Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to clean energy technology (overview) .pdf
Similar to clean energy technology (overview) .pdf (20)
More from FaizanAhmed396943
More from FaizanAhmed396943 (8)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
clean energy technology (overview) .pdf
- 1. Dr. Muhammad Uzair Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED UET uzair@neduet.edu.pk Clean Energy Technology
- 2. IMPORTANT NOTE Softcopy of presentations, research papers and other study material will be shared on Google Drive link or By Email
- 3. Outline • Overview • Solar Energy • Wind Energy • Hydropower • Biomass Energy • Tidal and Wave Energy • Geothermal Energy
- 4. Books • John Twidell and Tony Weir, “Renewable Energy Resources”, Routledge, 2014. • Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future”, Oxford University Press, 2004. • John A. Duffie William A. Beckman , “Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- 5. Class Learning Outcomes S. No. CLOs Taxonomy 1 Explain fundamental characteristics of different clean energy sources and mechanism for harnessing this technology Cognitive Level 2* 2 Apply methodology for extraction of power through various clean energy sources Cognitive Level 3* 3 Compare environmental aspects of clean energy systems and conventional fossil fuel systems Cognitive Level 4*
- 6. OVERVIEW
- 7. Overview 7 All the renewable energy sources are principally derived from the enormous power of Sun's radiation.
- 8. Overview 8 These renewable energy sources are at once, the most ancient and now, the most modern forms of energy used by humanity.
- 9. Overview 9 Solar power is one of the ultimate sources of energy upon which early human societies were based.
- 10. Overview 1 0 When our ancestors first used fire, they were harnessing the power of photosynthesis which is a solar driven process by which plants are created from water and atmospheric carbon dioxide.
- 11. Overview 1 1 Societies went on to develop ways of harnessing the movements of water and wind to grind corn, irrigate crops and propel ships.
- 12. Overview Both the natural movements of water and wind are caused by solar heating of the oceans and atmosphere.
- 13. Overview As civilizations became more sophisticated, architects began to design buildings to take advantage of the Sun’s energy by enhancing their natural use of its heat and light, so reducing the need for artificial sources of warmth and illumination.
- 14. Overview Technologies for harnessing the power of Sun, water and wind continued to improve right up to the early years of the industrial revolution.
- 15. Overview However, by then the advantages of coal, the first of the fossil fuels to be exploited on a large scale, had become apparent.
- 16. Overview These highly-concentrated energy sources soon displaced wood, wind and water in the homes, industries and transport systems of the industrial nations.
- 17. Overview Today the fossil fuel trio of coal, natural gas and oil provide over 80% of the world’s energy.
- 18. Overview Concerns about the adverse environmental and social consequences of fossil fuel use, such as air pollution, oil spills, mining accidents, deforestation and about the finite nature of supplies, have been voiced intermittently for several decades.
- 19. Overview But it was not until the 1970s, with the steep price rises of the ‘oil crisis’ and the advent of the environmental movement, that humanity began to take more seriously the prospect of fossil fuels ‘running out’, and the possibility that their continued use could be destabilizing the planet’s natural ecosystems and the global climate.
- 20. Overview The development of nuclear energy following World War II raised hopes of a cheap, plentiful and clean alternative to fossil fuels.
- 21. Overview However, nuclear power development has stalled in some countries in recent years, due to increasing concern about safety, cost, waste disposal and weapons proliferation, although in other countries nuclear expansion is continuing.
- 22. Overview Continuing concerns about the ‘sustainability’ of both fossil and nuclear fuel use have been a major catalyst of renewed interest in the renewable energy sources in recent decades.
- 23. Overview Now, what is a Sustainable Energy Source? Sustainable energy source is one which help this world in meeting its present needs without depleting of serving next generation’s needs.
- 24. Overview Sustainable energy does not involve significant pollutant emissions or other environmental problems.
- 25. Overview Also, sustainable energy does not involve the spread of substantial health hazards or social injustices.
- 26. Overview At present, oil and gas present at large scale and thus are sustainable energy sources.
- 27. Overview What is a Renewable Energy Source? Renewable energy source include such a natural source which can be replaced by natural ecological cycles. That is, they renew thus never gets deplete.
- 28. Overview Tidal, wave, geothermal, wind and solar energies are counted as renewable energy sources.
- 29. Overview The energy coming from sun and wind can be characterized as both sustainable and renewable energy sources.
- 30. COMPARISON OF RENEWABLE AND CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
- 31. Examples Renewable Energy Sys. Wind, solar, biomass, tidal etc. Conventional Energy Sys. Coal, oil, gas etc.
- 32. Source Renewable Energy Sys. Natural local environment. Conventional Energy Sys. Concentrated stock.
- 33. Initial average intensity Renewable Energy Sys. Low intensity, less than 300 W/m2 Conventional Energy Sys. High intensities, more than 100,000 W/m2
- 34. Lifetime of supply Renewable Energy Sys. Infinite Conventional Energy Sys. Finite
- 35. Cost at source Renewable Energy Sys. Free Conventional Energy Sys. Increasingly expansive
- 36. Equipment cost per kW capacity Renewable Energy Sys. Expensive, commonly 1000 USD/kW Conventional Energy Sys. Moderate, perhaps 500 USD/kW (without emissions control) Expansive, perhaps more than 1000 USD/kW (with emissions control)
- 37. Variation in output Renewable Energy Sys. Fluctuating, most of the times, unpredictable Conventional Energy Sys. Steady
- 38. Scale Renewable Energy Sys. Small and moderate scale often economic, large scale may present difficulties Conventional Energy Sys. Increased scale often improves supply costs, large scale frequently favored
- 39. Pollution and environmental damage Renewable Energy Sys. Usually little environment harm, especially at moderate scale Conventional Energy Sys. Environmental pollution intrinsic and common, specially of air and water
- 40. Pollution and environmental damage Renewable Energy Sys. Usually little environment harm, especially at moderate scale Conventional Energy Sys. Environmental pollution intrinsic and common, specially of air and water
- 42. Solar Energy Pros • Nonpolluting • Most abundant energy source available • Systems last 15-30 years Cons • High initial investment • Dependent on sunny weather • Supplemental energy may be needed in low sunlight areas • Requires large physical space for PV cell panels • Limited availability of poly-silicon for panels
- 43. Wind Energy Pros • No emissions • Affordable • Little disruption of ecosystems • Relatively high output Cons • Output is proportional to wind speed • Not feasible for all geographic locations • High initial investment/ongoing maintenance costs • Extensive land use
- 44. Biomass Energy Pros • Abundant supply • Fewer emissions than fossil fuel sources • Can be used in diesel engines • Auto engines easily convert to run on biomass fuel Cons • Source must be near usage to cut transportation costs • Emits some pollution as gas/liquid waste • Increases emissions of nitrogen oxides, an air pollutant • Uses some fossil fuels in conversion
- 45. Geothermal Energy Pros • Minimal environmental impact • Efficient • Power plants have low emissions • Low cost after the initial investment Cons • Geothermal fields found in few areas around the world • Expensive start-up costs • Wells could eventually be depleted
- 46. Wave and Tidal Energy Pros • Consistent in terms of power generation • Creates no greenhouse gas emissions or water pollutants • Less operating costs or labor costs • More than 80% efficient Cons • Sea life could be harmed • Large footprints could reduce shipping and recreation areas • High initial and installation costs • Implemented on few sites
- 47. Coal Pros • Abundant supply • Currently inexpensive to extract • Reliable and capable of generating large amounts of power Cons • Emits major greenhouse gases/acid rain • High environmental impact from mining and burning, although cleaner coal-burning technology is being developed
- 48. Petroleum Pros • Efficient transportation fuel for the world • Basis of many products, from prescription drugs to plastics • Economical to produce • Easy to transport Cons • High CO2 emissions • Found in limited areas • Supply may be exhausted before natural gas/coal resources • Possible environmental impact from drilling/transporting
- 49. Natural gas Pros • Widely available • Cleanest-burning fossil fuel • Often used in combination with other fuels to decrease pollution in electricity generation Cons • Transportation costs are high • Lack of infrastructure makes gas resources unavailable from some areas • Burns cleanly, but still has emissions • Pipelines impact ecosystems
- 50. Nuclear Pros • No greenhouse gases or CO2 emissions • Efficient at transforming energy into electricity • Uranium reserves are abundant • Refueled yearly (unlike coal plants that need coal every day) Cons • Higher capital costs due to safety, emergency, containment, radioactive waste, and storage systems • Problem of long-term storage of radioactive waste • Heated waste water harms aquatic life
- 52. It depends! • Is it a renewable or nonrenewable source? • What are the capital and setup costs? • What are the ongoing operating costs? • What size of energy storage is required? • How efficient is it to produce one unit of energy? • Can it be produced on a large scale? • What is the cost to the consumer? • What impact will it have on the environment?
- 53. THANKS!