Superpowers
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A superpower is a country that has more power and influence globally than other countries. Superpowers typically have large land areas, abundant resources, powerful economies, influential cultures, and dominant military forces. Historically, the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the two primary superpowers after World War II and competed for global influence during the Cold War era. While the European Union has a large economy and population, it is made up of 27 individual member states and does not act with the same level of unity as individual nation states like the US.
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The Rise Of The Superpowers Station
During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union increased their global influence and projected power around the world, acting as opposing superpowers with competing ideologies. Both countries had permanent seats on the UN Security Council and strong military and intelligence capabilities, including nuclear weapons stockpiles, allowing them to impact events worldwide and be evenly matched global superpowers.
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The document discusses changing global superpowers over time. From 1800-1918, the British Empire was the dominant global superpower, controlling 25% of the world's land area at its peak. From 1918-1945 power transitioned between countries as the US and USSR rose. From 1945-1990 it was a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR during the Cold War period. Since 1990, the US has been the sole superpower but others like the EU and China are increasingly powerful. The future is predicted to be multi-polar with multiple regional powers.
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The document discusses the changing nature of global superpowers over time. It explores how the United Kingdom maintained superpower status through colonialism and imperialism during the British Empire. It then analyzes the bi-polar world of the USA and USSR during the Cold War, where they used ideology and political/economic alliances to gain influence. The document also examines how the USA rose to superpower status in the 20th century and maintained it through factors like economic and military power. It analyzes some challenges to US dominance from growing powers and discusses neo-colonialism's role in perpetuating the peripheral status of countries like Ghana.
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The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
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1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
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27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
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35 thanks page
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Recommended
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Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
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attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
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There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively suppressed dissent through threats, job removal, imprisonment, and confinement in mental hospitals. While most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled by the 1980s, there remained inactive dissent from scientists who saw the regime as hindering economic progress. Religious dissent also emerged from Jews, Catholics, and Muslims. The Afghanistan war further criticized the regime and added to its economic problems.
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In this Discussion Document, an analytical framework is developed to visualise possible New World Orders at the intersection of two axes. The first axis represents five possible geopolitical trends, organised by the degree of global polarity. The second axis represents four geoeconomic trends, based on the degree of growth, automation, trade, and labour movements.
In each scenario, the proposed strategies to maximise India's national interest are determined. The most frequently-occurring strategies are used to develop an agenda that will hold India in good stead, regardless of how the world shapes up.
Domestic Economic Reforms
Liberalise major sectors, implement labour and factor market reforms. Be an attractive destination for FDI.
Focus on the employment elasticity of growth in addition to growth itself. Collaborate with foreign universities for skilling the workforce.
Build a social security net to deal with inequality, unemployment, skill obsolescence, and an aging population.
Reforms for India’s engagement with the world at large.
Three critical military shifts needed: from land to sea, from the physical to the virtual (cyberwarfare); and from manpower to firepower.
Champion the cause of globalisation as movement of labour, goods, and services is critical for India’s growth.
Retain flexibility in terms of alignment: be open to larger partnerships and global projects, as well as unilateral action.
Partner with other middle powers, especially those concerned by G2 dominance.
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The Cold War began in 1945 following World War II and lasted until the early 1990s. It was a state of political and military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country saw the other as an ideological threat and sought to limit the other's influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to an arms race and space race between the two superpowers. The tensions eased in the late 1980s with reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, ultimately culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War.
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The document discusses the origins and development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. It explains that the Cold War emerged due to competing ideologies between capitalism and communism, feelings of mistrust between the former allies, and the breakdown of wartime alliances once their common enemy of Nazi Germany was defeated. During the Cold War period, Europe was divided between Western countries aligned with the US and Eastern countries dominated by the Soviet Union. The global tensions of the Cold War also impacted countries in other regions as the superpowers exported their competing ideologies.
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This document discusses the rise and fall of historical world powers from the 16th century to present day. It analyzes how Portugal dominated in the 16th century but declined as the Dutch rose in the 17th century. Britain then became the dominant power in the 18th-19th centuries, but declined in the 20th century as the United States filled the power vacuum after World War 2 during the Cold War era. More recently, the document discusses how a multipolar world may be emerging with the rise of China and other Asian nations as U.S. power recedes. It analyzes different factors that contribute to a country becoming a superpower, such as population, military strength, resources, political stability, and international alliances
Pak Afghan Relation
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War of independence
The First Dáil was established in 1919 by Sinn Féin members who refused to take seats in the British House of Commons. They began organizing their own government and courts in Ireland. The War of Independence began in 1919 with an IRA ambush of British forces. The IRA used guerrilla tactics against the British army. Michael Collins established an intelligence network to gather information on British spies and informers. As the conflict escalated, the British recruited the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, whose reprisal attacks harmed many innocent Irish civilians. There were several major violent incidents in 1920-1921 until both sides agreed to a truce in July 1921 due to shortages on the IRA side and rising criticism and
Relationship between pakistan and afghanistan
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These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
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attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
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There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively suppressed dissent through threats, job removal, imprisonment, and confinement in mental hospitals. While most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled by the 1980s, there remained inactive dissent from scientists who saw the regime as hindering economic progress. Religious dissent also emerged from Jews, Catholics, and Muslims. The Afghanistan war further criticized the regime and added to its economic problems.
India's Strategies for a New World Order
Over the next quarter century, the international order is likely to change considerably. A new geopolitical and macroeconomic context will necessitate a flexible strategy to maximise India's national interest.
In this Discussion Document, an analytical framework is developed to visualise possible New World Orders at the intersection of two axes. The first axis represents five possible geopolitical trends, organised by the degree of global polarity. The second axis represents four geoeconomic trends, based on the degree of growth, automation, trade, and labour movements.
In each scenario, the proposed strategies to maximise India's national interest are determined. The most frequently-occurring strategies are used to develop an agenda that will hold India in good stead, regardless of how the world shapes up.
Domestic Economic Reforms
Liberalise major sectors, implement labour and factor market reforms. Be an attractive destination for FDI.
Focus on the employment elasticity of growth in addition to growth itself. Collaborate with foreign universities for skilling the workforce.
Build a social security net to deal with inequality, unemployment, skill obsolescence, and an aging population.
Reforms for India’s engagement with the world at large.
Three critical military shifts needed: from land to sea, from the physical to the virtual (cyberwarfare); and from manpower to firepower.
Champion the cause of globalisation as movement of labour, goods, and services is critical for India’s growth.
Retain flexibility in terms of alignment: be open to larger partnerships and global projects, as well as unilateral action.
Partner with other middle powers, especially those concerned by G2 dominance.
Cold war
The Cold War began in 1945 following World War II and lasted until the early 1990s. It was a state of political and military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country saw the other as an ideological threat and sought to limit the other's influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to an arms race and space race between the two superpowers. The tensions eased in the late 1980s with reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, ultimately culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War.
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The Cold War began between the USA and USSR after WWII. They had different economic systems (capitalism vs communism) and forms of government (democracy vs dictatorship) which caused tensions. At the Yalta Conference, Stalin resisted removing troops from Eastern Europe and installed communist puppet governments, drawing an "Iron Curtain." Both sides built nuclear weapons and used deterrence and containment policies to prevent direct conflict, instead fighting through proxies in conflicts like Korea and Vietnam. They formed opposing alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
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The document discusses the effects of World War I on the United States. It led to an economic boom as demand increased for US industrial goods. However, after the war inflation increased and labor disputes arose as companies and unions fought over wages. Societally, returning soldiers clashed with minorities over jobs and a "Red Scare" occurred due to fears over the spread of communism abroad and within the US. Attorney General Palmer led raids to deport immigrants suspected of radical views.
Communism: Soviet Empire and Utopian Dreams
The document discusses the history and origins of communism from Karl Marx in the 1800s through the establishment of the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin in 1917. It summarizes Lenin's creation of a one-party totalitarian state led by the Bolshevik party and enforced through the secret police, known as the Cheka. It also contrasts Lenin and Stalin's differing leadership styles, with Stalin consolidating even greater personal power and control over the Soviet system.
Chapter 20 Roaring 20's
This document provides background information on several key events of the 1920s in the United States. It discusses the political climate after World War 1 including isolationism, nativism, and fear of communism. It also summarizes some major labor disputes of the decade like the Boston Police Strike and strikes in the steel and coal industries. Influential trials like that of Sacco and Vanzetti are also covered which highlighted issues of immigrants rights and prejudice of the time period.
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The document discusses the origins and development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. It explains that the Cold War emerged due to competing ideologies between capitalism and communism, feelings of mistrust between the former allies, and the breakdown of wartime alliances once their common enemy of Nazi Germany was defeated. During the Cold War period, Europe was divided between Western countries aligned with the US and Eastern countries dominated by the Soviet Union. The global tensions of the Cold War also impacted countries in other regions as the superpowers exported their competing ideologies.
The Rule of Mao Zedong
This document summarizes key events during Mao Zedong's rule in China, including his consolidation of power, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. The Great Leap Forward led to widespread famine that killed 20 million people after commune-based industries produced poor goods and agricultural output declined. The Cultural Revolution closed schools for over a decade, created a "Lost Generation," drove millions from their jobs, and slowed the economy, requiring the army to restore order and control the Red Guards. Both programs had disastrous results and reduced Mao's power.
370 world-systems-theory
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Examine Different Types Of Dissent Within The Ussr
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Country Power: Past, Present & Future
This document discusses the rise and fall of historical world powers from the 16th century to present day. It analyzes how Portugal dominated in the 16th century but declined as the Dutch rose in the 17th century. Britain then became the dominant power in the 18th-19th centuries, but declined in the 20th century as the United States filled the power vacuum after World War 2 during the Cold War era. More recently, the document discusses how a multipolar world may be emerging with the rise of China and other Asian nations as U.S. power recedes. It analyzes different factors that contribute to a country becoming a superpower, such as population, military strength, resources, political stability, and international alliances
Pak Afghan Relation
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship. The Durand Line border was established in 1893 but disputed by Afghanistan. Relations were initially strained but improved after visits by leaders in the 1950s. The 1965 and 1971 India-Pakistan wars saw Afghanistan support or remain neutral towards Pakistan. The Soviet invasion of 1979 threatened Pakistan's security and it supported the US-backed mujahideen. After 9/11, Pakistan had to choose between supporting the US war on terror or facing retaliation, and opted to back the US-led operation in Afghanistan. Relations have continued with high-level visits and agreements but tensions remain due to militant activity and Indian influence in Afghanistan.
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The First Dáil was established in 1919 by Sinn Féin members who refused to take seats in the British House of Commons. They began organizing their own government and courts in Ireland. The War of Independence began in 1919 with an IRA ambush of British forces. The IRA used guerrilla tactics against the British army. Michael Collins established an intelligence network to gather information on British spies and informers. As the conflict escalated, the British recruited the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, whose reprisal attacks harmed many innocent Irish civilians. There were several major violent incidents in 1920-1921 until both sides agreed to a truce in July 1921 due to shortages on the IRA side and rising criticism and
Relationship between pakistan and afghanistan
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long shared history and border. They have close cultural and religious ties as neighboring Islamic countries. The Durand Line established the border between them in 1893. Pakistan is Afghanistan's largest trading partner under the 1950 Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement. Both countries face security challenges and aim to strengthen economic cooperation.
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These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
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This document discusses what is needed for a country to become a superpower and examines the influence of superpowers. It outlines common factors like large population, military and economic power, and cultural influence. It also analyzes how the distribution of power has shifted over time from British imperialism to the US-Soviet bi-polar world to the current multi-polar system. Superpowers can impact other nations through colonialism, neo-colonialism, and participation in international organizations.
Wirthumer - Game of United Nations
This document discusses whether international organizations like the United Nations could take on the role of global stability traditionally filled by a hegemonic power. It first reviews the hegemonic stability theory and how the declining influence of the US has left a power vacuum. It then analyzes the multi-polar political landscape with no single dominant power. Finally, it evaluates the UN's ability to address global challenges and provide stability based on its effectiveness, principles of fairness and integrity, and capacity for "great swordsmanship" or strong leadership. While the UN has had some successes, the document questions whether it can truly fill the hegemon role in today's complex geopolitical environment.
Eu As Superpower
The document examines whether the EU can be considered a "superpower". It argues that the term superpower referred to the dominance of a single nation during the Cold War and no longer applies. While the EU lacks military strength, it has significant economic power and influence through trade. The EU also focuses on multilateral solutions to problems and sustainable development over military or economic dominance. Therefore, the document concludes the EU is not a superpower but a transformative power that promotes human rights and social democracy.
Introduction to Global Society
The document discusses several aspects of globalization including:
1) The economic manifestations include increasing international trade and finance through open doors to free trade and multinational corporations.
2) The political manifestations include globalization questioning the state-centric conception of world politics and increasing interdependence removing borders.
3) The social and cultural manifestations include increasing communication, shared experiences, and the globalization of popular culture through migration and the spread of Western media.
Great Decisions Teacher Presentatin
This document discusses the emergence of major powers throughout history and in the modern world. It outlines several factors that define a major power, including population, economy, military strength, and political stability. It then examines specific rising powers like China, India, Russia, and discusses their growing economies, military capabilities, and other attributes. The document also covers global challenges like climate change, nuclear weapons, and terrorism that require collaboration between powers. It questions the legitimacy and effectiveness of only having the UN Security Council represent global powers, and suggests the need for new institutions and recognition of emerging powers in a multipolar world system.
The End of the Cold War
The Soviet Union began implementing reforms of openness (glasnost) and restructuring (perestroika) under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, but these failed to revive the struggling communist system and instead weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe, leading to independence movements and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War left the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower.
Eu gro
This document discusses several key concepts in geopolitics including Mackinder's Heartland Theory which argues that controlling Eastern Europe allows control of the world. It also defines supranational organizations like the EU and UN as separate entities formed by states for mutual benefit. Finally, it outlines some unique aspects of the EU such as its multifaceted governance structure and optional membership driven by economic incentives.
Lesson1 definingsuperpowers
The document discusses various factors that could be used to define what makes a country a superpower, including size, population, resources, military strength, economic strength, cultural influence, and energy production potential. It suggests that to be considered a superpower, a nation needs to be able to project influence globally. Some of the key attributes discussed are large land area and population, strong economy, powerful military capabilities, control over important resources, and dominant cultural exports.
Chapter 38
The document summarizes the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. At conferences in Yalta and Potsdam, the wartime allies agreed to divide Germany and Berlin but had differing visions for postwar Europe. Tensions increased as the Soviet Union established communist governments in Eastern Europe and the US sought to contain Soviet expansion through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. By 1949 the wartime alliance had dissolved into a state of mutual distrust and hostility between the two new superpowers known as the Cold War.
Gameof thrones
The document discusses the rise of superpowers throughout history. It notes that characteristics of superpowers include a large size, population, economy, military capabilities, and cultural influence. Examples provided include the Roman Empire, British Empire, and United States. The Cold War era saw the emergence of the US and Soviet Union as dominant global superpowers. Ongoing regional conflicts like those between India and Pakistan have the potential to shape new emerging superpowers as well.
Gameof thrones
The document discusses the rise of superpowers throughout history. It begins by outlining some key events that contributed to the rise of superpowers like British colonialism, World Wars I and II, and the Cold War. It then defines characteristics of superpowers like large size, population, economy, military capabilities, and cultural influence. Examples of historic empires that exhibited superpower traits are also provided, such as the Roman Empire, British Empire, and Soviet Union. The document then focuses on specific details about the British Empire's global dominance and factors that enabled its rise. It concludes by examining how World Wars weakened European powers and allowed the US and Soviet Union to emerge as the dominant superpowers after World War II, marking the end of
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introduction
This document provides background information on the causes of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States. It discusses ideological differences between communism and capitalism that divided the two superpowers. Key figures during this period included Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Harry Truman of the United States. The document also examines Soviet justification for distrusting the West based on historical events.
Future of mankind lecture by Sir Tasawar Bosal
Bertrand Russell outlines three possibilities for the future of mankind: 1) World War could lead to the end of human life through nuclear or radioactive destruction. 2) Without intervention, destruction and loss of infrastructure could cause society to revert to a primitive barbarism. 3) Growing tensions may only be resolved by unifying the world under a single government. Russell argues that America dominating would be preferable to Russian domination, as America would be more tolerant and allow continued scientific and intellectual progress, while Russian influence tended to halt progress through intolerance. He proposes that world powers should work to unify militarily under American/British leadership to ensure global prosperity and survival.
Module 1 - Peace and Conflict in an Interdependent World
The document provides an introduction to issues in global politics and international relations. It discusses several key concepts including states, nations, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, mass media, individual leaders, refugees, and illegal groups. It also examines different theoretical perspectives on international relations such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Models of the international system structure, including bipolar, unipolar, tripolar, and multipolar systems, are presented. Theories on the post-Cold War world order like the end of history, tripolar world, and clash of civilizations are summarized along with their critiques. Finally, centripetal and centrifugal forces shaping global integration and dispersion are
The New Geo-Politics
This document discusses different theories of current geopolitics:
1) Hegemonic Stability Theory argues the US remains the sole superpower and global stabilizer, challenged by rising China and Russia.
2) Hegemonic Competition Theory sees confrontation between rising China and incumbent US, analogous to Athens vs Sparta.
3) Hegemonic Decline Theory views the current period as one of instability like the decline of British power after WWI.
4) Realist Theory focuses on great power politics among major countries like the US, China, EU, Russia, and India.
5) Multilateralist Theory, which the author favors, argues only global cooperation through institutions like the UN can solve global issues.
THE END OF BIPOLARITY
The Berlin Wall symbolized the division between East and West during the Cold War. Built in 1961, it separated East and West Berlin for 28 years until it was torn down in 1989, marking the reunification of Germany and the beginning of the end of the communist bloc. The document then discusses the origins and structure of the Soviet system and socialist bloc countries. It notes the bureaucratic and authoritarian nature of the Soviet system caused problems over time. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s led to growing nationalism that contributed to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This ended the Cold War and changed global power dynamics, leaving the US as the dominant superpower amid the transition of former Soviet states to capitalist dem
Geopolitical_Theories.ppt
This document discusses several theories of geopolitics, including those proposed by Wallerstein, Ratzel, Mackinder, and Spykman. It analyzes their similarities and differences in explaining the arrangements and forces transforming the global political landscape. Wallerstein's world-systems theory describes a three-tier global economic structure of core, periphery, and semi-periphery states. Mackinder's heartland theory claims that whoever controls Eastern Europe and Siberia could dominate the world. Spykman modified this view, arguing that control of the rimland regions surrounding Eurasia would be key to global power.
Sophie's NCUR Presentation
NATO was founded in 1949 by 12 countries to keep Americans in, Russians out, and Germans down. There are conflicts between US and European interests regarding nationalism, power, and governance. Burden sharing is also an issue as the US provides most funding while Europeans focus on other priorities. However, NATO has endured due to the US presence in Europe and European use of US military capabilities, as well as Europe remaining unified and democratic with US protection.
W.h. the cold war (2)
The Cold War was an ideological war between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945-1991. Each country tried to outdo the other by spreading their political and economic systems across the world through military alliances, arms build up, and proxy wars. Tensions escalated during events like the Berlin Blockade, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. The Cold War ended as Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted reforms allowing democratic elections, leading Eastern European countries to overthrow communist regimes and ultimately the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Superpowers
- 1. Superpowers
- 6. History
- 20. Are superpowers Essential for Keeping world peace? Military The UN – 4 main countries and several others – the main ones have nuclear powers religion crusades christians influence
- 21. Consider the impacts of a superpower on the rest of the world