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Sustainable & Resilient Energy Systems
- 1. ProsPER.NET 2019 Leadership Programme Engineering Approaches to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Towards Sustainable Development in the Asia-Pacific Region Sustainable & Resilient Energy Systems Rizalinda L. de Leon, PhD Department of Chemical Engineering Energy Engineering Program College of Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman
- 2. How important is energy to you and to your community? (What is it used for? What benefits does it bring?) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
- 3. What is an energy system? Delivery of Energy Services Technologies Physical Infrastructure Institutions Policies & Practices
- 4. Conversion & Distribution Technologies Fuel, Electricity, Heat CONVERSION & DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGIES Fossil Fuels Wind, Hydro, Ocean Biomass, Solar, Geothermal
- 6. Primary Energy Resources Conversion/Distribut ion Technologies Directly Useable Energy Forms Crude Oil Refining/ Pipeline or Trucks Liquid fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel) Coal/Nat Gas/Biomass Combustion/ transmission cables Power & Heat Wind, Hydro, Ocean Mechanical/ transmission cables Power Solar PV or Solar Thermal/ electric cables or insulated pipes Power or Heat Geothermal Turbine/ transmission cables, pipelines Power & Heat
- 7. Institutions Policy-makers & Regulators Operators & Technology Providers Academe & Research NGOs & Communities End-Users
- 8. Some Philippine Policies related to Energy • RA 7638 Act creating the Department of Energy • RA 9136 Act to promote competition, encourage market development, ensure consumer choice in electric industry • RA 9513 Act promoting the Development, Utilization and Commercialization of Renewable Energy Resources • RA 9367 Act directing the use of biofuels • RA 11285 Act institutionalizing policies on energy efficiency and conservation • DOE DC 2018-01-0001 Adoption of energy resiliency in planning and programming of the energy sector • RA 10121 act to strengthen disaster management • Senate Bill 175 promoting the development of microgrid systems
- 9. What is a sustainable energy system? Synonyms of “sustain” Endure, hold up, bear, carry, keep up Support, assist Continue, carry on, keep going This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
- 10. What is a sustainable energy system? • Energy resource is virtually inexhaustible or can be replenished within a human lifetime (decarbonization) • Lower energy requirements for providing energy services • Integrated grid structures This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Source: Koppl and Schleicher, 2018
- 11. What is a resilient energy system? Resilience (etymology) Latin verb resilire “to jump back” “to recoil” “to rebound” -www.etymoline.com “to overcome, resist, reduce, minimize internal and environmental pressures” -Psychological Bulletin, 1987 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
- 12. What is a resilient energy system? A resilient energy system has “the capacity to tolerate disturbance and to continue to deliver affordable energy services to consumers”. It “can speedily recover from shocks and can provide alternative means of satisfying energy service needs in the event of changed external circumstances.” -UK Energy Research Center, 2009* * Working definition of energy system resilience, drawing heavily on the ecological sciences
- 13. Vulnerability of Various Energy Systems
- 14. Resilience against what? • Technical equipment failure/ unplanned outages • Temporary disabling energy service due to disaster • Energy price volatility • Increasing energy cost • Energy demand and supply fluctuations • Energy source disruption • Attack on energy infrastructure
- 15. Pin-pointing the areas of vulnerability • Availability • Cost • Transformation / Conversion (resource energy) • Storage • Transmission/Distribution • Disruptions to supply • Fluctuating prices
- 16. Vulnerabilities of Some Energy Primary Energy Supplies Fossil Fuel Resources • Availability and cost are typically influenced by geo-politics • Prices may further be influenced by perceived depletion, and • increased cost due to increased difficulty of extraction Renewable Energy Resources • Cost is usually zero (except biomass) • Availability affected by climate changes • Wind & Solar – vulnerable to typhoon damage
- 17. Vulnerabilities of Generation Technologies Wind Power • Shifting geographical distribution • variability of wind speed Hydropower • Changing hydrological cycle lower precipitation Biofuels • Effect of climate change on temperature, rainfall, CO2-level on crops • desertification Solar • Changes in atmospheric water vapor content, cloudiness, cloud characteristics atmospheric transmittance
- 18. Vulnerabilities of Generation Technologies Marine energy • Changes in wave formation due to shifting wind location and speed. Oil and Nat GAs • Facilitating access to previously unreached systems due to melting of Arctic ice Coal • Flooding that affects coal quality and coal- handling
- 19. Vulnerabilities of Storage and Transmission Technologies Power Lines • Extreme winds • Ice loads • Lightning strikes • Conductor vibrations and galloping • Avalanches • Landslides • Flooding • wildfires Gas Transmission Systems • Mud flows • Floods • Landslides • Permafrost thawing • Earthquakes • rockslides
- 20. Vulnerabilities of Demand side Heating & Cooling in Buildings • Global warming increased cooling loads, decreased heating loads Transport • Increased cooling load (use of airconditioning reduces efficiency of vehicles by around 12% at highway speeds) Other • Global warming increased cooling loads, decreased heating loads
- 21. Two Types of Stressors & Responses Stressor Known or Expected Unknown Creeping Adapt Innovate Abrupt Build up resistance/ robustness Improvise
- 22. Effect of Creeping Stressors Creeping Stressors Effect on Global Warming Urbanization & Population Increase Technology Changes Energy Demand Reduced heating load in buildings & increased cooling loads Increased energy consumption for transport, commerce & manufacture Increased efficiency, increased power requirements Renewable Energy Systems Availability of resource, reduced efficiency &/or generation Stressed capacities Increased efficiency, lower cost
- 23. Effect of Abrupt Stressors Effect/ Demand Isolated, hard-to-reach, communication cut-off Renewable Energy Systems Structural damage, disconnected grid
- 24. Give one example of a creeping stressor that is a concern to your community and how these are affecting the people, or This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Give one example of an abrupt stressor that has challenged your community and how these have affected the people.
- 25. Indications of energy system resilience Preparedness & Planning Recovery & Rebuilding Improved resistance and resiliency of energy systems (e.g. microgrids, building efficiency, islanding, etc… Plan for secure, sustainable, safe communities Establish policies & codes that support sustainability, security & safety Deploy on-site technology demonstrations (emergency back-up power) Incorporate energy efficiency, sustainability, and RE measures into disaster recovery efforts Design sustainable, resilient buildings
- 26. Case Study: Integrated Energy System for a Hospital • Combined heat and power (CHP) only • Photovoltaics (PV) with Battery Storage only • Integrated CHP-PV-Battery
- 27. Integrated Energy System for a Hospital Lower Life Cycle Energy Costs Increased Resilience Reduced GHG Can provide back-up elec & heat CHP* PV + Battery storage** & zero emissions Integrated*** 7% lower than CHP only, 22% lower than PV+ 24% less than CHP only, 17% increase than PV+only * Compared to procurement of electricity and separate heating with natural gas in conventional boiler; vulnerable to disruptions in imported fuel supply ** limited by reliance on variable solar energy, energy-limited storage, typically only support electric loads (not heat) *** CHP provides baseload and heat, PV reduces GHG emissions and offsets risk of disruption in CHP fuel supply
- 28. Possible scenario (CHP-PV- Battery): Electric Load Source: Becker, et al, Reopt: Enabling Renewable Energy, Storage, and Combined Heat & Power , NREL. https://2019aceee.conferencespot.org/#/paper/event-data/f038
- 29. Possible scenario (CHP-PV- Battery): Thermal Load Source: Becker, et al, Reopt: Enabling Renewable Energy, Storage, and Combined Heat & Power , NREL. https://2019aceee.conferencespot.org/#/paper/event-data/f038
- 30. Preparing for Natural Disasters • Risk Assessment & Policy • Emergency exercises & Community Mobilization • Grid Resilience • Redundancy & Felixibility This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
- 31. Risk Assessment & Policies • Hazard maps ID areas where prioirity measures and resources can be allocated • Geographic prioritization • Zoning, location of key assets (substations, distribution lines, etc…) • Formulate local ordinances & initiate local action Source: Guidelines to Develop Energy Resiliency in APEC Off- Grid Areas, Energy Working Group, February 2017. https://images.app.goo.gl/GJRKNp VaZ44qvRSo8
- 32. Emergency Exercises & Community Mobilization • simulations of outages • Funding provision • Capacity building (tech skills & business mgt) for key community leaders • Facile community consultation and consensus building Task Force Kapatid of the Philippines’ National Electrification Administration. Aftermath of typhoon Haiyan November 2013.
- 33. Grid Resilience • Smarter Grid • Reinforced Grid (Higher design standards) • Distributed Generation, microgrids • Resilient Demand Source: Guidelines to Develop Energy Resiliency in APEC Off-Grid Areas, Energy Working Group, February 2017. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
- 34. Redundancy & Flexibility • Alternative Fuel Storage • Fuel Flexibility in critical services • Microgeneration with renewable Energy Technologies This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
- 35. Share some practices in your community/country that contribute to energy resilience. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Editor's Notes
- Crude Oil converted to gasoline, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel Coal, Nat Gas converted to power, heat Wind, Hydro, Ocean power Solar, Biomass. Geothermal Power and heat
- Operators include generators, transmission and distribution companies Technology providers include – Engg-Procurement-Costruction companies and manufacturers of components, including maintenance service providers Policy-makers & regulators – include national and local government agencies
- Dept Circular 2018-01-0001 (a) strengthen existing infrastructure facilities to adapt to and withstand adverse conditions and disruptive events’; (b) incorporate mitigation improvements in accordance with Build Back Better principle; © improve operational and maintenance standards and practices to ensure expeditious restoration of energy supply after disruptive events; (d) develop resiliency standards for future construction of energy facilities… RA 10121 LGUs are required allocate 5% of yearly estimated revenue and to spend these on disaster mitigation, preparation and response: 30% for quick response, 70% on equipment and disaster prevention, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and recovery
- Sundial symbolizes the passage of time… a long time…generations
- Buildings – improved thermal structures, heat recovery from mechanical energy generation (co-generation of heat and power) Transport – strategies that reduce the need for transport (e.g. localization of production, application of communication technologies) Industry & Manufacturing - low-energy and low-emission technologies for cement, steel, pulp and paper INTEGRATED GRID STRUCTURES: Buildings – not only en energy consumer, but a supplier and storage as well Transport – focus on services (is transport really needed?); zoning concepts (low distances for all activities related to work, personal needs and leisure) Industry and Manufacture - Integrated grids linking electricity, heating/cooling, gas.
- For fossil fuel resources: availability and cost are typically influenced by geo-politics; cost may further be influenced by perceived depletion and cost of extraction (as extraction becomes more difficult) For renewable energy resources: while cost is usually zero (except biomass which may become a commodity),, availability may be affected by climate changes Vulnerability of technologies are typically climate-related (e.g., floods, typhoons) and/or geological event-related (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis).
- For fossil fuel resources: availability and cost are typically influenced by geo-politics; cost may further be influenced by perceived depletion and cost of extraction (as extraction becomes more difficult) For renewable energy resources: while cost is usually zero (except biomass which may become a commodity),, availability may be affected by climate changes Vulnerability of technologies are typically climate-related (e.g., floods, typhoons) and/or geological event-related (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis).
- Changing hydrological cycle maube
- Changing hydrological cycle maube
- Changing hydrological cycle maube
- The effect of Creeping stressors (e.g. Global warming; urbanization & population increase; technology changes) can be anticipated and mitigated by adapting and innovating existing structures, components and organizations to enable communities to better cope with and recover. For Abrupt or Sudden stressors (floods, typhoons, storm-surges, earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires) that may be expected but its occurrence cannot be accurately predicted or prediction leaves little time to respond, the system will not have time to innovate, but will need to increase the resistance and robustness of its structures to prepare for such events, and will require the ability to improvise.
- Case study done by NREL, optimizing the technical and economic viability of integrated CHP, PV and battery systems compared to CHP only or PV-battery only. SOC = state of charge
- Case study done by NREL, optimizing the technical and economic viability of integrated CHP, PV and battery systems compared to CHP only or PV-battery only.
- Risk Assessment & Policy - Emergency exercises – simulations of outages involving key government agencies, energy companies, and communities Investment in grid resilience – (1) review previous outages & adopt technologies and operational arrangements toward a smarter grid, (2) reinforce grid (e.g. raise seawalls around key assets, restore natural coastal protections, relocate key assets, underground powerlines, improved cable materials …), (3) distribute generation & diversified fuel types limit risk of outages, allow faster service restoration; (4) build resilience into the demand (e.g., better thermal design of buildings…passively habitable under extreme weather conditions; battery storage. Design for robust energy systems – alternative fuel storage that can withstand anticipated disasters; integrate flexibility and redundancy for critical services. (e.g. trucks that can run on both gasoline and nat gas)
- NEA and 34 Electric Cooperatives in Luzon and Mindanao deployed 9 task force teams composed of 226 engineers and linemen to assist nine cooperatives in the Visayas region affected by Typhoon Haiyan.
- Investment in grid resilience – (1) Smarter Grid - review previous outages & adopt technologies and operational arrangements toward a smarter grid (communications and remote control for quick adjustments to demand, gap), (2) reinforce grid (e.g. raise seawalls around key assets, restore natural coastal protections, relocate key assets, underground powerlines, improved cable materials …), (3) distribute generation & diversified energy sources limit risk of outages, allow faster service restoration; microgrid is an electrical system that includes multiple loads and distributed energy resources that can be operated in parallel with larger utility grid or as a small, independent power system; (4) Resilient demand - build resilience into the demand (e.g., better thermal design of buildings…passively habitable under extreme weather conditions; battery storage.
- Design for robust energy systems – alternative fuel storage that can withstand anticipated disasters; (2) integrate flexibility and redundancy for critical services. (e.g. back-up systems for hospitals, emergency trucks that can run on both gasoline and nat gas) (3) Microgeneration – small-scale generation of heat/electric power by individuals, small businesses and communites to meet their own needs as alternatives or supplements to traditional centralized grid-connected power