Did I go?
Did you go?
Did we go?
Did he go?
Did she go?
Did it go?
Did they go?
Was I going?
Are you going?
Are we going?
Is he going?
Is she going?
Is it going?
Are they going?
Had I gone?
Had you gone?
Had we gone?
Had he gone?
Had she gone?
Had it gone?
Had they gone?
Had I been going?
Had you been going?
Had we been going?
Had he been going?
Had she been going?
Had it been going?
Had They been going?
INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

6. FUTURE
TENSE
Shall I go?
Will You go?
Shall We go?
Will He go?
Will She go?
Will It go?
Will They go?
Shall I be going?
Will You be going?
Shell We be going?
Will He be going?
Will She be going?
Will It be going?
Will They be
going?
Shall I have gone?
Will You have gone?
Shall We have gone?
Will He have gone ?
Will She have gone?
Will It have gone?
Will They have
gone?
I shall have been going
You will have been going
We shall have been going
He will have been going
She will have been going
It will have been going
They will have been going
6. PREPOSITION –
Preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun showing relationship with
another thing.
Examples – In , out, at, of, by, from, to, into, off, out, till, for, up, about, across
among, between, beside, before, after, since, till, until, with, without, through.
Phase Prepositions – According to, in spite of, on account of, with reference to, in
addition to, due to.
7. CONJUNCTION
Conjunction joins two words or two sentences –
Examples - And, while, but, when, if, as , after, before, because, if, where,
although, though, lest, how, that, till, until, unless, than, since, yet.
8. INTERJECTION
Exclamation !
Examples – Hurrah, Alas, Hush, Bravo, Ah, Oh, Hello
Sign of exclamation is put after the word.

7. ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
Active – I did this work.
Passive – This work was done by me.
DIRECT / INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct – Ramesh says “ I shall buy a scooter”.
Indirect – Ramesh says that he will buy a scooter.
Direct – Ram said “I am very busy today”.
Indirect – Ram told that he was very busy on that day.
CAN / MAY
COULD / MIGHT
I can do this work / I could do this work - It means I have capability to do this work
I may do this work / I might do this work - It shows that there is a possibility of
doing this work.
Gerund - Walking is useful.
Simple Infinitive – To walk is useful.