Hi. This is Marvin Morales, i hope this slide will help you in your studies in as an Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. i just want to share.
3. SYNTAX
• Syntax helps us to make
clear sentences that “sound
right,” where words, phrases,
and clauses each serve their
function and are correctly
ordered to form and
communicate a complete
sentence with meaning.
4. SYNTAX
• Syntax helps us to make
clear sentences that “sound
right,” where words, phrases,
and clauses each serve their
function and are correctly
ordered to form and
communicate a complete
sentence with meaning.
7. CLOSED-CLASS WORDS
(changeable and accepts new
words, such as nouns, adjectives,
verbs, and adverbs) (function
words and rarely accepts new
words, such as prepositions,
conjunctions, pronouns,
complementizers, determiners,
and auxiliary verbs)
9. WORD --> PHRASE --> CLAUSE -->
SENTENCE
Let’s look at the following sentence:
The happy boy jumped swiftly over the rock by
the pond.
The smaller constituents (i.e. the happy boy,
the pond, the rock- all noun phrases) fit into
larger constituents (i.e. by the pond-
prepositional phrase), and even larger
constituents (the rock by the pond- bigger
noun phrase). These constituents follow a
hierarchical structure:
10. 5 TYPES OF PHRASES
noun phrases,
verb phrases,
adjective phrases,
adverb phrases, and
prepositional phrases.
11. CLAUSES
This composed of noun
phrases as the subject and
verb phrases as the
predicate. Some clauses
can stand independently as
a sentence, and others are
dependent or subordinate.
12. COMPOUND SENTENCES
This formed by joining
two independent
clauses, joined by a
conjunction or
punctuation
(semicolon or colon).
13. CLOSED-CLASS WORDS
(changeable and accepts new
words, such as nouns, adjectives,
verbs, and adverbs) (function
words and rarely accepts new
words, such as prepositions,
conjunctions, pronouns,
complementizers, determiners,
and auxiliary verbs)
15. Though they may seem
spontaneous and
unstructured at times,
these and all words use set
patterns of word formation,
structure, and meaning,
outlined in the study of
MORPHOLOGY
16. • All words are made up of
small units called morphemes,
some of which can be used
independently (i.e. and, dog,
fun), and some of which are not
independently words but hold
meaning (i.e. prefixes: un-, re-;
suffixes: -ing, -ly).
MORPHOLOGY
17. Words or morphemes that keep the
same form every time used and are
unchangeable, including
conjunctions (i.e. and), pronouns
(i.e. he, she), auxiliary verbs (i.e.
may, can), determiners (i.e. the, a),
prepositions (i.e. of, from), and
inflectional suffixes (i.e. XXX).
CLOSED CLASSES
18. Words that have morphemes that
change depending on the grammar
and meaning of a sentence,
including nouns (i.e. dogà dogs),
verbs (i.e. walkà walking),
adjectives (i.e. poor), adverbs (i.e.
poorly), and derivational affixes
(i.e. prefixes: in-, un-; and suffixes:
- ly, -s).
OPEN CLASSES
19. In both open and
closed morpheme
groups, morphemes
can be separated into
free and bound
morphemes:
20. Words that are made up
of only one morpheme
and can stand alone as
an English word (i.e.
quick, up). Most root
words in English are free
morphemes.
FREE MORPHEMES
22. This can change the meaning of the entire
word, but does not change the meaning of the
root word or the part of speech. It includes
all suffixes, plural –s (dogs), possessive –s
(doctor’s), third-person singular present –s (he
walks), progressive –ing (he is walking), past
tense –ed (he walked), past participle –ed/-en
(he has walked/taken), comparative –er
(funnier), and superlative –est (funniest).
INFLECTIONAL BOUND MORPHEMES
23. This often changes the part of
the speech of the word, like
from a noun to a verb, and the
meaning of the word. These
include prefixes (i.e. anti-, pre-,
un-) and some suffixes (i.e. –
ness, -er both change verbs to
nouns).
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES