War of independence

The Home Rule crisis in Britain led to political instability in 1909-1914. Nationalists in Ireland reacted angrily to the prospect of Home Rule being delayed again. Unionists in Ulster formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) to resist Home Rule, prompting Nationalists to form their own Irish Volunteer force to secure Home Rule for all of Ireland. The outbreak of World War 1 caused the implementation of Home Rule to be postponed until after the war ended.

The rise of sinn fein

Sinn Fein grew rapidly after the 1916 Easter Rising when the British government mistakenly blamed the rebellion on the party. Membership increased tenfold as republican prisoners released from internment camps joined and helped organize Sinn Fein. In elections in 1917-1918, Sinn Fein established itself as the leading nationalist party in Ireland, winning seats and further growth. The British government's failed attempts to introduce conscription and claim Sinn Fein collaborated with Germany only increased Irish support for the republican party. In the 1918 general election held after World War 1, Sinn Fein captured 73 seats, becoming the dominant force in Irish politics.

Jarrow march 1936

The document summarizes the Jarrow Crusade, a protest march that took place in Britain in 1936. Unemployment had reached high levels in Jarrow, a town in northeast England, after the closure of the shipbuilding yard. To protest the lack of action by the government, 200 unemployed men from Jarrow embarked on a 300-mile march to London to present a petition to Parliament. The disciplined 25-day march gained widespread support along its route. While there were no immediate results, the Crusade brought attention to the economic struggles facing communities like Jarrow and had long-term political impacts.

Causes of the civil war

The document summarizes several key causes of the Irish Civil War: 1) The Irish Treaty in 1921 split public opinion, with some viewing it as a betrayal of Irish republican ideals and others as a stepping stone to further independence. 2) The IRA also split over the treaty, becoming the pro-treaty "Regulars" and anti-treaty "Irregulars". 3) The provisional Irish government had weak authority as it was temporary and not yet constitutionally established. 4) Anti-treaty IRA forces seized buildings in Dublin and refused to recognize the provisional government, further destabilizing the situation. 5) Attempts at reconciliation like the Collins-de

Anglo irish treaty 1921

The document summarizes the negotiations that led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. It describes the main issues debated, including Ireland's relationship with the British Empire, the status of Northern Ireland, and British defense requirements. The Irish delegation had ambiguous instructions and was divided on issues like compromising on a republic. After two months of negotiations and threats of war from Lloyd George, the Irish signed the treaty on December 6th, recognizing King George as head of the Irish Free State but partitioning Ireland and leaving Northern Ireland out.

Reaction to the treaty

The document summarizes the reaction to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 in Ireland. It discusses the key aspects of the treaty including establishing the Irish Free State and retaining dominion status within the British Empire. It also outlines the debates in the Dáil Éireann, with arguments both for and against the treaty from military, republican, and moderate perspectives. In the end, the Dáil narrowly voted to accept the treaty by 64 to 57 votes.

Cumann na n gaedheal

Cumann na nGaedheal governed Ireland from 1923-1932. Led by William Cosgrave, their priorities included establishing law and order through the Garda police force, gaining control over the army after a 1924 mutiny, and developing Ireland's economy through projects like the Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme. They took a generally conservative approach to governance and faced some unrest over issues like wage cuts. Kevin O'Higgins, a key minister, was assassinated in 1927, prompting the government to pass laws targeting the IRA and forcing all TDs to take their seats.

The Eucharistic Congress of 1932 was an international Catholic festival held in Dublin to celebrate the 1,500 year anniversary of St. Patrick's arrival in Ireland. Over 1 million people attended massive religious events, including mass led by the Papal Nuncio in Phoenix Park. The Congress demonstrated the dominant role of Catholicism in Irish society and the close relationship between the Irish government and Catholic Church, with laws passed restricting divorce, contraception, and censorship in line with Church teachings. It further solidified the religious and political divisions between predominantly Catholic Ireland and Protestant Northern Ireland in the wake of their partition.

The Anglo-Irish Treaty

- Lloyd George invited de Valera to send negotiators to London to discuss a treaty to end the war in Ireland. De Valera refused to lead the delegation himself. - The negotiations were contentious, with the British insisting Ireland remain within the British Empire and Irish delegates seeking full independence. Key points of contention were sovereignty, partition, and an oath of allegiance to the Crown. - After two months of negotiations, the Irish delegates reluctantly agreed to and signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921, establishing the Irish Free State with dominion status within the British Empire. However, this led to a split in Sinn Fein and soon after, a civil war in Ireland.

Nuremberg rallies

The document provides details about the annual Nazi propaganda rallies held in Nuremberg, Germany between 1927-1939. It describes how Hitler wanted to associate the Nazis with Germany's past glory by hosting the rallies in the important city of Nuremberg. Over time, the rallies grew enormously in scale and spectacle, featuring massive crowds, military displays, and speeches by Hitler and Goebbels. Leni Riefenstahl's famous propaganda films "Triumph of the Will" and "Day of Freedom" were used to document the 1934 and 1935 rallies respectively. The 1935 rally also saw the passage of the Nuremberg Laws which stripped Jews of their citizenship and rights in Germany.

Cumann na n gaedheal economic policy

Cumann na nGaedheal faced significant economic challenges when it came to power in 1922, inheriting a backward economy burdened by debt from the Civil War. It focused on agriculture given Ireland's rural nature but faced problems with small farm sizes and declining prices. While policies aimed to improve standards, outcomes were limited with little change in outputs or exports. Industry was not a priority and economic growth remained slow under Cumann na nGaedheal's conservative policies of low taxation and balanced budgets.

Fianna fail economic policies

Fianna Fail pursued economic policies of protectionism and self-sufficiency after gaining power in 1932. They imposed high tariffs on imports and gave loans and subsidies to encourage the development of Irish industry and agriculture. However, their actions led to an "Economic War" with Britain and higher prices for goods in Ireland. While some industries grew, unemployment remained high and many people suffered. Overall, Fianna Fail's economic policies met with mixed success in achieving full independence and prosperity for Ireland.

Lbj and vietnam

The document discusses the US involvement in the Vietnam War under President Lyndon B. Johnson. It describes how the US initially provided support to France in fighting communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. It then escalated its own involvement throughout the 1960s despite growing domestic opposition, leading to the deployment of 500,000 troops by 1968. The Tet Offensive in early 1968 was a major turning point that turned US public opinion against the war and led to LBJ deciding not to seek re-election.

Coleraine controversy

- In the 1960s, a committee was formed to examine the need for a second university in Northern Ireland after Queen's University in Belfast reached capacity. Two sites, Coleraine and Magee College in Derry, lobbied to host the new university. - The Lockwood Committee recommended Coleraine as the site in 1965, proposing to close Magee College. This sparked bitter protests in Derry and accusations of bias towards Unionist interests. - Despite heated debates, the Unionist government approved Coleraine. Magee College was absorbed into the new University of Ulster instead of becoming part of the University of Coleraine as originally proposed. Tensions remained high over perceived

Sunningdale Agreement

The document summarizes the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 which aimed to establish power-sharing in Northern Ireland between unionists and nationalists. It established an executive and assembly with cross-community power-sharing, as well as a Council of Ireland to foster cooperation between Ireland and Northern Ireland. However, hardline unionists opposed the agreement and formed the United Ulster Unionist Council to resist it. In May 1974, they called a strike by Protestant workers that crippled Northern Ireland's economy and infrastructure, ultimately causing the agreement to collapse and the executive to resign.

Fianna fail in power website

Fianna Fail came to power in 1932, winning the general election. They set about removing British influence from Irish politics and the constitution. De Valera removed the oath of allegiance and the position of Governor General. He introduced a new constitution in 1937 that created Ireland as a republic in all but name. De Valera also engaged in an "Economic War" with Britain from 1932-1938 over land annuities payments, which imposed hardships but resulted in more independence. While protectionist policies damaged agriculture, Fianna Fail grew industry and employment through state bodies like Aer Lingus and the Industrial Credit Corporation.

Irish Civil War

The Irish Civil War began as divisions grew between those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty (Pro-Treaty) and those opposed to it (Anti-Treaty). Fighting broke out in Dublin as Anti-Treaty forces occupied buildings and the Pro-Treaty forces, led by Michael Collins, attacked in response. The Anti-Treaty forces retreated south but were defeated as the Pro-Treaty army cut off supply lines by sea and land. Key leaders on both sides, including Collins and Arthur Griffith, were killed as the bitter fighting continued for over a year until the Anti-Treaty forces surrendered in 1923 after losing their leader Liam Lynch. The Civil War caused deep divisions in

The Emergency: Ireland during World War II

During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality. Taoiseach Eamon de Valera argued this was necessary due to the ongoing partition of Ireland and the hostility many still felt towards Britain. The emergency powers act gave the government control to maintain safety. While neutrality helped Ireland avoid direct war impacts, it came at an economic cost through trade limitations and isolation from postwar support. Overall, neutrality was a popular policy that protected Ireland's independence despite challenges.

Northern Ireland conflict

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Easter rising 1916

The document summarizes plans for the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the Irish Volunteers and Citizen's Army planned an uprising to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent republic. Their plans were disrupted when British intelligence intercepted a shipment of weapons from Germany. On Easter Monday 1916, the rebels went ahead and took over key locations in Dublin, reading the Easter Proclamation. After six days of fighting, the rebels surrendered to British forces. This led to hundreds of arrests and executions, turning the rebel leaders into martyrs and galvanizing Irish nationalism.

World war II in Northern Ireland

World War II had a significant impact on Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland played an important role in Britain's war effort by producing ships, aircrafts, linen and food. However, Belfast suffered extensive bomb damage during the Belfast Blitz of 1941, with over 900 deaths. The war economy led to a boom in Northern Ireland's industry and agriculture. After the war, Northern Ireland benefited from closer ties to Britain and the establishment of the British welfare state, while a growing economic divide opened up between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in the south.

The irish home rule

Rachel Brown

The document discusses the history of the Irish Home Rule movement from the late 19th century through World War 1. It covers the political parties that supported and opposed Home Rule, the resistance in Ulster, various Home Rule bills proposed, and the impact of events like the Easter Rising of 1916. Key figures and groups discussed include Charles Stewart Parnell, William Gladstone, the Irish Nationalist Party led by John Redmond, the Ulster Unionist Party led by Edward Carson, and the nationalist Sinn Fein party.

1916 rising

ciarantparkergrateful

The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) began planning an uprising in Ireland after World War I began. They formed a military council to organize the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. Though their plans were kept secret, British intelligence arrested Roger Casement as he arrived from Germany with weapons. The Rising began as planned on Easter Monday but was confined to Dublin due to the Volunteers leader calling it off. After heavy fighting that destroyed parts of Dublin, the rebels surrendered unconditionally.

Northern Ireland

The document summarizes the history and politics of Northern Ireland from 1920 to 2000. It describes how Northern Ireland was established with a Protestant majority that dominated the Catholic minority politically and economically. This led to discrimination against Catholics and the rise of the IRA and sectarian conflict. Attempts were made to reform and create power-sharing agreements, but violence continued until the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 brought most parties together to find a peaceful path forward.

Ireland and world war two

During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality to assert its sovereignty and independence following the partition of Ireland in 1921. Ireland pursued a policy of pro-Allied neutrality by secretly assisting Britain through weather reports and allowing escaped Allied prisoners while maintaining economic trade. This policy was popular among the Irish people who were spared the suffering of war but it created tensions with Britain and the United States who wanted Ireland to join the Allied effort more directly. The war had significant economic impacts on Ireland through rationing, unemployment, inflation, and difficulties obtaining imports.

Ireland after 1916 - the rise of Sinn Fein

The document summarizes events in Ireland after the 1916 Easter Rising up until the Irish Civil War. It describes how initially public sympathy was not with the rebels after the Rising due to the damage caused. However, the British execution of rebel leaders swung public opinion in their favor. Sinn Fein grew in popularity advocating for full Irish independence. They established the Dáil Éireann parliament and won a landslide in the 1918 election. This led to the War of Independence against British forces. The British use of the Black and Tans exacerbated the conflict. While the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty established Irish self-government, it was rejected by anti-Treaty IRA forces, leading to the Irish Civil War between pro

Home rule and the Irish Parliamentary Party

The document discusses the Home Rule movement in Ireland and the political crisis it caused in Britain between 1909-1914. It outlines that Nationalists wanted Home Rule and an Irish parliament, while Unionists in Ulster wanted to remain part of Britain. This caused tensions, with Unionists forming the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) of over 100,000 men to resist Home Rule. Nationalists responded by forming the Irish Volunteers. Both groups began importing arms, increasing the threat of civil war. World War 1 interrupted this by postponing Home Rule, though tensions remained high.

Ireland and World War Two

During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality to assert its sovereignty and independence following the partition of Ireland in 1921. Ireland pursued a policy of pro-Allied neutrality by secretly assisting Britain with things like weather reports and allowing British planes to pass through Irish airspace, while maintaining economic trade relationships. This policy was popular among the Irish population as it allowed Ireland to avoid direct involvement in the war and the suffering experienced elsewhere. However, neutrality also led to economic difficulties and censorship within Ireland.

State building

Cumann na nGaedheal came to power after the April 1923 general election, winning 63 seats. William T. Cosgrave became President of the Executive Council while Kevin O'Higgins served as V. President and Minister for Home Affairs. The new government adopted a conservative administration similar to the British system, with 98% of British civil servants transferring to the new Irish Free State civil service. A new unarmed police force, the Civic Guard (later known as the Garda Síochána) was also established to replace the Royal Irish Constabulary. The court system remained similar to Britain's with district, circuit, central criminal and high courts, as well as a supreme court. Local government underwent changes as

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Ireland and World War Two

During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality to assert its sovereignty and independence following the partition of Ireland in 1921. Ireland pursued a policy of pro-Allied neutrality by secretly assisting Britain with things like weather reports and allowing British planes to pass through Irish airspace, while maintaining economic trade relationships. This policy was popular among the Irish population as it allowed Ireland to avoid direct involvement in the war and the suffering experienced elsewhere. However, neutrality also led to economic difficulties and censorship within Ireland.

State building

Threats to the free state

The Army Mutiny of 1924 occurred when officers and soldiers took weapons from their barracks, demanding an end to demilitarization and the removal of the Army Council. The government responded by appointing a new general and negotiating a compromise. This crisis firmly established government control over the army. In 1925, the findings of the Boundary Commission, which recommended only minor border changes, embarrassed the Irish government. Industrial unrest in the 1920s included strikes over wage cuts and pension reductions. The assassination of Kevin O'Higgins in 1927 led the government to make the IRA illegal and restrict constitutional amendments. In the early 1930s, the government cracked down on left-wing groups due to fears of communist influence, though most arrests were soon

Cumann na n gaedheal foreign policy

Cumann nGaedheal pursued an active foreign policy after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 to increase Ireland's independence and sovereignty. They joined the League of Nations in 1923 over British objections. The 1926 Commonwealth Conferences and 1930 Statute of Westminster formally established equality among Commonwealth nations and allowed them to repeal British laws. Cumann nGaedheal's foreign policy successfully established Ireland as an independent nation within the international community.

Fianna fail political developments

Fianna Fail came to power in 1932 under Eamon de Valera and began dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty over the next several years. De Valera passed laws removing Ireland from British control and creating a new constitution in 1937 that made Ireland a republic in name. However, Ireland remained in the Commonwealth to avoid antagonizing Britain. De Valera also had to contend with the fascist Blueshirts organization and eventually banned them, seeing them as a threat. He initially supported the IRA but later banned it as well when it became a threat to his power.

Fianna fail foreign policies

Fianna Fail pursued an agenda of dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty after coming to power in 1932. They removed the oath of allegiance and reduced the role of the British monarch and governor general. De Valera promoted Irish sovereignty internationally through his role in the League of Nations. Tensions rose with Britain on issues like land annuities, leading to an economic war until the 1935 Coal-Cattle Pact. The 1937 Constitution established Ireland as an independent republic in all but name.

Review of ireland 1922 1939

The document provides a review of Ireland from 1922 to 1939, covering the political parties and issues facing the governments during this period. It summarizes that Cumann na nGaedheal governed from 1923 to 1932, facing challenges in consolidating the state, maintaining law and order, and dealing with economic difficulties. Fianna Fail then came to power in 1932 and faced threats to the state from the IRA as well as dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty through the 1937 Constitution and pursuing economic policies of protectionism and self-sufficiency. The document outlines these periods and issues in Ireland to provide context for questions about the successes and failures of the different governments and policies.

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The document summarizes the key events of the Irish War of Independence between 1919-1921. It describes how the Irish Republican Army (IRA) engaged in guerrilla warfare against British forces using ambushes and hit-and-run tactics. In response, the British government recruited the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, who used violent reprisals against Irish civilians which escalated the conflict. As violence increased on both sides, both the British and IRA grew weary of the ongoing war and a truce was agreed to in July 1921.

Ireland and the search for independence

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The government of Ireland changed drastically from 1800-1921. Ireland was originally ruled by the British government in Westminster and Irish MPs had little power. Many Irish people wanted self-rule, known as Home Rule. After the 1916 Easter Rising and War of Independence against Britain, Ireland established its own parliament, the Dáil, in 1919. However, the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 created the Irish Free State, establishing an independent Ireland but still within the British Empire. This caused division as some wanted a full republic separate from Britain.

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Michael Collins was born in 1890 in County Cork, Ireland. He had a difficult childhood, taking over the family farm at a young age after his father was killed. Collins joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and played an important role in the 1916 Easter Rising, leading troops and helping to acquire weapons. He later helped form the Irish Republican Army and served as the IRA's director of intelligence during the Irish War of Independence from 1919-1921. Collins negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 that led to the establishment of the Irish Free State but partitioned Ireland. This caused a split in Sinn Fein and led to the Irish Civil War between Collins' pro-Treaty forces and those of Eamon

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The document summarizes key events in Irish history surrounding the War of Independence and establishment of the Irish Free State. It describes the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, including executions and imprisonment of leaders. It then discusses the rise of Sinn Féin and Michael Collins, the first meeting of the Dáil Éireann, the War of Independence fought using guerrilla tactics, Bloody Sunday, and the partitioning of Ireland. Finally, it outlines the negotiations of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the divide in opinion it caused, and Britain withdrawing from Dublin Castle in 1922.

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The 1916 uprising in Dublin lasted 6 days, from Easter Monday to Saturday. It was led by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army who took over several buildings in Dublin, with their headquarters at the General Post Office. Over 1,200 rebels participated in the uprising against British rule. There was heavy fighting and many casualties, including over 400 rebels killed and 2,000 injured. In the aftermath, 15 rebel leaders were executed by British authorities. The uprising failed militarily but succeeded in galvanizing Irish public opinion and was a key event on the path towards Irish independence.

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The document provides a history of the conflict in Ireland from the 16th century to present day. It describes how British colonization of Ireland led Irish Catholics to revolt against Protestant rule. This caused tensions between Irish nationalists seeking independence and Northern Irish unionists wanting to remain part of the UK. Major events like the Easter Rising and subsequent Irish War of Independence exacerbated the conflict. The document then outlines The Troubles of the 20th century and efforts towards peace like the Good Friday Agreement.

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1) Thomas Johnston was born in 1901 in rural Ireland and joined the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1920 amid economic hardship and attractive wages. 2) In January 1921, while on duty in Cork City during the Irish War of Independence, Thomas was injured in an IRA ambush. Accounts vary on details but he was among policemen attacked with guns and grenades while crossing a bridge. 3) Thomas died two weeks later at age 19 from wounds sustained in the ambush. His death highlights the violence faced by the RIC during Ireland's fight for independence.

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This document provides a detailed overview of political developments in Ireland in the early 20th century. It describes how Ireland was still part of the British Empire in 1900 and governed indirectly. It outlines the divisions between Nationalists who wanted self-rule and Unionists who wanted to remain part of the UK. It also discusses the growth of Sinn Fein and the Irish cultural revival in the late 19th/early 20th century. The document then focuses on the path to the 1916 Easter Rising, the War of Independence from 1919-1921 and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty and Civil War from 1921-1923.

Churchill&ireland

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Winston Churchill had various connections to Ireland throughout his life. He visited Ireland in 1912 to advocate for Home Rule but was mobbed by protesters. Churchill believed Ireland could remain part of the British Empire as a dominion like Canada with more autonomy. In 1914, he sent battleships to Belfast to maintain order amid threats of violence. The Easter Rising in 1916 saw Irish nationalists seize buildings in Dublin and proclaim an Irish Republic, though it was quickly suppressed by the British. A war of independence followed as Irish republicans fought British rule, leading Churchill to form the Black and Tans paramilitary force. A truce in 1921 began negotiations, and the Irish Free State was created the following year, partitioning Ireland.

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The document provides historical context for conflict between ethnic groups in Rwanda: - Rwanda has two main ethnic groups, the Hutu majority and Tutsi minority, who migrated from different parts of Africa. - Under Belgian colonial rule from 1916-1962, the Tutsis gained privileges over the Hutus through a system of ethnic identification cards. This exacerbated existing tensions between the groups. - After Rwanda gained independence in 1962, the Hutus took power and discriminated against Tutsis, leading to growing resentment and violence between the groups in the following decades.

the IRA

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The document summarizes the introduction and development of the welfare state in Northern Ireland from 1949-1973. It discusses how the welfare state provided free healthcare, education, pensions and unemployment benefits through higher taxes. While Unionists initially resisted it, the welfare state was eventually implemented and made Northern Ireland more prosperous than the Republic of Ireland economically and socially. Key developments discussed include expanding education access, improving housing conditions, increasing healthcare funding and investing in infrastructure to attract foreign industry.

Brookeborough & O'Neill - Northern Ireland Prime Ministers

Basil Brooke served as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1949 to 1963, pursuing a policy of maintaining Protestant dominance. The IRA launched a border campaign from 1956-1962 that had little Catholic support. Terence O'Neill replaced Brookeborough in 1963 and sought reforms to build bridges between communities, meeting with the Irish Taoiseach which angered Unionists. The civil rights movement emerged demanding reforms, and marches in 1968 were met with police violence, destabilizing the region. O'Neill introduced some reforms under pressure but resigned in 1969 after loyalist attacks on a civil rights march.

Military Technology and the Military Industrial Complex

The document discusses the United States' dominance in military technology following World War 2 and its efforts to maintain superiority over the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It explores how the US developed nuclear weapons, bombers, missiles, early warning systems, jets, and other technologies. It also examines how massive defense spending fueled a growing military-industrial complex with political and economic incentives to perpetuate an aggressive foreign policy against communism.

The government of USA

The document summarizes the structure and branches of the US government from 1945-1989. It outlines that the government is composed of three branches: the executive branch headed by the President who enforces laws and conducts foreign affairs; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate who make laws; and the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court which interprets the Constitution. It also discusses the electoral college system for electing the President, the main political parties, and tensions between federal and state powers.

USA Economy 1945-1989

The document summarizes the key factors that led to strong economic growth in the United States following World War 2 through the 1960s, as well as the challenges that emerged later. It notes that government spending on infrastructure, education, and defense contributed significantly to growth in this period. However, rising budget deficits, inflation, and unemployment in the 1970s marked a slowdown. The economic policies of presidents Ford, Carter and Reagan attempted to address these issues with mixed results.

Racial conflict in the USA