Presentation deployment of storage & peak shaving technologies

Deployment of Energy Storage &
Peak-Shaving Technologies
Presented by
Vi Binh Quang Le
ELE-791 Control of Distributed Generation
Syracuse University
Spring 2017

Outline
Introduction
Components of energy storage systems
Benefits and challenges of energy storage technologies
Applications of energy storage including the operation, its
advantages, and disadvantages
Conclusion
Future of the energy storage technologies
References
5/28/2017 Vi Binh Quang Le / ELE 791 Control of Distributed Generation 2

Introduction
What are Energy Storage
technologies?
• Energy storage technologies are
methods of converting AC
(alternative current) energy into
DC (directive current) energy and
storing those energy in the forms
of mechanical, chemical, or
electrical potential energy. Once
needed, the stored energy will be
converted back to AC energy
before contributing it to grid.
What is a Peak-Shaving?
• Peak-shaving or Load Leveling is a
strategy used to store power
during periods of low energy
demand and to deploy that stored
power during periods of high
energy demand with an ultimate
goal of increase the load factor.

Introduction (Cont.)
Peak-shaving benefits
• Commercial and industrial
customers reduce their
energy charges by improving
their load factor
• Utilities reduce the
operational cost of
generating power during
peak periods
• Investment in infrastructure
is delayed due to having
flatter loads with smaller
peaks
ABB Source: Peak shaving/load shifting

Introduction (Cont.)
Why deployment of energy storage & peak-shaving technologies are
significant?
• The United States will need somewhere between 4 and 5 tera watt-hours
(1 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 ∙ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 109 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟) of electricity annually by 2050 [1]
• To meet the goal above, a planning and implementing grid expansion is needed, but
it is also facing challenges in balancing economic and commercial viability , resiliency,
cyber-security, and impact to carbon emissions and environmental sustainability [1]
• Thus, energy storage systems (ESS) will play a significant role in solving those
challenges [1]
• ESS (Energy Storage System) can address issues with the timing, transmission, and
dispatch of electricity, while regulating the quality and reliability of the power
generated by traditional and variable sources of power
• ESS contributes to emergency preparedness

Energy Storage System
Each energy storage system composes of three distinct components:
the storage medium (subsystem), the power conversion system, and
the balance of the plant
Storage Medium System
• The heart of every energy storage facility is the energy reservoir or storage
medium, which can take the form of mechanical, chemical, or electrical
potential energy [4]
• The storage medium costs vary depending on types of electrolytes, energy
density, and its structure. [4]

Energy Storage System (Cont.)
Power Conversion System
• Power conversion system (PCS) acts as electrical interface between the utility
power or the customers and the storage medium system.
• PCS is used to convert the AC energy from grid into DC for storage. When
needed, the PCS will convert the stored power back into AC energy before
contributing it to the grid.
Balance of plant (BOP)
• BOP includes the facility, the equipment, the environmental controls, and the
electrical connectors between PCS (power conversion system) and the power
grid.
• BOP typically costs about 10% to 25% of the total cost for a typical storage
facility [4].

Benefits/Expectations & Challenges in Deployment of Storage
Energy Technologies
Benefits/expectations [1]
Enhancing renewable penetration,
specifically to enable storage
deployment at high levels of new
renewable generation
Improving the operating
capabilities of the grid
Lowering cost and ensuring high
reliability
Being instrumental for emergency
preparedness
Challenges [1]
Cost competitive energy storage
technology
Validated reliability and safety
Equitable Regulatory Environment
Industry acceptance

Benefits/Expectations & Challenges in Deployment of Storage
Energy Technologies (Cont.)
Benefits & Expectations (Cont.) [1]
Backup power
Load Leveling
Frequency regulation
Voltage support
Grid stabilization
Being available to industry and
regulators as an effective option to
resolve issues of grid resiliency and
reliability
Challenges (Cont.) [1]
Not every type of the storage
energy is suitable for all the
benefits or meet the expectations

International Landscape of Grid Storage – Information in this table comes from Bloomberg New Energy Finance’s Energy Storage Market Outlook, on
June 28, 2013 , as well as the U.S. Department of Energy database
Country Storage
Targets
Projects Other Issues Technology & Applications
Italy 75 MW • 51 MW of Storage
Commissioned by 2015
• Additional 24 MW
funded
• Italy has substantial renewables capacity relative to
grid size, and the grid is currently struggling with
reliability issues; additional renewables capacity
will only exacerbate problem
• 35 MW to be Sodium-Sulfur
Batteries for long-duration
discharge
• Additional capacity is focused on
reliability issues and frequency
regulation
Japan 30 MW • Approved 30 MW of
Lithium-ion battery
installations
• Potential decommissioning of nuclear fleet
• Large installation of intermittent sources –est. 9.4
GW of solar PV installed in 2013 alone
• Several isolated grids with insufficient transmission
infrastructure during peak demand periods
• Additional capacity is focused on
reliability issues and frequency
regulation
• Recently increased regulatory
approved storage devices from 31
to 55
South Korea 154 MW • 54 MW lithium-ion
batteries
• 100 MW CAES
• Significant regulatory / performance issues with
nuclear fleet
• Reliability & UPS
Germany $260 millions
for grid storage
• $172 million already
apportioned to
announced projects
• Decommissioning entire nuclear fleet; Large (and
expanding) intermittent renewable generation
capabilities
• Over 160 energy storage pilot projects
• Awaiting information on energy storage mandates
• Hydrogen; CAES & Geological;
Frequency Regulation
Canada - • Announced 1st frequency
regulation plant
- -
UK - • 6 MW multi-use battery • Other small R&D and Demonstration projects • Battery will perform both load
shifting and frequency regulation
applications

The Applications of Energy Storage
The categories of energy storage technologies covered in this
presentation include chemical, hydrogen, mechanical, thermal, and
super magnetic conducting energy storage.
The liquid fossil fuels energy storage will not be covered in this
presentation.
Each of the energy storage technologies covered in this presentation
will be focused on how it works and its pros and cons.

Chemical Energy Storage
Batteries are a chemical form of energy storage. It can be defined as the energy
stored in atoms and molecules that can be released during chemical reactions [2].
Typical batteries include
• Lead-acid
• Lithium-ion
• Sodium-sulfur
• Nickel-cadmium
• Nickel-metal
• Hydride
• Sodium nickel
• Chloride
Chemical energy storage also includes fuel cells, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells, which
are not included in this presentation.

Battery Energy Storage (BES)
The primary function of battery is
to convert electrical to chemical
energy and versus.
Battery consists of multiple cells
connected either in series or in
parallel as described in the figure
on the side.
When the battery is in the charge
mode, it stores energy. When the
battery is in discharge mode, it
distributes energy to the grid.

Battery Type Chemical Reaction at anodes and cathodes Unit Voltage
Lead-acid
𝑃𝑏 + 𝑆𝑂4
2−
↔ 𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑒−
𝑃𝑏𝑂2 + 𝑆𝑂4
2−
+ 4𝐻+
+ 2𝑒−
↔ 𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 2.0 V
Lithium-ion
𝐶 + 𝑛𝐿𝑖+
+ 𝑛𝑒−
↔ 𝐿𝑖 𝑛 𝐶
𝐿𝑖𝑋𝑋𝑂2 ↔ 𝐿𝑖1−𝑛 𝑋𝑋𝑂2 + 𝑛𝐿𝑖+ + 𝑛𝑒− 3.7 V
Sodium-sulfur
2𝑁𝑎 ↔ 2𝑁𝑎+ + 2𝑒−
𝑥𝑆 + 2𝑒− ↔ 𝑥𝑆2− ~2.08 V
Nickel-cadmium
𝐶𝑑 + 2𝑂𝐻− ↔ 𝐶𝑑 𝑂𝐻 2 + 2𝑒−
2𝑁𝑖𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝑒− ↔ 2𝑁𝑖 𝑂𝐻 2 + 2𝑂𝐻−
1.0-
1.3 V
Nickel-metal 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑒−
↔
1
2𝐻2
+ 𝑂𝐻− 1.0-
Hydride 𝑁𝑖 𝑂𝐻 2 + 𝑂𝐻− ↔ 𝑁𝑖𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑒− 1.3 V
Sodium nickel 2𝑁𝑎 ↔ 2𝑁𝑎+
+ 2𝑒− ~2.58 V
Chloride 𝑁𝑖𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑒−
↔ 𝑁𝑖 + 2𝐶𝑙−
X. Luo et al., “Overview of Current Development in Electrical Energy Storage Technologies and the Application Potential in Power System
Operation,” Applied Energy, Vol 137, January 1, 2015 pp. 511-536. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914010290
Battery Energy Storage (Cont.)

Battery Energy Storage (Cont.)
 Pros
• Rapid response
• Serves to level energy loads
• Regulate unpredictable energy
demands
• Maintain operations during
sudden high energy demand
• Secure backup power
 Cons
• Large maintenance cost
• Low cycling times
• Inability to discharge completely

Hydrogen Energy Storage
Hydrogen energy storage (HES) is a two-fold process.
• First, hydrogen is commonly produced by separating the hydrogen from
oxygen atoms through water electrolysis [2].
• Second, hydrogen after electrolysis is then compressed to high pressure and
stored in high pressure containers or pipelines [2]. Hydrogen can also be
stored under low pressure but this storage requires some energy to capture
and release the fuel. Then, the hydrogen gas is converted to electricity by
using fuel cell method, which could be discussed in a separate topic.
Application of HES
• Station power
• Vehicle power
• Stand-alone power

Pros and Cons of HES
 Pros [2]
• High energy density (500-3000 W
h/L)
• High specific energy (800-10000
W h/kg)
• Less pollution than fossil fuel
combustion
• Scalable from 1 kW to hundreds of
MW
• Can be used for both grid
application and transportation
energy
 Cons [2]
• Disposing of fuel cell may be an
environmental concern due to
toxic metals
• Costly to build infrastructure
• Infrastructure is expansive,
requiring much more than existing
pipelines and steel tank tubes for
hydrogen
• High pressure hydrogen systems
susceptible to leaks
• And many more … [2]

Mechanical Energy Storage
Mechanical energy is the energy of an object due to its position or motion. For example,
• When an object is free fall from a high position h2 down to a position h1, it generates a potential
energy:
𝐸 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ (ℎ2 − ℎ1)
where
 m is the mass of the object
 g is a gravity on earth 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2
 h is the position of height
• when an object is moving at a velocity v, it generates a kinetic energy
𝐸 =
1
2
∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑣2
where
 m is a mass of the object
 v is a velocity of the object.
 Mechanical energy storage (MES) is the means of stockpiling the energy until it is
needed for a demand.

Mechanical Energy Storage (Cont.)
MES (Mechanical Energy Storage) has four major types [2]:
• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
• Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES)
• Flywheels
• Gravitational Energy Storage
 In the four major types of energy storage above, the PHES will be
discussed in this presentation since it is well known that PHEW is the
only energy storage technology producing gigawatt-scale power in the
world, even though the United States has not been developed it on
the large scale since 1995 [2].

Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES)
PHES works by taking water in a
lower-level reservoir (lake, river)
and pumping it through an
underground tunnel to a higher-
elevation reservoir. When there
is a demand for electricity, water
in the higher-elevation reservoir
is discharged to the lower
reservoir to provide an energy to
spin the turbines housed in the
power plant. This process
generates electricity.

Pros and Cons of PHES
Pros
• Ability to ramp quickly while
generating
• Provides power on the gigawatt scale
• Dependent on design, PHES can
change pumping rate rapidly
• 8-15 hours of full discharge
• No operational emissions
• Mostly uses nontoxic, common, or
locally sourced materials
• “Life-cycle” greenhouse gas emissions
are low
Cons
• Capital cost is high (cost to build)
• Long construction and permitting
time
• Risk and uncertainty regarding market
conditions/structures
• Perception there are no available
sites for new development
• Potential effects to water quality and
ecosystems
• Requires significant land for flooding
• Risk of flooding and failure

Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal energy is the internal energy of an object due to its kinetic energy
produced by rotational, vibrational, or translation motion of atoms and/or
molecules [2].
TES (Thermal Energy Storage) is defined by the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) as “ a technology that stocks thermal energy by
heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used
at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation.”
[2]
TES is most applied to the context of building and cooling [2]
There are two general categories for TES to provide cooling
• “Sensible” energy change
• “latent” energy change

Sensible Energy Change & Latent Energy Change
 Sensible energy change systems use
the heat capacity of a fluid such as
water to store thermal energy.
 Latent energy change systems work
by extracting heat via a storage
medium such as ice, salt solutions, or
ethylene glycol-water mixes.
 Heat storage is also available. Heat
storage is used to provide load-
leveling – holding heat in a high-heat
capacity material and then releases
that heat for use at another time.
However, heat storage is impractical
for use because it does not improve
system capacity.

Pros and Cons of TES
Pros
• Reduce peak demand and energy
consumption
• Balance energy demand and supply
daily, weekly, and/or seasonally
• Minimize CO2 emission and costs
• Increase overall efficiency of energy
systems
• TES efficiency often claimed above
90%
• Minimal maintenance of TES system
required
• No technical/economical barriers
Cons
• Some fluids use are toxic or
hazardous (refrigerants even common
to industry)
• Lack of awareness of the technology
• Tools which can provide accurate and
quick systems analysis are unavailable
• Limited quantification and recovery of
benefits
• Less flexible than other electricity
storage technologies because only
providing air-conditioning

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES) is stored
in a magnetic field created by
the DC flow in a
superconducting coil [3]. The
phenomenon of conducting an
electric current without
electrical resistance is known as
superconductivity [2].

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (Cont.)
How does SMES work?
• The power conditioning system is
responsible for transforming AC
coming from the electric grid to DC
for charging (storing). When there is
a demand for energy, the SMES
system discharges by converting DC
back to AC electricity .
• The transformer then either provides
electricity to the power system or
drops the operating voltage to a level
where the power conditioning system
can handle [1].
Applications
• Frequency regulation
• Power quality improvement
• Enhancement of transmission
• Voltage stability
• Load leveling
• Automatic generation control
• UPS (uninterruptable power
supplies)

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (Cont.)
Pros
• Ability to discharge large quantities of
power over a short period of time
• Fast response time in both discharge
and charge [3]
• Efficiency reaches near 95% for
charge-discharge cycle [5]
• Strong energy density
• Large power capacities [2]
• Life cycle (~20 years of continuous
operation) [2].
• No use of fuel or water
• Zero emissions
• No hazardous chemicals
Cons
• Early stages of HTS (high
temperature semiconductor)
• Cost of SMES system is high
compared with other energy
storage and increases significantly
as energy storage increases
• Challenge to restrict human
exposure to magnetic fields
• Limited to power quality
applications

Conclusion
Deployment of energy storage and
peak-shaving is significantly support
the present and the future of
electricity. The relation among grid
stability, peak shaving, and the Energy
Storage can be expressed in the
diagram on the side.
 Deployment of energy storage and
peak-shaving is positively effect to
economy and environment.
Every EST (energy storage technology)
has its Pros and Cons so it is applied
depending on what applications and
energy scales demand.
Utility-scale
energy storage
will optimize grid
Peak
Shaving
Grid
stabilization

The Future for Deployment of Energy Storage
Technologies
Near-Term
• Demonstrate AC energy storage systems involving redox flow batteries,
sodium-based batteries, lead-carbon batteries, lithium-ion batteries and
other technologies to meet the following electric gird performance and cost
targets [1]:
o System capital cost: under $250/kWh
o Leveled cost: under $0.2 kWh/cycle
o System efficiency: over 75%
o Cycle life: more than 4000 cycles
• Develop and optimize power technologies to meet AC energy storage system
capital cost targets under $1750/kW [1]

The Future for Deployment of Energy Storage
Technologies (Cont.)
Long-term
• Research and develop new technologies based on advanced materials and
chemistries to meet the following AC energy storage system targets[1]:
o Level cost: under $0.1 kWh/cycle
o System efficiency : over 80%
o Cycle life: more than 5000 cycles
• Develop and optimal power technologies to meet AC energy storage system
capital cost targets under $1250 / kW [1]
• For Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)-storage systems[1]:
o System efficiency: 95%
o Cycle life: 10,000 cycles

Energy Storage Technologies for Current and Future

References
[1] “Grid Energy Storage,” U.S. Department of Energy, Dec. 2013
[2] “Energy Storage Technologies White Paper,” Port of Long Beach
The Green Port, August 2016
[3] “Electrical Power and Energy Systems,” by Xingguo Tan, Qingmin
Li, Hui Wang, 2013
[4] “ Electricity Storage Technologies,” Copyright@ 2007 PennWell
Retrieved from www.knovel.com
[5] “ Energy Storage Technologies and Applications,” Edited by
Ahmed Faheem Zobaa, January 2013

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