The document summarizes a 6-week industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra in Jalandhar, India. It describes the various departments within the station including the studios, ENG section, computer section, OB van, earth station, and transmitter. It provides details about the equipment used in production control rooms and studios for switching, lighting, audio mixing and more. The training aimed to provide knowledge of transmission of channels at the station.
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In the Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Lucknow, provided useful knowledge which will surely be of great help in future.
This report gives an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of Electronics and communication. Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment and education media source. Doordarshan, Lucknow is the Program Production Center and transmission. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the Lucknow.
The document provides details about Sushant Shankar's 4-week summer training program at Doordarshan Lucknow under the guidance of Mr. R. Naithani. It includes a declaration signed by Sushant that the work is original. It also includes a certificate signed by Mr. Naithani confirming that Sushant completed the training program. The document then acknowledges and thanks various people who helped and supported Sushant during the training.
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON DOORDARSHAN KENDRA SILCHERSiraj Ahmed
Doordarshan is India's national public broadcasting service. It broadcasts through satellite and terrestrial transmitters across India. Doordarshan began experimental broadcasts in 1959 and regular daily transmission in 1965. It remained India's only television channel until the 1990s. Color television broadcasting in India uses the PAL system, which transmits luminance (Y) and color difference signals (R-Y and B-Y) for compatibility with black and white receivers. The vision mixer in a broadcast production control room allows switching between different video sources like cameras, video tapes, graphics and effects.
ppt Or report of training on doordarshan TV broadcasting Siraj Ahmed
The document provides an overview of broadcasting at Doordarshan Kendra in Silchar, India. It discusses the key components of a Doordarshan studio including the studio itself, lighting, acoustic systems, cameras, and transmitter. It also describes the earth station that is used to send program signals to satellites for transmission and reception, and outlines the basic process of transmission from uplinking to satellites to downlinking to receivers.
This document provides information about Doordarshan Kendra in Raipur. It discusses Doordarshan's headquarters and staff in Raipur. It describes the various programs and services provided by Doordarshan such as awareness, education, and entertainment programs. It then provides details about the components of a television studio including cameras, lighting, audio equipment, and vision mixing. Additional sections describe the earth station, transmission center, antennas, outside broadcasting vans, and Doordarshan's setup in Raipur.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest in India in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure. It began broadcasting in 1959 and has grown to include 1500 transmitters and 70 production centers across the country. The document discusses the components and functions of a television studio, including cameras, lighting, microphones, vision mixers, audio consoles, and more. It also describes the earth station, which is crucial for broadcasting signals via satellite, and details the parameters of Raipur's earth station. Finally, it discusses television transmitters and the different types (VLPT, LPT, HPT), noting that Raipur's 10 kW HPT can cover an area of 90-110 km.
The document provides information about the television standards and communication systems used at Doordarshan Kendra Patna from December 4th to December 24th, 2012. It discusses the PAL television standard used in India and describes PAL encoders and decoders. It also summarizes television principles such as scanning, cameras, color composite video signals, television studios, transmitters and more. The document was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest broadcasting organizations in India in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure. It began experimental broadcasts in 1959 and became a daily broadcaster in 1965. Doordarshan now broadcasts through nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters, reaching over 90% of India's population. It has 46 studios producing television programs and manages production, storage, transmission, and maintenance of channels through departments like studio, ENG section, NLE, OB, earth station, and transmitter.
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In the Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Lucknow, provided useful knowledge which will surely be of great help in future.
This report gives an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of Electronics and communication. Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment and education media source. Doordarshan, Lucknow is the Program Production Center and transmission. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the Lucknow.
The document provides details about Sushant Shankar's 4-week summer training program at Doordarshan Lucknow under the guidance of Mr. R. Naithani. It includes a declaration signed by Sushant that the work is original. It also includes a certificate signed by Mr. Naithani confirming that Sushant completed the training program. The document then acknowledges and thanks various people who helped and supported Sushant during the training.
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON DOORDARSHAN KENDRA SILCHERSiraj Ahmed
Doordarshan is India's national public broadcasting service. It broadcasts through satellite and terrestrial transmitters across India. Doordarshan began experimental broadcasts in 1959 and regular daily transmission in 1965. It remained India's only television channel until the 1990s. Color television broadcasting in India uses the PAL system, which transmits luminance (Y) and color difference signals (R-Y and B-Y) for compatibility with black and white receivers. The vision mixer in a broadcast production control room allows switching between different video sources like cameras, video tapes, graphics and effects.
ppt Or report of training on doordarshan TV broadcasting Siraj Ahmed
The document provides an overview of broadcasting at Doordarshan Kendra in Silchar, India. It discusses the key components of a Doordarshan studio including the studio itself, lighting, acoustic systems, cameras, and transmitter. It also describes the earth station that is used to send program signals to satellites for transmission and reception, and outlines the basic process of transmission from uplinking to satellites to downlinking to receivers.
This document provides information about Doordarshan Kendra in Raipur. It discusses Doordarshan's headquarters and staff in Raipur. It describes the various programs and services provided by Doordarshan such as awareness, education, and entertainment programs. It then provides details about the components of a television studio including cameras, lighting, audio equipment, and vision mixing. Additional sections describe the earth station, transmission center, antennas, outside broadcasting vans, and Doordarshan's setup in Raipur.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest in India in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure. It began broadcasting in 1959 and has grown to include 1500 transmitters and 70 production centers across the country. The document discusses the components and functions of a television studio, including cameras, lighting, microphones, vision mixers, audio consoles, and more. It also describes the earth station, which is crucial for broadcasting signals via satellite, and details the parameters of Raipur's earth station. Finally, it discusses television transmitters and the different types (VLPT, LPT, HPT), noting that Raipur's 10 kW HPT can cover an area of 90-110 km.
The document provides information about the television standards and communication systems used at Doordarshan Kendra Patna from December 4th to December 24th, 2012. It discusses the PAL television standard used in India and describes PAL encoders and decoders. It also summarizes television principles such as scanning, cameras, color composite video signals, television studios, transmitters and more. The document was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest broadcasting organizations in India in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure. It began experimental broadcasts in 1959 and became a daily broadcaster in 1965. Doordarshan now broadcasts through nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters, reaching over 90% of India's population. It has 46 studios producing television programs and manages production, storage, transmission, and maintenance of channels through departments like studio, ENG section, NLE, OB, earth station, and transmitter.
This document is Satyendra Gupta's summer industrial training report on his training at Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow. It provides an overview of Doordarshan Lucknow and describes the key divisions of Studio, Transmitter, and Earth Station. It also covers the fundamentals of monochrome and color television systems as well as concepts like the color composite video signal, television cameras, lighting, microphones, video tape recording, vision mixing, 3D graphics, transmission, antennas, outdoor broadcasting vans, and direct-to-home satellite broadcasting.
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA SUMMER TRAINING REPORTAnkur Gupta
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest broadcast organizations in the country. It started terrestrial television broadcasts in Delhi in 1959 and color TV was introduced in 1982. The television standards used in India are PAL, with SDTV being 700 pixels per line over 625 lines per frame and HDTV being 1080 pixels per line over 1920 lines per frame. A television studio has three main areas - the action area for filming, the production control room for monitoring and mixing, and the central apparatus room housing technical equipment. Key components of a studio include cameras, lighting, microphones, and a vision mixer. TV signals are transmitted via antennas from high power transmitters mounted on tall masts and towers
Doordarshan is the oldest and the biggest Broadcasting media in India.. One must have never thought that so many things are required for watching a television. The camera, the studio, the transmitter, the PDA, the setup box (installed in houses) everything is connected to each other. Here man and electronics work as if they are a family. So many process and lots of hard work, sincerity is required to just have a show or say a movie on air i.e. to be broadcasted.
A textbook is a manual of instruction or standard book used in education that presents the subject matter defined by the curriculum. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions and are usually part of a pedagogical design. A university textbook is required to contain a complete overview of the subject including theories as well as be of a more permanent character.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Dharmveer Singh about his training at Doordarshan Kendra Bareilly. It discusses the history and basics of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster. It details Doordarshan's establishment in 1959 and expansion over the decades. It also explains the fundamentals of monochrome and color television transmission systems like PAL. The report then provides an overview of the infrastructure and setup of a typical Doordarshan Kendra, describing the functions of the studio center, production control room, video storage room, master switching room, transmitters and antennas.
This document provides an overview of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster. It describes the key components of Doordarshan's television production and transmission process. This includes studios with cameras, lighting, and control rooms; earth stations that transmit signals to satellites; and mobile production vehicles like OB vans and DSNG vans used for live outdoor broadcasts. The presentation aims to educate students about Doordarshan's television operations through a tour of its facilities and technical equipment.
This document provides an overview of Doordarshan Kendra, the national public service broadcaster of India. It discusses the history of Doordarshan starting broadcasts in 1959. It also outlines Doordarshan's social objectives such as promoting national integration and disseminating family planning messages. Additionally, it describes the various components of a Doordarshan television studio, including cameras, lighting, microphones, switching systems and earth stations for satellite communication.
In my summer Vacations of Pre Final year ,I joined DDK Lucknow for my summer training.
Here i Learnt a lot which i want to share with you guys.
You can also take it as a reference slide for your presentations too.
Doordarshan is the oldest and the biggest Broadcasting media in India.. One must have never thought that so many things are required for watching a television. The camera, the studio, the transmitter, the PDA, the setup box (installed in houses) everything is connected to each other. Here man and electronics work as if they are a family. So many process and lots of hard work, sincerity is required to just have a show or say a movie on air i.e. to be broadcasted.
The INSAT program was established in 1983 as a joint venture between Indian government departments to create India's national satellite system. INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in Asia Pacific, consisting of 11 operational satellites providing television, communication, meteorology, and other services to India. Key INSAT satellites include EDUSAT for educational services and those providing disaster warning, weather forecasting, and telemedicine applications.
The document provides information about the Electronics department of Shankarrao Mohite Mahavidyalaya, Akluj. It summarizes the department's establishment, programs offered, objectives, course structures, faculty details, student enrollment trends, placement rates, research activities, publications, and more. The department offers BSc, MSc, MPhil, and PhD programs in Electronics with high student demand ratios, placement rates, and university exam results. The faculty have published research papers and guided PhD students. The department aims to provide industry-relevant education and research opportunities to students.
The document summarizes the history and methodology of All India Radio (AIR), India's national public radio broadcaster. It traces AIR back to broadcasts started by the Radio Club of Bombay in 1923. Control passed to the government in 1930 and it was renamed All India Radio in 1936. The document also describes the basic principles and components of radio transmission and reception, as well as different types of microphones used in radio broadcasting.
1. The document discusses the different laboratories at a school including physics, biology, language, and computer labs.
2. The physics lab contains various measurement tools, the biology lab has experimental tools for studying living things, and the language lab has LCD screens and speakers for language learning.
3. The computer lab has many computers that students use for practice and learning.
This document discusses Direct-to-Home (DTH) television in India. It provides a history of DTH in India, explaining how services were first proposed in 1996 and allowed in 2000. It describes the basic concepts of a DTH network, including transmission stations, receive terminals, antennas, set top boxes, and how geostationary satellites and communication bandwidth facilitate the transmission of content. DTH applications allow viewers to access pay and free TV channels on their home TV. The document concludes that DTH provides cost-effective entertainment and information to both urban and rural areas in India.
What is In side a Television Broadcasting StationAnvar sha S
Industrial Training Report (TV Broadcast Station )Under My guidance .
For The Post Graduate Students in Electronics and Communication
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering
This document provides an overview of Codan's L-Band Low Power Block Upconverter (LBUC) system. It describes the main components, including the low power BUC, LNB, and their functions in transmitting and receiving L-Band signals. It also lists and explains the BUC commands for configuring parameters, viewing statuses, and resetting the system.
Sir C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist known for his work on the scattering of light and discovery of the Raman effect, which earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was born in 1888 in India and studied at Presidency College in Madras, where he excelled academically. Raman spent his career conducting research in optics and acoustics as a professor at universities in Calcutta and Bangalore. In 1930, he discovered that light scattering can change the wavelength of photons, an effect that bears his name. Raman made many other contributions and was honored with prestigious awards. He passed away in 1970.
This document discusses direct-to-home (DTH) technology. It describes DTH as involving a broadcasting center, uplink antenna, satellite transponder, mini-dish antenna, and DTH receiver. The main components of a DTH network are the uplink antenna, satellite transponder, mini-dish antenna, and low noise block down converter. A set-top box is then used to demodulate and decode the signal into viewable audio and video. Some advantages of DTH are its cost effectiveness, reliability, and ability to provide thousands of TV and radio channels.
ALL INDIA RADIO,UDAIPUR(RAJ.) TRAINING REPORT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
Refrence: Dr. sunil joshi sir, Dr. naveen agrwal sir
Batch: 2013-17
C.T.A.E UDAIPUR
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,UDAIPUR
Gyan Darshan is a set of educational television channels launched in India in 2000 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Information & Broadcasting, Prasar Bharati, and IGNOU. It began as a two-hour daily test channel and became a 24-hour channel in 2001. There are currently four Gyan Darshan channels - I beams educational programs from various institutions, II uses interactive satellite technology, III focuses on vocational education, and IV on higher education. A fifth channel on science and technology is planned. The channels aim to make learning effective and accessible to vast audiences across India.
This document discusses Doordarshan (DD), the public service broadcaster of India. It analyzes DD's growth stages from monopoly to maturity to decline. As a public broadcaster, DD faced weaknesses like lack of innovative programs and low credibility. It faced threats from private channels and satellite television. The document recommends that DD adopt a middle path approach with some autonomy and competitive advertising rates, given its large reach. It concludes that DD has potential if the government improves it by providing innovative programs.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster that is operated by Prasar Bharati. It began as an experimental station in 1959 in Delhi and became India's sole television provider until the mid-1970s. In 1982, Doordarshan went national with the introduction of color television and live broadcasts of events like Independence Day speeches and the Asian Games. Today it operates 21 channels and provides coverage to over 90% of India's population through over 1,400 terrestrial transmitters.
This document is Satyendra Gupta's summer industrial training report on his training at Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow. It provides an overview of Doordarshan Lucknow and describes the key divisions of Studio, Transmitter, and Earth Station. It also covers the fundamentals of monochrome and color television systems as well as concepts like the color composite video signal, television cameras, lighting, microphones, video tape recording, vision mixing, 3D graphics, transmission, antennas, outdoor broadcasting vans, and direct-to-home satellite broadcasting.
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA SUMMER TRAINING REPORTAnkur Gupta
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest broadcast organizations in the country. It started terrestrial television broadcasts in Delhi in 1959 and color TV was introduced in 1982. The television standards used in India are PAL, with SDTV being 700 pixels per line over 625 lines per frame and HDTV being 1080 pixels per line over 1920 lines per frame. A television studio has three main areas - the action area for filming, the production control room for monitoring and mixing, and the central apparatus room housing technical equipment. Key components of a studio include cameras, lighting, microphones, and a vision mixer. TV signals are transmitted via antennas from high power transmitters mounted on tall masts and towers
Doordarshan is the oldest and the biggest Broadcasting media in India.. One must have never thought that so many things are required for watching a television. The camera, the studio, the transmitter, the PDA, the setup box (installed in houses) everything is connected to each other. Here man and electronics work as if they are a family. So many process and lots of hard work, sincerity is required to just have a show or say a movie on air i.e. to be broadcasted.
A textbook is a manual of instruction or standard book used in education that presents the subject matter defined by the curriculum. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions and are usually part of a pedagogical design. A university textbook is required to contain a complete overview of the subject including theories as well as be of a more permanent character.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Dharmveer Singh about his training at Doordarshan Kendra Bareilly. It discusses the history and basics of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster. It details Doordarshan's establishment in 1959 and expansion over the decades. It also explains the fundamentals of monochrome and color television transmission systems like PAL. The report then provides an overview of the infrastructure and setup of a typical Doordarshan Kendra, describing the functions of the studio center, production control room, video storage room, master switching room, transmitters and antennas.
This document provides an overview of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster. It describes the key components of Doordarshan's television production and transmission process. This includes studios with cameras, lighting, and control rooms; earth stations that transmit signals to satellites; and mobile production vehicles like OB vans and DSNG vans used for live outdoor broadcasts. The presentation aims to educate students about Doordarshan's television operations through a tour of its facilities and technical equipment.
This document provides an overview of Doordarshan Kendra, the national public service broadcaster of India. It discusses the history of Doordarshan starting broadcasts in 1959. It also outlines Doordarshan's social objectives such as promoting national integration and disseminating family planning messages. Additionally, it describes the various components of a Doordarshan television studio, including cameras, lighting, microphones, switching systems and earth stations for satellite communication.
In my summer Vacations of Pre Final year ,I joined DDK Lucknow for my summer training.
Here i Learnt a lot which i want to share with you guys.
You can also take it as a reference slide for your presentations too.
Doordarshan is the oldest and the biggest Broadcasting media in India.. One must have never thought that so many things are required for watching a television. The camera, the studio, the transmitter, the PDA, the setup box (installed in houses) everything is connected to each other. Here man and electronics work as if they are a family. So many process and lots of hard work, sincerity is required to just have a show or say a movie on air i.e. to be broadcasted.
The INSAT program was established in 1983 as a joint venture between Indian government departments to create India's national satellite system. INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in Asia Pacific, consisting of 11 operational satellites providing television, communication, meteorology, and other services to India. Key INSAT satellites include EDUSAT for educational services and those providing disaster warning, weather forecasting, and telemedicine applications.
The document provides information about the Electronics department of Shankarrao Mohite Mahavidyalaya, Akluj. It summarizes the department's establishment, programs offered, objectives, course structures, faculty details, student enrollment trends, placement rates, research activities, publications, and more. The department offers BSc, MSc, MPhil, and PhD programs in Electronics with high student demand ratios, placement rates, and university exam results. The faculty have published research papers and guided PhD students. The department aims to provide industry-relevant education and research opportunities to students.
The document summarizes the history and methodology of All India Radio (AIR), India's national public radio broadcaster. It traces AIR back to broadcasts started by the Radio Club of Bombay in 1923. Control passed to the government in 1930 and it was renamed All India Radio in 1936. The document also describes the basic principles and components of radio transmission and reception, as well as different types of microphones used in radio broadcasting.
1. The document discusses the different laboratories at a school including physics, biology, language, and computer labs.
2. The physics lab contains various measurement tools, the biology lab has experimental tools for studying living things, and the language lab has LCD screens and speakers for language learning.
3. The computer lab has many computers that students use for practice and learning.
This document discusses Direct-to-Home (DTH) television in India. It provides a history of DTH in India, explaining how services were first proposed in 1996 and allowed in 2000. It describes the basic concepts of a DTH network, including transmission stations, receive terminals, antennas, set top boxes, and how geostationary satellites and communication bandwidth facilitate the transmission of content. DTH applications allow viewers to access pay and free TV channels on their home TV. The document concludes that DTH provides cost-effective entertainment and information to both urban and rural areas in India.
What is In side a Television Broadcasting StationAnvar sha S
Industrial Training Report (TV Broadcast Station )Under My guidance .
For The Post Graduate Students in Electronics and Communication
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering
This document provides an overview of Codan's L-Band Low Power Block Upconverter (LBUC) system. It describes the main components, including the low power BUC, LNB, and their functions in transmitting and receiving L-Band signals. It also lists and explains the BUC commands for configuring parameters, viewing statuses, and resetting the system.
Sir C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist known for his work on the scattering of light and discovery of the Raman effect, which earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was born in 1888 in India and studied at Presidency College in Madras, where he excelled academically. Raman spent his career conducting research in optics and acoustics as a professor at universities in Calcutta and Bangalore. In 1930, he discovered that light scattering can change the wavelength of photons, an effect that bears his name. Raman made many other contributions and was honored with prestigious awards. He passed away in 1970.
This document discusses direct-to-home (DTH) technology. It describes DTH as involving a broadcasting center, uplink antenna, satellite transponder, mini-dish antenna, and DTH receiver. The main components of a DTH network are the uplink antenna, satellite transponder, mini-dish antenna, and low noise block down converter. A set-top box is then used to demodulate and decode the signal into viewable audio and video. Some advantages of DTH are its cost effectiveness, reliability, and ability to provide thousands of TV and radio channels.
ALL INDIA RADIO,UDAIPUR(RAJ.) TRAINING REPORT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
Refrence: Dr. sunil joshi sir, Dr. naveen agrwal sir
Batch: 2013-17
C.T.A.E UDAIPUR
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,UDAIPUR
Gyan Darshan is a set of educational television channels launched in India in 2000 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Information & Broadcasting, Prasar Bharati, and IGNOU. It began as a two-hour daily test channel and became a 24-hour channel in 2001. There are currently four Gyan Darshan channels - I beams educational programs from various institutions, II uses interactive satellite technology, III focuses on vocational education, and IV on higher education. A fifth channel on science and technology is planned. The channels aim to make learning effective and accessible to vast audiences across India.
This document discusses Doordarshan (DD), the public service broadcaster of India. It analyzes DD's growth stages from monopoly to maturity to decline. As a public broadcaster, DD faced weaknesses like lack of innovative programs and low credibility. It faced threats from private channels and satellite television. The document recommends that DD adopt a middle path approach with some autonomy and competitive advertising rates, given its large reach. It concludes that DD has potential if the government improves it by providing innovative programs.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster that is operated by Prasar Bharati. It began as an experimental station in 1959 in Delhi and became India's sole television provider until the mid-1970s. In 1982, Doordarshan went national with the introduction of color television and live broadcasts of events like Independence Day speeches and the Asian Games. Today it operates 21 channels and provides coverage to over 90% of India's population through over 1,400 terrestrial transmitters.
Summer training at Doordarshan presentationSushil Mishra
This document provides an overview of television broadcasting in India. It discusses the key components of a TV studio including cameras, lighting, microphones, and a vision mixer. It also describes the typical audio and video signal chains. The document explains the function of a master switching room and digital earth stations for satellite transmission. It provides diagrams of an outside broadcasting van and how microwave links or digital satellite news gathering can be used for live transmission. The document gives a high-level technical introduction to the infrastructure and processes involved in television broadcasting in India.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Prakhar Gupta to his professor Mukesh Arora on his training at Doordarshan Kendra in Jaipur. The report provides an overview of Doordarshan Kendra Jaipur and discusses various aspects of broadcasting including studio setup and equipment, television cameras, video production switchers, satellite communication, and transmission links. It covers topics such as the organizational structure of Doordarshan, functions of different studio equipment, camera technologies, video mixing and effects, satellite usage, and wireless transmission methods.
This document provides an overview of Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow, the public service broadcaster in Lucknow, India. It describes the typical components of a television studio, including cameras, lighting, microphones, and video and audio mixing equipment. It explains the video and audio chains and the master control room. Components of earth stations and outside broadcasting vans are outlined. Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow broadcasts several channels, including DD National, DD News, DD Bharati, and DD Sports. The presenter concludes they gained valuable experience in teamwork, learning about broadcasting infrastructure and operations during their summer training.
The document provides guidance on writing effective business messages and letters. It discusses analyzing the purpose and audience, adapting the message to the task and audience, using reader-focused language, and formatting letters properly. Key recommendations include focusing on the receiver, using concise and precise language, emphasizing important ideas, and discussing only one topic per paragraph for coherence.
The document summarizes a summer training presentation at Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya about a 2-week internship at Doordarshan Kendra Maintenance Centre in Indore, MP. It describes the training institute and provides an overview of the TV studio components including cameras, lighting, audio equipment, and the vision mixer. It also explains the typical video and audio chains and covers other areas like the master switching room, earth station, outside broadcasting vans, and digital satellite news gathering technology. In the conclusion, it notes that Doordarshan is losing viewers due to a lack of youth programming, not utilizing assets fully, and not gathering user feedback.
1) The document compares the reach of various Hindi news channels including ABP News, Aaj Tak, India TV, Z News, IBN 7, and NDTV India among different target groups like CS4+, CS15+, socio-economic groups, age groups, and genders.
2) It also provides data on the share and trends in share of these channels in the total TV universe, in the Hindi news genre, and in key markets over different weeks.
3) Charts on the reach, time spent by viewers, and top programs of ABP News are also presented.
The document provides details about a training internship at Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow. It describes the three main divisions of Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow - the studio, transmitter, and earth station. The studio is where various television programs and serials are recorded. The transmission section modulates and transmits both audio and video signals. The earth station communicates with satellites to downlink and uplink signals over long distances.
Hindi News: ABP News covers latest news from India in Hindi & Top Breaking headlines on Politics, Current Affairs in India & World, Business, Bollywood News, Sports, Entertainment, Health & Cricket http://breakingnewsofindia.com
The document provides information on the Indian state of Karnataka. Some key points:
- Karnataka has a GDP of $156 billion in 2015-16 and is a major hub for the IT industry, hosting 47 IT/ITeS zones. The state also has vibrant manufacturing sectors like automobiles, biotech, and aerospace.
- The state aims to further develop its knowledge infrastructure, tourism, and renewable energy sectors. Its Vision 2020 plan focuses on improving social amenities, education, infrastructure, and empowering women.
- Karnataka accounts for 7% of India's FDI and is the 4th largest recipient of investments. Its economy has grown at an average of 13.9% annually between
Doordarshan is India's national public broadcasting service. It had a modest start in 1959 and became the sole television channel in India until the mid-1970s. Doordarshan Indore uses uplink frequency 6174.5MHz and downlink frequency 3949.5MHz to communicate with the INSAT-3A satellite at 93.5° east. The document discusses Doordarshan's history and development, satellite frequencies, terrestrial television bands, and fundamentals of monochrome and color television systems including picture formation, scanning, number of lines, color mixing, and color difference signals which allow for compatibility with black and white TVs.
Intro to Compression: Audio and Video Optimization for LearningNick Floro
Learn how to compress audio and video for delivery to desktop and mobile devices today. Learn how to use HTML5 and Flash as well as best practices from editing, compression and delivery of content.
Doordarhan kendra Delhi -Summer Training -by RaisaketSAKET RAI
The document summarizes Saket Rai's summer training at Doordarshan Kendra Delhi. It describes the various units within Doordarshan including TV studios, production control rooms, master control rooms, transmission control rooms, transmitting and receiving earth stations, satellite communication systems, outside broadcasting vans, DSNG vans, high power transmitters, and DD Archives. It provides details about the equipment used in each unit and gives an overview of Doordarshan's operations.
1) The document discusses digital modulation techniques for transmitting digital information over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It describes geometric representations of signal waveforms and orthogonalization procedures.
2) Binary and M-ary modulation schemes are covered, including binary antipodal signaling, orthogonal signaling, pulse position modulation, and frequency-shift keying. Optimal receivers for the AWGN channel using correlation and matched filtering are also described.
3) Probabilities of error are derived for various digital modulation techniques, including M-ary pulse amplitude modulation, phase-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Differential phase-shift keying is also introduced.
Doordarshan (DD) is India's public service broadcaster and a division of Prasar Bharati. It was established in 1959 and is the largest broadcasting organization in the world in terms of infrastructure. DD operates several national, regional, and international channels. It has expanded its reach through the launch of new channels over the years, including sports, news, and international channels. However, surveys found that younger viewers prefer private channels over DD due to a lack of entertaining content and ineffective marketing. There are calls for DD to improve programming, marketing, and presentation in order to remain relevant and attract more viewers.
Etv network is one of the largest regional language news and entertainment channel networks in India, operating 12 channels. It was founded in the late 1990s and gives news coverage in various regional languages like Telugu, Kannada, Odiya, and others. Etv has the largest news reporting network in India at the grassroots level. The channels provide a mix of news and entertainment programming and aim to serve audiences in different regions while maintaining local cultural traditions. Etv network has a viewership of over 131 million people across India. It partners with various Indian government ministries and remains the most popular channel in rural India due to its affordable subscription rates and broad coverage of languages and genres.
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2. While Doordarshan was an important part of electronic media in India, it is now losing viewers due to a lack of engaging content for youth and not adapting to changing market trends.
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DDK Delhi -Vocational training by RaisaketSAKET RAI
This document provides a summary of the vocational training report submitted by Saket Rai, who completed an internship at Doordarshan Kendra in New Delhi. It discusses the various sections and facilities at Doordarshan Kendra, including the TV studio, production control room, transmission control room, master switching room, and earth station. The report also acknowledges the support received from the staff at Doordarshan Kendra during the training period.
Vocational training at DDK Delhi by SAKET RAISAKET RAI
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The document provides an introduction to a medical billing system project completed by the author during a training program at Hindustan Zinc Limited. The project involved developing a system to manage medical bills for employees using PHP and MySQL. It allows users to add new employee information and medical bills. Reports can then be generated on the billing information and employee details. The project aimed to gain experience with PHP and provide Hindustan Zinc a way to efficiently manage medical records and bills for their employees.
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This document summarizes Swati Joshi's summer training report on a humidity detector project completed at ONGC in Dehradun, India. The report describes the circuit design and implementation of a humidity sensor using LEDs and ICs CA3130 and LM3914. It discusses the working principles of capacitive and resistive humidity sensors. Key aspects of the project include calibrating the sensor circuit by adjusting a potentiometer to activate a set number of LEDs based on the user's baseline moisture level. Changes in skin resistance from increased moisture due to stress or deception would unbalance the circuit and cause additional LEDs to light.
DTH is a new technology and it has matured to its full potential in other parts of the world. There are many application has been found every day for exploitation of benefits of DTH?
The word ‘DTH’ is synonymous with transmission of digital video channel to home
subscriber’s using a small dish antenna. The DTH utilizes a technology which enables a home to receive high speed internet broadband access data communication, voice over internet protocol (IP) telephony and much more using an open standard Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) technology. The video channels are received with a suitable set top box. It is Capable of demodulating Motion Picture Engineering Group (MPEG-2) standard videos. It is for the return channel required for other services such as voice over internet protocol and broadband access data communications, that a return channel is also required for the home terminal. The return channel via the satellite is called RCS and is an open standard. Hardware compatible with DVB-RCS technology are readily available in the market in both Ku-band and C-band. DVB-RCS is an international open standard for multimedia satellite network where the return data rates in access of 2 Mbps are possible using low cost user terminals. The forward ink is usually at 40 Mbps.
Today, most satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DISH TV or DTH platform. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider’s goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to the customer’s television in a form that approximates the competition from Cable TV. Unlike earlier programming, the provider’s broadcast is completely digital, which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.
Early satellite television was broadcast in C-band - radio in the 3.4- gigahertz (GHz) to 7-GHz
frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz). There are five major components involved in a direct to home (DTH) satellite.
This document is a project report submitted by Samhita Prajapati to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Production Engineering. The report details two projects completed during an internship at Tenneco Automotive Pvt. Ltd: 1) Streamlining the program management tracking system for original equipment manufacturers by creating a centralized database using Excel VBA to track project statuses, and 2) Conducting a time study of a muffler end spinning machine to calculate production rates. The report includes an introduction, literature review, description of the program sheets created, screenshots, conclusions for each project, bibliography, and a section on personal experiences during the internship.
Human Resource Management Functions of Radio FoortiJahid Khan Rahat
Since the inception of broadcasting medium, Radio technology was the earliest development that used for military or defence people to communicate with longer distance. In the earliest twenty century radio became one of the major communication channels for mass people via a transmission station. In Bangladesh, during liberation war, Radio was the only medium of news broadcasting and entertainment. It plays a great role to motivate our freedom fighter and helpless people of Bangladesh in 1971. By the development of human civilization, this technology has replaced by the digital medium. In our country, Bangladesh Betar that is a government owned station started with several broadcasting stations from the Capital of Bangladesh namely Dhaka as well as Port City Chittagong. After launching private station, in 2006 Radio Foorti became one of the largest and biggest name in the FM industry. Radio Foorti in Bangladesh shows an immense growth in this sector.
This Term Paper presents the implementation of Human Resource Management (HRM) fundamentals in the entertainment industry on Radio Foorti. We have presented the Human Resource (HR) model for a Radio Foorti while emphasizing the procedure of recruitment of radio jockeys (RJs) and disc jockeys (DJs), the orientation and training imparted to the RJs and DJs, program scheduling, meetings, information flow, counselling, record-keeping, evaluation and the team making efforts. The presented miniature HR model explains the reasons behind the success of a streaming radio with more than 0.4 million listeners in a short period of two years. The qualitative analyses of the case study highlighting the HR model implemented in the radio industry supports the importance of HR practices for gaining effectiveness in small
entertainment projects and for increasing the pool of listeners and audience.
This report summarizes the Ujjain Simhastha Bypass road project in India. The 14.29 km two-lane road with paved shoulders is being constructed to improve connectivity and reduce traffic congestion in Ujjain during the 2016 Simhastha Mela festival. Kalyan Toll Infrastructure Limited was awarded the design-build-finance-operate contract and is constructing the road over a 15-year concession period. The road will not have tolls collected during Simhastha to ease traffic. The report provides details on the road design standards, construction methodology and processes for the different pavement layers.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Visvesvaraya Technological University. The project aims to develop an E-Assistance system for elderly and disabled individuals using a microcontroller-based hardware system. The system will include sensors to monitor temperature, light levels, gas leaks and smoke and will control home appliances like lights and fans based on the sensor values. It will also include a voice recognition module and GSM module to allow voice control of appliances and send SMS alerts in case of emergencies like gas or smoke detection.
The document provides background information on the history of recording studios from the 1890s to the 1970s, describing how early studios were basic rooms that isolated performers from outside noise, and how technology advances led to electrical recording and the introduction of microphones, mixing desks, and amplification equipment in studios. It discusses how early large, reverberant spaces like concert halls were favored for their acoustic signatures, and how modern studios separate musicians and use strategic microphone placement.
Yogesh Pilankar is seeking a challenging position in a news channel or production house where he can apply his 11 years of experience in broadcast maintenance and operations. He has extensive skills in preventative maintenance of cameras, video tape recorders, audio consoles, and vision mixers. He is proficient in troubleshooting technical issues on location and coordinating repairs. Pilankar is committed to his work and a fast learner interested in expanding his skills.
The document is a report about Channel I, a privately owned television network in Bangladesh. It discusses Channel I's background, departments, programs, sources of income, and CSR activities. It also includes statements from group members thanking their instructor and sharing their experiences visiting and reporting on Channel I.
Sachin Mittal's curriculum vitae summarizes his educational and professional background. He holds a B.Tech in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Lovely Professional University with a 7.34 CGPA. His technical skills include programming languages like C, C++, and Verilog as well as software like Arduino and Xilinx. He completed an internship at IBM where he designed communication network protocols. Sachin has undertaken projects including a sequence detector using Verilog and a pick and place robotic arm controlled with an Android application.
This document is a project report submitted by three students - Ashwani Kumar, Ankit Raj, and Anand Abhishek - to Cochin University of Science & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Information Technology. The report describes the development of a "Know Your Teacher" mobile application that uses ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino board to detect when a faculty member is present in their office and notify students via the mobile app in real-time. It details the hardware components used, including the ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Uno, piezoelectric buzzer, Arduino Wi-Fi 101, as well as the software specifications and coding implemented in Arduino IDE
The document provides a report on an industrial training completed by L.V.P.V. Madushanka at Electro-Serv (PVT) LTD over a period of 6 months. It begins with an acknowledgment of those who supported the training. The first chapter introduces Electro-Serv and provides information on its vision, management style, safety practices, and organizational structure. The second chapter describes the trainee's experiences in different technical sections including design, inspection, components, wiring, and testing. The third chapter provides a conclusion on the industrial training program.
The Andhra Pradesh Academy of Rural Development (APARD) has been working relentlessly for over 54 years in building capacities for sustainable development of the rural poor. APARD is an apex training institute in AP for capacity building of rural development officers and panchayat raj officials. We also consistently focus on research that helps us offer high quality consulting services in rural development.
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1. TRAINING REPORT
OF
SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING,UNDERTAKEN
AT
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA,JALANDHAR
ON
“TRANSMISSION OF CHANNEL”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
DEGREE
(“B.E-E.C.E-2012”)
Under the guidance of: Submitted by:
Name : Er. Narendra Singh, (IBES) Name: Himanshu Gupta
Dy. Director Genral(E) B120020114
Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh
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Certificate of Training
This is to certify that Himanshu Gupta, a candidate of B.E. from Chitkara University,
Himachal Pradesh completed 6 week Industrial Oriented Summer Training program at
Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar under my guidance and direction.
Er. Narendra Singh, (IBES)
Dy. Director General (E)
Acknowledgement
3. We are very thankful to all the persons who with their views and participation
helped us to complete this training successfully. It is with pleasure that we find
ourselves penning down these lines to express my sincere thanks to various people to help
me along the way in completing the training.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Sh.S.K.Bhatiaour Training Co-ordinator
Mr.Jyotinder Singh AE, Mr. Karnbir Singh AE, Mr. B.S.Bhogal and
other staff member from different departments at Doordarshan Kendra Jalandharfor
their able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the
Training.
Lastly, we would like to thank the almighty and our parents for their moral support
and our friends with whom we shared our day-to-day experience and received lots
of suggestions that improved our quality of work.
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Preface
4. This report is a brief introduction about Doordarshan, enclosing the topics that deal with all
types of applications & with various aspects related to new researches. I hope, this report will
be extremely expedient for grasping the basis knowledge of various fields of communication.
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Contents
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
I Company Profile……………………………………………..6
Prasar Bharti ………………………………………………….6
Doodarshan kendra Jalandhar…………………………………6-7
DD Punjabi……………………………………………………7
II Introduction………………………………………………......8
III Description…………………………………………………....9
III.1 Studio……………………………………………………….....9-24
III.2 ENG……………………………………………………………25-32
III.3 NLE…………………………………………………………....33-34
III.4 Computer section……………………………………………..35-36
III.5 OB……………………………………………………………..37-38
III.6 Earth Station…………….……………………………………..39-45
III.7 Transmitter…………………………………………………….46-56
IV Industry Applications………………………………………. 57
V Future Enhancements………………………………………..58
VI Conclusions…………………………………………………....59
VII Bibiliography………………………………………………….60
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I. Company Profile
I.1 Overview
Prasar Bharti
Prasar Bharti is India's largest public broadcaster. It is an autonomous body set up
by an Act of Parliament and comprises Doordarshan television network and All
India Radio which were earlier media units of the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting.
The major objectives of the Prasar Bharati Corporation as laid out in the Prasar
Bharati Act, 1990 are as follows:
To uphold the unity and integrity of the country and the values enshrined in
the Constitution;
To promote national integration;
To safeguard citizens’ rights to be informed on all matters of public interest
by presenting a fair and balanced flow of information;
To pay special attention to the fields of education and spread of literacy,
science & technology;
To create awareness about women’s issues and take special steps to protect
the interests of children, aged and other vulnerable sections of the society;
To provide adequate coverage to diverse cultures, sports and games and
youth affairs;
To promote social justice, safeguarding the rights of working classes,
minorities and tribal communities.
To promote research and expand broadcasting faculties & development in
broadcast technology.
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA JALANDHAR
Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar also referred as Jalandhar Doordarshan is an Indian
television station in Jalandhar, owned and operated by state-owned Doordarshan,
the television network of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India). It was
established in 1979, and now produces and broadcasts the 24-hour Punjabi
7. language TV channel, DD Punjabi, which was launched in 1998 and covers most of
the state of Punjab, India
The transmission was initially limited to few hours in a day. Besides the regional
language Punjabi, some programmes in Hindi and Urdu were also telecast. Even
programmes in Haryanvi and Himachali languages were telecast from this Kendra
as these states did not at that time have their own Kendras.
With the introduction of Regional Language Satellite Services, all regional centers
of Doordarshan started generating programmes in their respective regional
languages. And thus, DD Punjabi came into existence along with many other
channels of Doordarshan. A satellite earth station built at the cost of 82.5 million
(US$1.4 million), was inaugurated at the station on 7 August 1998, to allow Punjabi
language programs broadcasted from the station, available to neighboring countries
like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Oman, Qatar and Nepal.
DD PUNJABI:Presently, Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar telecasts its
programmes under the brand name DD Punjabi. DD Punjabi Channel was launched
in 1998, and it became a 24-hour service within two years. In its terrestrial mode
DD Punjabi has near 100 per cent reach in the State of Punjab. Besides that,
numerous Punjabi viewers residing in different parts of India watch the cultural
programmes broadcast on DD Punjabi with interest.
I.2 Present Status
Doordarshan Jalandhar is the only Programme Production Center in the Jalandhar.
The Studios are housed at Mahavir Marg, Jalandhar and the transmitter is located at
Kharla Khangra. As per the census figure of 2001, the channel covers 89% by
population and 92% by area of Punjab. On 1st May 1995 telecast of DD2
programmes commenced from Jalandhar using a 100W LPT. Now DD2 converted as
DD NEWS is being telecast from 10KW HPT set up in 2000.The reach of News
channel is 45% by area and 67% by population. Presently Kendra originates over
4hrs of daily programmes (25 hrs. & 30 mins weekly).This Kendra originates 2 news
bulletins daily 1 at 5:00 P.M .
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II. Introduction
DDK Jalandhar has the following main departments which manage
the production, storage transmission and maintenance of the two DD
National channels and the DD Punjabi channel.
1. STUDIO (PCR,CAR, Studio A,B,C)
2. ENG Section (VCR , ENG Camera , Editing Booths)
3. NLE/CS( Computer Section, NLE’s & Server Graphics)
4 . OB
5 . DIGITAL EARTH LINK STATION
6 . TRANSMITTER
Each of these departments are discussed in detail with due stress to therelevant
engineering aspects.
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III. Description
III.1 Studio
The studio constitutes:
III.1.1 Studios A,B,C:Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar have three main studios named Studio
A, Studio B, Studio C.Each Studio has got its own PCR Room over it. PCR stands for
Programme Control Room.
Requirement of TV studios are:-
- Very efficient air conditioning.
- Uniform and even flooring for smooth operation of camera
- Effective communication facilities.
- Acoustic Treatment
- Studio cameras as per requirement
- Cyclorama and Curtain
- A/V monitoring facilities
- Studio warning lights, safety devices, fire lighting equipment etc.
- Digital equipment.
- Digital Clock.
Hardware provided in Studio Area is:-
- Monitoring facilities for all inputs and output sources.
- Remote control for video mixer an special effects
- Communication facilities with technical area and studio
floor.
- Vision mixing and switching
- Computer Graphics
- SPG
- CCU
- Light control
- Audio Mixing and control
- Monitoring facilities for I/O audio
10. Studio A
Studio is the largest studio of Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar. This studio is mainly
used to shootthe very renowned programmes likeLishkara, Star-Nite, Sur Sangam,
etc.Studio A consists of 34 lights to control the lighting system and all systems in
studio A are operated manually by worker there.
Studio B
Studio B is multipurpose studio. It is used for shooting various programmes like
sajjari saver , hello doordarshan , krishi darshn , and all discussions Studio B has got
two PCR rooms and 12 Lights over it and one man to control all this.
Studio C
Studio C is the smallest studio of Doordarshan Kendra Jalandhar. This Studio Mainly
used to telecast New Bulletin. Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar Telecast News From
regional channel twice a day i.e. 5:00 PM and 7:00 PM.
10 | P a g e
The output of studio A is continuously checking out at PCR
Lighting system in studio Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative
talent there is always a tremendous scope for doing experiment to achieve the
required effect . Light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a visible spectrum
from red to violet i.e. wavelength from 700 nm to 3800 nm respectively.
Color temperature of various sources
Sum light 5600 K
Studio lamp 3200 K
Domestic lamp 2780 K
Fire 1930 K
Fluroscent 6500 K
Cloudy day 6500 K
Clear Blue sky 12000 K
11. III.1.2. PCR:The PCR stand for Production Control Room. The PCR is where the
post production activities like minor editing and management of feed during a live
program takes place. The production manager sits in the PCR and directs the camera
men and selects the angles sound parameters etc during the production stage in the
PCR. It is in the PCR that we can control all the studio lights and all the microphones
and other aspects. The PCR has a vision mixer and an audio mixer. Its working and
other aspects are discussed in detail in the following pages. The PCR is where the
phone in console and other systems are also kept. The PCR usually of the various
equipments like:-
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•Camera Control Unit(CCU)
•Vision Mixer(VM)
•Video Tape Recorder(VTR)
•Audio Mixer(AM)
III.1.2.1 Camera control unit or CCU: It is in the studio that all aspects related to
the production of a video takes place. The Camera Control Unit is typically part of
a live television broadcast "chain". It is responsible for powering the professional
video camera, handling signals sent over the camera cable (multicore
cable, triax or fiber) to and from the camera, and can be used to control various
camera parameters such as iris remotely. The CCU contains control for
Aperture
Optical Focus
Zoom of the lens system
Beam Focus
Selecting Gain
Color Temperature
Contours (Camera Details)
Gamma
12. III.1.2.2 Vision Mixer (VM):A vision mixer or video switcher enables the program
producer to select the desired sources or a combination of the sources in order to
compose the program. The vision mixer is typically 10x6 or 20x10 crossbar
switcher selecting any one of the 10 or 20 input sources to 6 to10 different output
lines. The input sources include: Camera-1, Camera-2, Camera-3, Telecine-1,
Telcine-2, VTR-1, VTR-2, Test Signal etc. The vision mixer provides the following
operational facilities for the editing of the TV programs.
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Take –selection of any input
source, or cut-switching cleanly
from one source to another.
Dissolve-fading in or fading out
Lap Dissolve-dissolving from one
source to another with an overlap
mixing.
Superposition of two sources-keyed
caption when the selected inlay is superposed on the background picture
13. Mix:A mix is a transition from one picture to another where the new picture fades in as the
existing picture fades out. During a standard mix transition a superimposition of both
pictures, each at a lower intensity, is visible.
Wipe:A wipe is a transition from one picture to another in which the edge of a shape moves
across the screen, revealing the new picture. Wipe transitions can be applied to background,
to keys, or to both simultaneously. A wipe transition shape can be selected from a variety of
patterns, and these patterns can be adjusted in several ways (position, aspect ratios, edge
attributes, etc.).
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Keying:
Keying inserts part of one picture into another to create a composite picture.
Keying involves three signals:
• Background,
• Key cut, used to specify where to cut a hole in the background, and
• Key fill, used to fill the hole in the background.
The fill can be an incoming video signal or it can be an internally generated matte fill. A
separate key cut input signal is not necessarily required for keying. For example, a self key
(also called a video key) uses the same input signal for both key cut and key fill.
The KayakDD system supports the following types of keys:
• Additive Key
• Luminance Key
• Linear Key
• Chroma Key
• Preset Pattern
The KayakDD system also supports self keys and split keys.
Examples of Keying Techniques:
Fig: Matte fill luminance keying
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Fig: Linear Keying
Fig: Luminance Keying and Self Key
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Fig: Chroma Keying
Fig: Preset Key
16. III.1.2.3. VTR: The VTR is the next section where copies of all programs are stored.
All the programs shot in the camera are simultaneously recorded in the VTR. Also
the VTR plays back all the videos as and when required. Videos of pre-recorded
events are queued up in the VTR and are played back without a break. Videos of
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famous people and important events are stored in the central film pool.
III.1.2.4. Audio Mixer: In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called
a mixing desk, audio production console, soundboard or simply mixer is an electronic device
for combining (also called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or
dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type
of mixer. The modified signals (voltages or digital samples) aresummed to produce the
combined output signals.Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording
studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems,broadcasting, television,
and film post-production. An example of a simple application would be to enable the signals
that originated from two separate microphones (each being used by vocalists singing a duet,
perhaps) to be heard through one set of speakerssimultaneously. When used for live
performances, the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly to an amplifier,
unless that particular mixer is "powered" or it is being connected to powered speakers.
Among the highest quality bootleg recordings of live performances are the so-called
soundboard recordings that are sourced from this mixer output to the speakers.
17. III.1.3. CAR:In broadcast facilities, a Central Apparatus Room (CAR, pronounced
"C-A-R"), central machine room, or central equipment room (CER), or central
technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment common to all
technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms. It
should be air-conditioned, however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatments are optional.This is the nerve centre for the TV station, the main activities
in this area include
Distribution of stabilized power supply to different technical area with
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protection.
Sync pulse generation and distribution.
Video processing and routing.
Monitoring facilities.
Patch panel for Audio/Video
Electronics for switchers and cameras
Electronics for OFC Link.
Electronics for STL/ Micro wave Link.
Receiving of External/ OB Signal and its distribution.
Main equipments in CAR are
Antenna Tracking System: An antenna tracking system tracks a primary antenna to
follow a moving signal source, such as a communication satellite. A secondary
antenna has a greater beam width than the primary antenna and receives the
same tracking signal from the satellite. The primary antenna is tracked according to a
predetermined search pattern which causes a variation in the signal
amplitudedepending upon the relative location of the satellite and the antenna
position.
18. Audio Router:Used for transporting audio signals from inputs to outputs. The
number of inputs and outputs varies dramatically. The way routers are described is
normally number of inputs by number of outputs e.g. 2x1, 256x256. The type of
signals transported - switched can be analogue - Analog - audio signals
or Digital. Digital audio usually is in the AES/EBU standard for broadcast use.
Broadband routers can route more than one signal type e.g. analogue or more than
one type of digital. Because any of the inputs can be routed to any output, the
internal arrangement of the router is arranged as a number of crosspoints which can
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be activated to pass the corresponding signal to the desired output.
Character Generator:A character generator, often abbreviated as CG, is a device or
software that produces static or animated text (such as news crawls and credits rolls)
for keying into a video stream. Modern character generators are computer-based, and
can generate graphics as well as text. (The integrated circuit, usually in the form of
a PROM, that decodes a keystroke in a keyboard, and outputs a corresponding
character, is also referred to as a "character generator.
Hardware Character Generators:Hardware character generators are used
in television studios and video editing suites. A desktop publishing-like interface can
be used to generate static and moving text or graphics, which the device then
encodes into some high-quality video signal, like digital Serial Digital
Interface (SDI) oranalog component video, high definition or even RGB video
19. Software Character Generators:Software CGs run on standard off-the-shelf
computer hardware and are often integrated into video editing software such as non-linear
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editing system (NLE)
Encoder:An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or
person that converts information from one format or code to another, for the
purposes of standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or compressions.
A compressor encodes data (e.g., audio/video/images) into a smaller form
An audio encoder may be capable of capturing, compressing and converting
audio
A video encoder may be capable of capturing, compressing and converting
audio/video
Optical Fibre: An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made
of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It
can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends
of the fiberOptical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which
permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than
other forms of communication. Optical fibers typically include
transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of
refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber
to act as a waveguide.
Transceiver: A transceiver is a device comprising both a transmitter and
a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing.
When no circuitry is common between transmit and receive functions, the device is a
transmitter-receiver.
Sync Pulse Generator: A sync pulse generator is a special type of generator which
produces synchronization signals, with a high level of stability and accuracy. These
20. devices are used to provide a master timing source for a video facility. The output of
an SPG will typically be in one of several forms, depending on the needs of the
facility:
A continuous wave signal
In standard-definition applications, a bi-level sync signal, often with a color
burst signal in facilities that have analog equipment. Typically, this is either in
NTSC or PAL format. As the resulting signal is usually in distinguishable from an all-black
television signal of the same format, this sort of reference is commonly
20 | P a g e
known as black or black burst
.In some high-definition applications, a tri-level sync signal is used instead.
This signal is virtually identical to the synchronization signal used in component
analogue video (CAV); and is similar to the synchronization signals used in
VGA (the main difference being, in VGA the horizontal and vertical syncs
are carried on different wires; whereas TLS signals include both H and V
syncs)
Waveform monitor: A waveform monitor is a special type of oscilloscope used
in television production applications. It is typically used to measure and display the
level, or voltage, of a video signal with respect to time.
The level of a video signal usually corresponds to the brightness, or luminance,
of the part of the image being drawn onto a regular video screen
at the same point in time. A waveform monitor can be used to display the overall
brightness of a television picture, or it can zoom in to show one or two individual
lines of the video signal. It can also be used to visualize and observe special signals
in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal, as well as the colorburst between
each line of video.
Procedure in recording
1. Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program producer.
2. Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor Plan.
3. Pre testing of cameras, microphones, VCRs etc. is done before recording.
21. 4. Recording begins and desired camera/mike are selected through VM/Audio
console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on VCR.
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Procedure in Transmission
1. The programs are transmitted as per the daily cue sheet.
2. After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from VCR/Server.
The program is uplinked by Earth Station.
3. During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted.
Video Signal Generation Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we
see is maintained in our eye for 1/16th sec. So if we see images at the rate more than
16 pictures per second, our eyes cannot recognize the difference and we see the
continuous motion. In movie camera and Movie projector it is found that 24 fps
(frames per second) is better for human eyes. TV system could use this rate but in
PAL system 25 fps is selected. In TV cameras image is converted in electrical signal
using photosensitive material. Whole image is divided into many micro particles
known as pixels. These Pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot recognize
pixels and we see continuous image. Thus ,at any particular instance there are almost
infinite numbers of pixels that need to be converted in electrical signal
simultaneously for transmitting picture detail . However this is not possible practical
because it is no feasible to provide a separate path for each pixel. In practice this
problem is solved by method known as scanning in which information is converted
one by one pixel. Line by line and frame by frame.
Basic Block Diagram of a TV studio chain
22. Video Chain
The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in the studio or live telecasted.
Block diagram illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback, news
and live broadcasting. In first chain we will understand studio program recording. In
first chain we will understand studio program recording. Camera output from the
studio hall is to CCU where many parameters of video signals are controlled. Output
signal of CCU after making all corrections is sent to VM in PCR-1 (production
control room). Output of 3 to 4 cameras comes here and final signal is selected here
using VM according to a director’s choice.
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Typical Video and Audio Source Chain
Sources
Vision
Mixer
LOGO
Generator
Earth station
through
Optical Fibre
Distributor
STL
Link
Sources
Audio
Console
Distributor
STL
Link
Earth station
through
Optical Fibre
Analog to AES
Convertor
23. The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape
recording system. At time transmitting this prerecord program cassettes is played in
to respective in VTR room .Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2.PCR-2 has one VM,
video monitoring system, a CG (Computer graphics). From PCR-2, signal travels
from MSR to transmitter or earth station for terrestrial and satellite transmission.
MSR is the main control room between studio and transmitter or receiver.
Audio Chain In studio program, Audio from studio microphones is directly fed to
the AUDIO CONSOLE placed in PCR-1. It is used to mix the audio from different
sources and maintained its output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with
video signal in VTR. While playing back audio is extracted from tape and fed to
another audio console placed in PCR-2 and then travels with the video signal.
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Schematic of Signal Transmission Through OB VAN and Studio
Synergy Video Switcher
- Complete control panel
- Serial digital inputs and output
- Full MLE effect systems
- Pattern generator which is used for wipe transitions
- Chroma keying
-12 untimed aux bus,each of which can be used to route video to monitor
-Clean feed features provides a second PGM output
- Display and indicators
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- Digital reference
- Downstream key facility
- Redundant power.
III.2 Electronic News Gathering
Electronic news-gathering (ENG) is a broadcast news industry description
of television producers, reporters and editors making use of electronic video and
audio technologies for gathering and presenting news. Recording and reporting
events and activities as they happen is what news is all about.
The various equipments used in ENG section are:
ENG Camera
Camcorder
VCR
Editing Booths
III.2.1ENG camera:The Electronic News Gathering (ENG) video camera
replaced 16mm motion-picture film for television news in the mid-1970s. The ENG
cameras are automated and fully operational within a few seconds after they are
switched on. You can make adjustments to extreme production situations quickly
and easily. Most ENG cameras weigh between six and 20pounds, depending
on the number of pickup tubes inside the camera. They are powered by batteries, but
you may also run them from AC current
using an adapter. Recording is to a
professional medium like some variant
of Betacam or DVCPRO or Direct to
disk recording or flash memory. If as in
the latter two, it's a data recording, much
higher data rates (or less video
compression) are used than in consumer devices.All settings, white balance, focus,
and iris can be manually adjusted, and automatics can be completely disabled.
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III.2.1.1. Parts of SONY Digital HD Video Camera RecorderNX5M
1. Hook for shoulder strap
2. ASSIGN /EXPANDED FOCUSbutton
3. Accessory shoe mount
4. Microphone fixing clamper
5. Microphone holder
6. Microphone
7. Accessory shoe
8. TC LINK switch
9. TC LINK IN/OUT jack
10. Zoom lever
1. Lens
2. Lens hood with lens cover
3. Internal microphone
4. The recording lamp flashes if theremaining capacity of recording media or
battery is low.
5. Remote sensor
6. ASSIGN 4/ZEBRA button
7. ASSIGN 5/AE SHIFT button*
8. ASSIGN 6/VISUAL INDEX button
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9. CH1 (INT MIC/INPUT1) switch
10. AUTO/MAN (CH1) switch
11. AUDIO LEVEL(CH1) dial
12. AUDIO LEVEL(CH2) dial
13. AUTO/MAN (CH2) switch
14. CH2 (INT MIC/INPUT1/INPUT2)switch
15. ASSIGN 1/2*/3 buttons
16. PUSH AUTO button
17. FOCUS switch
18. ND filter
1. VIDEO OUT jack/AUDIO OUT jacks
2. COMPONENT OUT jack
3. HDMI OUT jack
4. USB jack
5. SDI OUT jack
6. RELEASE lever
7. Handle zoom lever
8. Handle record button
9. INPUT2 jack
10. INPUT1 jack
11. Cable holder Provided for securing a microphonecable, etc.
12. INPUT2 switch
13. INPUT1 switch
14. REMOTE jack-The REMOTE jack is used for controlling playback, etc. on the video
device and peripherals connected to it.
15. Grip belt
16. POWER switch
17. Record button
18. Flash memory unit mount -For attaching a flash memory unit.
19. GPS switch (HXR-NX5E/NX5P)-When it is set to ON, the camcorder acquires the
GPS information (location and time of recording) and records with images.
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III.2.1.2.Camera Optics:
1. LENS
Focus Section
Zoom Section
Servo Drive Assembly
Aperture Section Drive
Back Foucs & Micro Focus
2. OPTICAL BLOCK
Color Filter Wheels
Prism & Dichroic Mirror
Bias light and a Suitable Lens Mount
3. TRANSDUCER OR PICK UP DEVICE
Types:
Photo emissive device
Photo conductive device
Charge coupled device
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4. CAMERA ELECTRONICS
III.2.2 Camcorder:A camcorder (formally a video camera recorder) is an electronic
device that combines a video camera and a video recorder into one unit; typically for
out-of-studio consumer video recordingIn older analog camcorders, the imaging
device was based on vacuum tube technology where the charge on a light sensitive
target was in direct proportion to the amount of light striking it. Newer analog and
all digital camcorders use a solid state Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imaging
device, or more recently a CMOS imager. Both of these latter devices use
photodiodes that pass a current proportional to the light striking them (i.e. they are
analog detectors), but that current is then digitised before being electronically
'scanned' before being fed to the imager's output. The principal difference in the
latter two devices is in the manner in which that 'scanning' is accomplished. In the
CCD, the diodes are all sampled simultaneously, and the scanning then achieved by
passing the digitised data from one register to the next (the Charge Coupled
element). In the CMOS device the diodes are sampled directly by the scanning logic.
III.2.3. VCR:The Video Cassette Recorder (or VCR, also known as the video
recorder) is an electro-mechanical device that records analog audio and analog
video from broadcast television on a removable, magnetic tape videocassette, so that
the images and sound can be played back at a more convenient time. This use of a
VCR is commonly referred to as television program Timeshifting.
30. III.2.3.1. Parts of PANASONIC Digital Video Cassette Recorder AJ-965p
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DVCPRO50
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Front Panel
1. Power swtich
2. Format Display Area
3. Remote Button
4. Super Switch
5. REC INH Switch
6. TCG Switch
7. MODE Switch
8. Cassette Insertion Slot
9. Eject Button
10. Play Button
11. REC Button
12. Stop Button
13. FF Button
14. REW Button
15. EDIT Button
16. STAND BY Button
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Rear Panel
1. AC IN socket
2. DIGITAL AUDIO IN and OUT connectors
3. ANALOG COMPONENT VIDEO IN connectors
4. ANALOG COMPOSITE VIDEO IN connectors
5. REF VIDEO IN connectors and 75 Ω termination switch
6. Remote control connectors
7. ENCODER REMOTE Connectors
8. ANALOG AUDIO IN connectors
9. TIME CODE IN connectors
10. TIME CODE OUT connectors
11. SERIAL COMPONENT AUDIO and VIDEO IN and OUT connectors
12. Fan
13. SIGNAL GND terminal
14. ANALOG COMPONENT VIDEO OUT connectors
15. ANALOG COMPOSITE VIDEO OUT connectors
16. RS-232c connectors
17. PARALLEL REMOTE connector
18. ANALOG AUDIO OUT connector
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19. MONITOR OUT connector
20. Option Connector
III.2.4. Editing booths: In ENG section Linear Editing takes place,Linear video
editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and
modifying images and sound in a predetermined, orderedsequence. Regardless of
whether it was captured by a video camera, tapeless camcorder, or recorded in
a television studio on a video tape recorder(VTR) the content must be
accessed sequentially.
34. III.3 Non-Linear Editing:
Non-linear editing enables direct access to any video frame in a digital video clip,
without needing to play or scrub/shuttle through adjacent footage to reach it, as was
necessary with historical video tape linear editing systems. It is now possible to
access any frame by entering directly the timecode or the descriptive metadata.
Video and audio data are first captured to hard disks, video server, or other digital
storage devices. The data are either direct to disk recording or are imported from
another source (transcoding,digitizing, transfer). Once imported, the source material
can be edited on a computer using application software, include fades, transitions,
and other effects that cannot be achieved with linear editing.
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GRASS VALLEY EDIUS NLE :
It is a Linux based Server with NexSan Storage having 12 TB capacity and
havingCAT-5 LAN connection between all systems.It has Fiber Channel Connection
between storage and FC switch and also Fiber Connectivity between FC Switch,
Server & Edit-Workstations.
In Doordarshan Kendra Jalandhar, eight non-linear editing booths are in working
condition
Two kind of operating system are used in NLEs.
1. DPS Velocity (Windows - O.S.)
2. Adobe Premiere (Windows - O.S.)
3. Grass Valley Edius (Windows - O.S.)
4. Final Cut Pro (FCP) (MAC - O.S.)
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DPS Velocity HD: Real-Time:
HD/SD Non-Linear Editing System
Multi-Stream SD Editing
HD/SD Color Correction
Format Flexibility: 1080i, 1080PsF, 720p
Compressed or Uncompressed (8/10-bit)Video
On-Board SCSI for Dual Stream
FINAL CUT PRO:
64-bit architecture
Background rendering using GPU and CPU
Multi-stream real-time effects in SD and HD formats.
Supports 64-bit third-party Audio / Video plug-ins.
Audio sample rate up to 192kHz.
Adobe Premiere Pro:
Supports SD & HD Video formats for direct recording from Camera, Laptop
or Workstation.
High Quality Slow Motion.
GPU-accelerated effects to control frame rate, aspect ratio, field order, alpha
channels, pull-down removal, real-time keying, time remapping, transitions
etc.
News NLE:
Dedicated Velocity 8.2 for News Editing & Playback for Transmission.
Sharing with FTP client placed at News Room for importing Video clips
from News Stringers directly.
36. III.4. Computer Section:The main objective of this section is the maintainence
of following machines based on computer technology:
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1. Video Loggers
2. ENPS System
3. FTP Server
4. Win Plus & Auto Script Prompter
Video Loggers: The main function of video loggers is to record off-air programs
relayed by DD Punjabi. The video logger available at DDK Jalandhar is having 90
days recording and playback facility.
ENPS system:ENPS (Electronic News Production System) is a software application
developed by the Associated Press's Broadcast Technology division for producing,
editing, timing, organizing and running news broadcasts.
FTP Server: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to
transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as
the Internet. FTP may run in active or passive mode, which determines how the data
connection is established. In active mode, the client creates a TCP control
connection. In situations where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept
incoming TCP connections, passive mode may be used. In this mode, the client uses
the control connection to send a PASV command to the server and then receives a
server IP address and server port number from the server, which the client then uses
to open a data connection from an arbitrary client port to the server IP address and
server port number received.
Autoscript Teleprompter:A teleprompter, or autocue, is a display device that
prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script.
Using a teleprompter is similar to using cue cards. The screen is in front of, and
usually below, the lens of a professional video camera, and the words on the screen
are reflected to the eyes of the presenter using a sheet of clear glass or a specially
prepared beam splitter. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the
glass into the lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass
prevents unwanted light from entering the lens.
37. Because the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, he appears
to have memorized the speech or to be speaking spontaneously, looking directly into
the camera lens. Cue cards, on the other hand, are always placed away from the lens
axis, making the speaker look at a point beside the camera, which leaves an
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impression of distraction.
(1) Video camera
(2) Shroud
(3) Video monitor
(4) Clear glass or beam splitter
(5) Image from subject
(6) Image from video monitor
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III.5 Outdoor Broadcasting
Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP)
of television or radio programmes (typically to cover television news andsports
television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional
video camera and microphone signals come into theproduction truck for processing,
recording and possibly transmission. The mobile production control room (PCR) is
known as a OB van.
A typical OB van is usually divided into five parts:
Parts of the television crew are located in the first and largest part is the video
production area. The television director, technical director, assistant
director, character generator (CG) operator and television producers usually
sit in front of a wall of video monitors. The technical director sits in front of
the video switcher. The video monitors show all the video feeds from various
sources, including computer graphics, professional video cameras, video tape
recorder (VTR), video servers and slow-motion replay machines. The wall of
monitors also contains a preview monitor showing what could be the next
source on air and a program monitor that shows the feed currently going to
air or being recorded The video switcher is usually operated by one person
called the technical director (TD) and is responsible for switching the video
sources to air as directed. Behind the directors there is usually a desk with
monitors for the editors to operate. It is essential that the directors and editors
are in communication with each other during events, so that replays and
slow-motion shots can be selected and aired. The "production room" in most
sporting events has a graphics operator and sometimes a font coordinator who
are in charge of the graphics, statistics, and the showing of the names of
commentators or the players to be shown on air.
The second part of a van is where the audio engineer has an audio
mixer (being fed with all the various audio feeds: reporters, commentary, on-field
microphones, etc.). The audio engineer can control which channels are
added to the output and follows instructions from the director. They relay the
information from producers and directors to their A2's who typically set up
39. the audio cables and equipment throughout the arenas and the booth where
the commentators sit. The audio engineer normally also has a dirty feed
monitor to help with the synchronization of sound and video.
The third part of the truck is the VTR area. The tape area has a collection of
machines including video servers and may also house additional power
supplies or computer equipment. The "tape room" hasLSM operators who
have one or more cameras that go into their machines and can be played back
for replays when an exciting or important play occurs during the game. LSM
operators also play replay rollouts that lead into commercial breaks or show
the highlights of the event at the end of play. These operators also can play
back in slow motion or pause to show a key part of the action.
The fourth part is the video control area where the professional video
cameras are controlled using camera control units (CCU) by one or
two operators, to make sure that the iris is at the correct exposure and that all
the cameras look the same. These operators can shade, balance, and focus the
cameras from this position inside the truck. This area is controlled by an
operator called a V1 and depending on the size of the show and/or the
broadcast company may have a V2.
The fifth part is transmission where the signal is monitored by and engineered
for quality control purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks. The
transmission is monitored by the truck engineers to ensure the people at home
have a good picture and a high quality signal output.
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III.6 EARTH STATION
The earth station is the link between the terrestrial data sources and the remote
satellite resource. Its most familiar component is the earth station antenna, which
can be tens of meters in diameter or a small portable dish. In addition, there are
numerous, less obvious devices in the chain of devices that transmit or receive the
signal. This article will briefly summarize some of the most important aspects of
earth station operation.
III.6.1 GeographicalPositionof Jalandhar
Longitude 75* 34’45” East
Latitude 31*19’32” North
III.6.2. Digital Earth Station:
Digital earth station is basically satellite up-linking station which is broadcasting in
digital mode. The satellite broadcasting has fully migrated from analog to digital
mode world wide. The satellite broadcasting was introduced in late eighties and was
begun with analog broadcasting. The analog video broadcasting occupies full 36
MHz transponder bandwidth for one video service. Doordarshan adopted Digital
Video Broadcasting -Satellite (DVB-S) in Simulcast Mode in the late nineties. In
simulcast mode, analog and digital services are transmitted simultaneously in the
same transponder bandwidth. 27MHz bandwidth was assigned to analog service
while 9 MHz to digital service. Simulcasting helped in smooth migration from
analog to digital. Now the satellite broadcasting is fully digitalized and is popularly
known as Digital Satellite News Gathering, Direct-to-Home, Digital Earth Station.
All major Doordarshan Kendras have Digital Earth Stations which are up-linking one
regional and one national service. 9MHz bandwidth is allotted to each Kendra. Four
Kendra’s are therefore sharing 36MHz bandwidth of a transponder.
At the beginning of nineties, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) was created as a
European project. In the course of this project, three transmission methods were
developed: DVB-S (Satellite), DVB-C (cable) and DVB-T (Terrestrial). The satellite
transmission method DVB-S has been in use since about 1995. DVB-S specifies
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) as digital modulation. 8PSK is also
incorporated in DVB-DSNG version of satellite transmission standards.
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Digital Communication setup
III.6.2. Play Back Booth: In play back booth the main purpose is to play the
live programs e.g. the let us take an example of a live program in which we need to
play the songs on the demand of the consumers the all the songs in the list first to be
dumped on a machine , then to be played on demand. Studio connectivity has been
42. provided through OFC via central apparatus room. However coaxial cables has also
been provided as standby to OFCCommand/Communication with studios, CAR and
VTR room etc. has also been provided.
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Main Equipment of play back
Router ,make Seiravedio system
DVC (DVC PRO 50,make Panasonic)
BTS ,make sony, Betacam sp,2800P
SERVER ,make Leitch
VISTEK FRAME
(EMD,DEMD,ADC)
CG (MOVE CG PRO)
III.6.3. Power Supply Distribution at Earth Station
Fig: Block Diagram
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Fig: Implementation
BASEBAND RACK:
Fiber optic receiver to receive embedded signal
from studio(CAR)
Signal generator
Audio level monitor
Video monitor
COMPRESSION RACK:
Encoders
Multiplexers
Modulators
Redundancy switch
NMS
Rx Monitoring Rack
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UP convertor
RF power divider
C to L band Convertor
I.R.D
Spectrum Analyzer
HPA Rack
HPA
Dehydrator
Waveguide
Earth Station classification
Analog Earth Station
Digital Earth Station
ASNG
DSNG
C-band or Ku-band
Problems of Analog
One program per channel/transponder
Comparatively noisy
Ghosts in Terrestrial Transmission
Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital medium‡
Fixed reception
Advantages of digital over analog
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More programs per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.
Noise-Free Reception.
Ghost elimination.
CD quality sound & better than DVD quality picture.
Reduced transmission power.
Flexibility in service planning.
Process involved in transmission of signal
Up-Conversion
High power amplification
Transmission
Reception Up-Converters
The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band: C- band,
Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter is 70 MHz
(output of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA.The up-conversion may be
done in stages or in one stage directly. The 70 MHz signal is first converted into L ±band and
then L band signal raised to desired frequency band.
High power amplification
The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal in C-band/
Ku band that is fed to the antenna. The important parameters of HPAs are:
Frequency range
Output power at flange
Bandwidth
Gain variation (1.0db (max.) for 40 MHz (narrow band)
2.50db for full bandwidth.
The different types of HPAs are
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KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier
TWTA -Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier
SSPA- Solid state Power Amplifier
III.7. TRANSMITTER
47. A television transmitter is a device which broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to
the television receivers. Television transmitters may be analog or digital.
Transmitter station refers to terrestrial infrastructure for transmitting radioa frequency
signals. The station maybe used for wireless communication, broadcasting, microwave
link, mobile telephone or other purposes.
Terrestrial transmission: A transmission from point A to point B that doesn’t make use of
satellites.
If the transmission is straight from point A to point B, then the maximize range it's a bit more
of the horizon (depending on what frequency are you transmitting)
Use of repeaters can extend the range.
LF MF HF VHF UHF are the most common frequencies used for terrestrial communications.
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III.7.1. Broadcast Transmitter
A broadcast transmitter refers to an installation used for broadcasting, including radio
transmitter or television transmitter equipment, the antenna, and often the location of the
broadcasting station. It has following parts:
1. Exciter
2. Power Supply
3. Frequency Control
4. Cooling of final Stages
5. Protection Equipment
III.7.1.1 Exciter
In broadcasting and telecommunication, the part which contains the oscillator, modulator, and
sometimes audio processor, is called the "exciter". Most transmitters use heterodyne principle,
so they also have a frequency conversion units. Confusingly, the high-power amplifier which the
exciter then feeds into is often called the "transmitter" by broadcast engineers. The final output is
given as transmitter power output (TPO).
III.7.1.2 Power Supply
48. Transmitters are sometimes fed from a higher voltage level of the power supply grid than
necessary in order to improve security of supply. For example,
the Allouis, Konstantynowand Roumoules transmitters are fed from the high-voltage network
(110 kV in Alouis and Konstantynow, 150 kV in Roumoules) even though a power supply from
the medium-voltage level of the power grid (about 20 kV) would be able to deliver enough power.
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III.7.1.3 Cooling of final Stages
Low-power transmitters do not require special cooling equipment. Modern transmitters can be
incredibly efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 98 percent. However, a broadcast transmitter with
a megawatt power stage transferring 98% of that into the antenna can also be viewed as a 20
kilowatt electric heater.
For medium-power transmitters, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is used. At
power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid cooling system
analogous to an automobile cooling system. Since the coolant directly touches the high-voltage
anodes of the tubes, only distilled, deionised water or a special dielectric coolant can be
used in the cooling circuit. This high-purity coolant is in turn cooled by a heat exchanger, where
the second cooling circuit can use water of ordinary quality because it is not in contact with
energized parts.
III.7.1.4 Protective Equipment
The high voltages used in high power transmitters (up to 40 kV) require extensive protection
equipment. Also, transmitters are exposed to damage from lightning. Transmitters may be
damaged if operated without an antenna, so protection circuits must detect the loss of the
antenna and switch off the transmitter immediately.
Lightning protection is required between the transmitter and antenna. This consists of spark
gaps and gas-filled surge arresters to limit the voltage that appears on the transmitter terminals.
In some transmitting plants UV detectors are fitted in critical places, to switch off the transmitter if
an arc is detected.
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III.7.2 Analog transmission
Analog (or analogue) transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice, data, image,
signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or
some other property in proportion to that of a variable. It could be the transfer of an analog
source signal, using an analog modulation method such as frequency modulation (FM)
or amplitude modulation (AM), or no modulation at all.
III.7.3 Digital transmission
Data transmission, digital transmission, or digital communications is the physical transfer
of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical
fibres, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are
represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical
voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal. While analog transmission is the transfer
of a continuously varying analog signal, digital communications is the transfer of discrete
messages.
III.7.4 Transmission
DTTV is transmitted on radio frequencies through terrestrial space in the same way as
standard analog television, with the primary difference being the use of multiplextransmitters
to allow reception of multiple channels on a single frequency range (such as
a UHF or VHF channel) known as subchannels.
The amount of data that can be transmitted (and therefore the number of channels) is directly
affected by channel capacity and the modulation method of the channel. The modulation
method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM). In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a greater bit
rate, but is more susceptible to interference.
III.7.5 Reception
DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box (STB) or integrated tuner included
with television sets, that decodes the signal received via a standard television antenna. Some
set-top-boxes include digital video recorder (DVR) functionality.
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III.7.6 Basic functioning of Transmitter at Jalandhar
The transmitter tower at Jalandhar currently operates on analog transmission. There are two
transmitters one is VHF and other is UHF. The VHF transmitter is CH#9 used for
transmission is DD NATIONAL channel while the UHF is CH#22 used for telecasting DD
NEWS. Both are of 10kW power.
After receiving the signals of these two channels through satellite, the signals undergo certain
processes. Firstly, audio and video components are separated and fed into exciter. The audio
component is amplified using FM technique and video component is amplified using AM
technique. The signal is amplied using power amplifiers of lower power then combined to
give a amplified signal. This amplified audio and video signal is then passed two the wave
guides. Wave guide is made of copper to reduce the distortions in signal. Then both amplified
audio and video components are recombined maintaining a band difference of 55.5 MHz and
then it is transmitted to the top of tower for telecasting.
III.7.7. Picture Basics :-A television creates a continuous series of moving
pictures on the screen. This sectionwill describe in detail how pictures are created in
a television. A camera works exactly on the same principleapplied the other way
round. A picture is "drawn" on a television or computer display screen by sweeping
an electrical signal horizontally across the display one line at a time. The amplitude
of this signal versus time represents the instantaneous brightness at that physical
point on the display. At the end of each line, there is a portion of the waveform
(horizontal blanking interval) that tells the scanning circuit in the display to retrace to
the left edge of the display and then start scanning the next line. Starting at the top,
all of the lines on the display are scanned in this way. One complete set of lines
makes a picture. This is called a frame. Once
thefirstcomplete picture is scanned, there is another portion of the waveform (vertical
blanking interval, not shown) that tells the scanning circuit to retrace to
thetop of the display and start scanning the next frame, or picture. Thissequence is
repeated at a fast enough rate so that the displayed images are perceived to have
continuous motion. This is the same principle as that behind the "flip books" that you
rapidly flip through to see a moving picture or cartoons that are drawn and rapidly
displayed one picture at a time. Interlaced versus Progressive
ScansThesearetwodifferenttypesof systems.
They differinthetechnique used to cover the area of the screen. Television signals and
52. compatible displays are typically interlaced, and computer signals and compatible
displays are typically progressive (non-interlaced). These two formats are
incompatible with each other; one would need to be converted to the other before any
common processing could be done. Interlaced scanning is where each picture,
referred to as a frame, is divided into two separate sub-pictures, and referred to as
fields. Two fields make up a frame. An interlaced picture is painted on the screen
in two passes, by first scanning the horizontal lines of the first field and then
retracing to the top of the screen and then scanning the horizontal lines for the
second field in-between the first set. Field 1 consists of lines 1 through 262 1/2, and
field 2 consists of lines 262 ½ through 525. The interlaced principle
is illustrated in Figure2. Only a few lines at the top and the bottom of each field are
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shown.
here are many different kinds of video signals, which can be divided into either
television or computer types. The format of television signals varies from country to
country. In the United States and Japan, the NTSC format is used. NTSC stands
for National Television Systems Committee, which is the name of the organization
that developed the standard. In Europe, the PAL format is common. PAL (phase
alternating line), developed after NTSC, is a n improvement over NTSC. SECAM is
used in France and stands for sequential coleur avec memoire (with memory). It
should be noted that there is atotal of about 15 different sub-formats contained within
these three general formats. Each of the formats is generally not compatible with
theothers. Although they all utilize the same basic scanning system andrepresent
color with a type of phase modulation, they differ in
specificscanning frequencies, number of scan lines, and color modulation
techniques, among others. The various computer formats (such as VGA,XGA, and
53. UXGA) also differ substantially, with the primary difference
inthe scan frequencies. These differences do not cause as mu c h c on c e rn , becaus
e most computer equipment is now designed to handle variable scan rates. This
compatibility is a major advantage for computer formats in that
media, and content can be interchanged on a global basis.
In India we use the PAL system. It has 625 lines in each frame and uses interlaced
VideoFormat NTSC PAL HDTV/SDTV
Description TelevisionFormat
High
Definition/StandardDefinition
DigitalTelevision Format
1080 or 720 or 480;18
different formats
1920 or 704 or 640;18
different formats
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VerticalResolutionFormat
(visiblelines per frame)
HorizontalResolution
Format(visible pixels per
line)
HorizontalRate
(kHz)
Vertical FrameRate
(Hz)
HighestFrequency
(MHz)
scanning
forNorthAmerica
andJapan
TelevisionFormat
forMost of Europe and
South America.Used in
India
Approx 480(525
totallines)
Approx 575(625 total
lines)
Determined
by bandwidth,ranges
from320 to 650
Determined
by bandwidth,ranges
from320 to 720
15.734 15.625 33.75-45
29.97 25 30-60
4.2 5.5 25
There are three basic levels of baseband signal interfaces. In order of increasing
quality, they are composite (or CVBS), which uses one wire pair; Y/C (or S-video),
whichuses two wire pairs; and component, which uses three wire pairs. Each wire
pair consists of a signal and a ground.
Thesethree interfaces differ in their level of information combination. More encoding
typically degrades the quality but allows the signal to be carried on fewerwires.
Component has the least amount of encoding, and composite the most.
54. Composite/CVBS Interface
Composite signals are the most commonly used analog video interface.Composite vi
deo is also
referred to as CVBS, which stands for color,video, blanking, and sync, orcomposite
video
baseband signal. Itcombines the brightness information (luma), the color information
( chroma ), and the synchronizing signals on just one cable. The connector is
typically an RCA jack. This is the same connector as that used for
standardline level audio connections.
It is possible to obtain any desired colour by mixing three primarycolours i.e., red,
blue and green in suitable proportion.
The figure 10 shows the effect of projecting red, green, blue beams of light so that
they overlapon screen.Y = 0 . 3 R e d + 0 . 5 9 G r e e n + 0 . 1 1 B l u e
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The Colour Television
Thus it isonly required to convert optical information of these three coloursto
electrical signals and transmit it on different carriers to bedecoded by the
receiver. This can then be converted back to theoptical image at the picture
tube. The phosphors for all the threecolours i.e. R, G and B are easily available to the
55. manufacturers of the picture tube. So the pick up from the cameras and output forthe
picture tube should consists of three signals i.e. R, G and B. Itis only in between the
camera and the picture tube of the receiverwe need a system to transmit this
information.Colour television has the constraint of compatibility and
reversecompatibility with the monochrome television system whichmakes
it slightly complicated. Compatibility means that whencolour TV signal is radiated
the monochrome TV sets should alsodisplay Black & White pictures. This
is achieved by sending Y asmonochrome information along with
the chroma signal. Y isobtained by mixing R,G & B as per the well known equation :
Y= 0 . 3 R + 0 .59 G + 0.11 BReverse compatibility means that when Black &
White TV signal
isradiated the colour TV sets should display the Black & Whitepictures
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Some important terms and their meanings in this context are listed below:
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio is the ratio of the visible-picture width to the height. Standard
television andcomputers have an aspect ratio of 4:3(1.33). HDTV h a s aspects
ratios of either 4:3 or 16:9(1.78). Additional aspect ratios like 1.85:1or 2.35:1 are
used in cinema.
Banking intervals
There are horizontal and vertical blanking intervals. Horizontal blanking interval is
the time period allocated for retrace of the signal from the right edge of the display
back to the left edge to start another scan line. Vertical blanking interval is the time
period allocated for retrace of the signal from the bottom back to the top to start
another field or frame. Synchronizingsignals occupy a portion of the blanking
interval.
Blanking Level
Used to describe a voltage level (blanking level). The blanking level is thenominal
voltage of a video waveform during the horizontal and vertical periods, excluding the
more negative voltage sync tips
.
Chroma
56. The color portion of a video signal. This term is sometimes
incorrectlyreferred to as "chrominance," which is the actual displayed color informat
ion.
Color Burst
The color burst, also commonly called the "color subcarrier," is 8 to 10cycles of the
color reference frequency. It is positioned between the risingedge of sync and
the start of active video for a composite video signal.
Fields and Frames
A frame is one complete scan of a picture. In NTSC it consists of 5 2 5 horizontal
scan lines. In interlaced scanning systems, a field is half of aframe; thus, two fields
make a frame.
Luma
The monochrome or black-and-white portion of a video signal. This term is
sometimes incorrectly called "luminance," which refers to the actualdisplayed
brightness.
Monochrome
The luma (brightness) portion of a video signal without the c o l o r information.
Monochrome, commonly known as black-and-white, predatescurrent color
television.
PAL
Phase alternate line. PAL is used to refer to systems and signals that are compatible
with this specific modulation technique. Similar to NTSC butuses subcarrier phase
alternation to reduce the sensitivity to phase errors thatwould be displayed as color
errors. Commonly used with 626-line, 50Hzscanning systems with a subcarrier
frequency of 4.43362MHz.
Pixel
Picture element. A pixel is the smallest piece of display detail that has aunique
brightness and color. In a digital image, a pixel is an individual
pointin the image, represented by a certain number of bits to indicate the brightness.
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57. RGB
Stands for red, green, and blue. It is a component interface typically used incomputer
graphics systems.Sync Signals/PulsesSync signals, also known as sync pulses, are
negative-going timing pulses invideo signals that are used by video-processing
or display devices tosynchronize the horizontal and vertical portions of
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the display.
Y Cr Cb
A digital component video interface. Y is the luma (brightness) portion, andCr and
Cb are the color-difference portions of the signal.
Y/C
An analog video interface in which the chroma (color) information is
carriedseparately from the luma (brightness) and sync information. Two wire
pairsare used, denoted Y and C or Y/C. Often incorrectly referred to as "S-video.
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IV. Industry Applications
1. Doordarshan has a three tier programme service – National, Regional and
Local.
2. The emphasis in the National programmes is on events and issues of interest
to the entire nation.
3. These programmes include news and current affairs, magazine programmes
and documentaries on science, art and culture, environment, social issues,
serials, music, dance, drama and feature films.
4. The regional programmes are beamed on DD National at specific times and
also on the Regional Language Satellite Channels, catering to the interests of
a particular state, in the language and idiom of that region.
5. The local programmes are area specific and cover local issues featuring local
people.
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V. Future Enhancements
Doordarshan has completed its objective of providing information related to
the every field of daily life to the common man time to time. Whether
Doordarshan kendra Jalandhar is having analog transmission till now. But,
with the each passing day it is moving towards the betterment whether in the
form of digitiztion or in the form of stepping towards HDTV from SDTV.
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VI. Conclusions
The technology currently in use at Prasar Bharati has improved significantly. At this stage
there has been advancement in signal reception quality as systems are changing from
analog to digital with the advancement in different audio and video compression
techniques. For Doordarshan, DTH (Direct To Home Service) satellite services have
become more user friendly and also evolution of SDTV into HDTV have made it a popular
product among the people of India. It is also accessible from remote areas with more
channel and better reception.
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VII. Bibliography
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
2. http://prasarbharati.gov.in/
3. Antennas & Propagation,CS 6710, Spring 2010, Rajmohan Rajaraman
4. Electromagnetic Radiations and antennas, whites EE 382
5. Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting By
Hikmet Sari, Georges Karan and Issabelle Jeanclaude