Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest broadcast organizations in the country. It started terrestrial television broadcasts in Delhi in 1959 and color TV was introduced in 1982. The television standards used in India are PAL, with SDTV being 700 pixels per line over 625 lines per frame and HDTV being 1080 pixels per line over 1920 lines per frame. A television studio has three main areas - the action area for filming, the production control room for monitoring and mixing, and the central apparatus room housing technical equipment. Key components of a studio include cameras, lighting, microphones, and a vision mixer. TV signals are transmitted via antennas from high power transmitters mounted on tall masts and towers

1. PRESENTATION ON
SUMMER
TRAINING AT
DDK, ALLAHABAD
ANKUR GUPTA
B.TECH VII (SEMESTER)
ROLL NO. 1111030008
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
I.E.R.T. ALLAHABAD

2. INTRODUCTION
TV STUDIO
TRANSMISSION
OVERVIEW

3. INTRODUCTION
 LARGEST BOARDCASTING
ORGANISATION
 1ST SERVICE STARTED ON 15TH
SEP,1959
 Doordarshan = Distant + Show.
 Doordarshan is an Indian public service
broadcaster.
 One of the largest broadcasting
organizations in India in terms of the
infrastructure of studios and transmitters.

4.  Terrestrial television in India
started in Delhi on 15
September 1959.
 The regular daily transmission
started in 1965 as a part of All
India Radio.
 Television services were
separated from radio in 1976.
 In 1982 color TV was
introduced in the Indian market.

5.  NTSC-National television standards committee(US) (525
Horizontal & 60 vertical lines)
 SECAM-System electronics for colour avec memoire
(FRANCE)(625 vertical & 50 horizantal lines)
 PAL- Phase Alternating lines(GERMANY)(625 horizontal & 50
vertical line)
Television standards used in India is PAL
TELEVISION STANDARDS

6.  Television Standards
 Standard definition TV (SDTV)
 High Definition TV (HDTV)
 Aspect Ratio Audio Pixels/Line Lines/frame
 SDTV 4:3 Standard 700 625
 HDTV 16:9 Dolby surround 1080 1920

7. A television
studio is an
installation in
which
television or video
productions take
place .
TELEVISION STUDIO

8.  ACTION AREA
 PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM
 CENTRAL APPARATUS ROOM
Activities in a television studio can be
divided into three major areas such as :

9. ACTION AREA
This place requires large
space and ceiling as
compared to any other
technical area. Action in
this area includes
staging, lighting,
performance by artists,
and arrangement to pick
up picture and sound.

10. • MONITOR
PROGRAM AND
GRAPHICS
• VISION MIXER (to
select video
sources)
• Audio console
• Add video effect
PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM

11. CENTRAL APPARATUS ROOM
 Includes the power supply unit
 UPS room
 Generator

12. COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO
• Camera
• Lighting
• Microphones
• Vision mixer and Audio
Console
• MSR(Master Switching
Room)
• VTR
• Acoustics
• Post Production and Video
Effects
• Supporting Services like
UPS,AC

13. CAMERA OPTICS
A TV Camera consists of four sections.
• Camera lens and optics - To form optical image
on the face plate of a pick up device. The lens
for a video camera has following sections :-
Focus - To form a focused optical image.
Zoom Section - A lens with a variable focal length is called as Zoom lens.
For getting different composition of pictures like long shot or
close up, lens with variable focal length is required.
Aperture or Iris Control - Intensity of the light can be controlled by
changing the Iris of the camera. Iris can be operated in
manual mode or it can be automatic mode.
• Optical Block - Optical Block consists of filters and beam splitter. Beam splitter
splits the incoming light into three beams i.e. red, green and blue.
• Transducer or pick up device - To convert optical image into an electrical signal.
• Electronics - To process output of a transducer to get a Colour Composite Video
Signal. (CCVS).

14. Basic Three Point Lighting
Key light : This is the principle light for illumination. It gives shape and modeling by
casting shadows. It is treated like "sun" in the sky and it should cast only one shadow.
Normally it is a hard source.
Fill Light : Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch
lights in the eyes. Normally it is a soft source.
Back Light : Separates the person from the background, reveals background interest
and shape. Normally it is hard source.
Background Light : Separates the person from the background, reveals background
interest and shape. Normally it is hard source.
In three point lighting the ratio of 3/2/1 (Back/Key/Fill) for mono and 3/2/2 for colour
provides good portrait lighting.
Light Sources
Light source fall into two categories :-
1. Hard : A Hard Source behaves as a point source and casts a single hard edged
shadow.
2. Soft : A Soft Source behaves as a large area source taking into account the relative
size of object and light source and the distance separating them.

15. TV Transmission
Specifications:
No. of transmitters : 2
Power of transmitters : 10 KW
(HPT)
Height of mast : 150 m
Height of antenna : 15-20 m
Range of Transmitter : 80-100 Km
TV Transmitters are classified on the basis of
their Power of Operation:
High Power Transmitter (HPT) : 1 kW, 5kW,10kW,
20 KW, 30kW
Low Power Transmitter (LPT) : 100W, 300W,
500W
Very Low Power Transmitter (VLPT) : 10W, 50W

16. • An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer
designed to transmit or receive
electromagnetic waves. In other words,
antennas convert electromagnetic
waves into electrical currents and vice
versa.
ANTENNA & SATELLITE

17. TYPES OF ANTENNA
• Isotropic antenna (idealized)
o Radiates power equally
in all directions
• Dipole antennas
o Half-wave dipole
antenna (or Hertz
antenna)
o Quarter-wave vertical
antenna (or Marconi
antenna)
• Parabolic Dish / Reflective Antenna

18.  http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems
 http://www.althos.com/tutorial/TV-advertising-tutorial-broadcast-
television-system.html
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/44694977/Modern-Communication-Systems-
PART-1-TELEVISION
 http://www.danalee.ca/ttt/transmission.htm
RESOURCES