The document provides information about an industrial training report submitted by Rajesh Kumar to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a declaration by Rajesh Kumar, an acknowledgement of those who provided guidance and support, and an introduction to CSIO (Central Scientific Instruments Organisation) where the training took place. CSIO is described as a laboratory that works on research, design and development of scientific and industrial instruments across various fields.
This document summarizes a major project report submitted by Abhilash Dandotiya and Sarthak Agrawal for their Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The project is titled "SMART HELMET" and aims to design a helmet that can autonomously detect accidents using a transmitter and receiver circuit along with a microcontroller. The microcontroller used is an ATMEGA 8 chip. The project involves designing printed circuit boards for the transmitter and receiver, interfacing a GSM module, and programming the microcontroller with C language to send SMS messages in the event of an accident detection.
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and NodemcuIRJET Journal
This document describes a distance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. The system is designed to remotely monitor and measure distances of obstacles for surveillance purposes. It works by sending ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to calculate distance. The NodeMCU transmits distance data from the ultrasonic sensor to a smartphone app via WiFi in real-time. The system allows remote monitoring of areas with obstacles detected and distance information sent automatically to a mobile device.
Today safety of miners is a major challenge. Miners health is in danger mainly because of the emission of Toxic gases, insufficiency of oxygen and mine disasters. In this project we have designed a continuous monitoring system, which monitors the environmental parameters such as oxygen level and poisonous gases (methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide). It also measures the miner’s pulse rate, which is done by using the heart rate sensor. During the accidents, by using this device we get to know that how many miners are alive under the mine. This system uses Zigbee technology for wireless transmission. The parameters are detected continuously by various sensors, if any abnormal condition occurs the miner will get an alert through the buzzer present on the helmet. The values of different sensors are continuously transmitted by wireless transmitter to the remote monitoring unit which is placed outside the mine and received by the receiver module (PC).
This document is a practical training report submitted by Roshan Mani, a student of Electronics and Communication Engineering at GCET Bikaner, as part of an industrial training completed at CMC Academy in Jaipur. The report provides details about the training, including an overview of CMC Academy and the topics covered during the training such as microprocessors vs microcontrollers, embedded systems, memory addressing types, and the AT89C51 microcontroller. It also describes various electronic components and a bidirectional visitor counter home automation project developed during the training.
An embedded system employs a combination of hardware & software to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a "computer"; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. In other words, embedded system is defined as any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer. The key characteristic is being dedicated to handle a particular task.
Notice Board is primary thing in any institution or organization or public utility places like bus stations, railway stations and parks. But sticking various notices day-to-day is a difficult process.
This presentation provides an overview of embedded systems and describes a collision avoidance robot project. It introduces embedded systems and gives examples. It then describes the key components of embedded systems like processors and memory. It discusses the software used for the project. It introduces the collision avoidance robot project, describing its sensors, control unit, actuators and working. It provides code snippets to show how the robot's movement is controlled based on sensor input to avoid collisions.
This document summarizes a major project report submitted by Abhilash Dandotiya and Sarthak Agrawal for their Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The project is titled "SMART HELMET" and aims to design a helmet that can autonomously detect accidents using a transmitter and receiver circuit along with a microcontroller. The microcontroller used is an ATMEGA 8 chip. The project involves designing printed circuit boards for the transmitter and receiver, interfacing a GSM module, and programming the microcontroller with C language to send SMS messages in the event of an accident detection.
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and NodemcuIRJET Journal
This document describes a distance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. The system is designed to remotely monitor and measure distances of obstacles for surveillance purposes. It works by sending ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to calculate distance. The NodeMCU transmits distance data from the ultrasonic sensor to a smartphone app via WiFi in real-time. The system allows remote monitoring of areas with obstacles detected and distance information sent automatically to a mobile device.
Today safety of miners is a major challenge. Miners health is in danger mainly because of the emission of Toxic gases, insufficiency of oxygen and mine disasters. In this project we have designed a continuous monitoring system, which monitors the environmental parameters such as oxygen level and poisonous gases (methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide). It also measures the miner’s pulse rate, which is done by using the heart rate sensor. During the accidents, by using this device we get to know that how many miners are alive under the mine. This system uses Zigbee technology for wireless transmission. The parameters are detected continuously by various sensors, if any abnormal condition occurs the miner will get an alert through the buzzer present on the helmet. The values of different sensors are continuously transmitted by wireless transmitter to the remote monitoring unit which is placed outside the mine and received by the receiver module (PC).
This document is a practical training report submitted by Roshan Mani, a student of Electronics and Communication Engineering at GCET Bikaner, as part of an industrial training completed at CMC Academy in Jaipur. The report provides details about the training, including an overview of CMC Academy and the topics covered during the training such as microprocessors vs microcontrollers, embedded systems, memory addressing types, and the AT89C51 microcontroller. It also describes various electronic components and a bidirectional visitor counter home automation project developed during the training.
An embedded system employs a combination of hardware & software to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a "computer"; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. In other words, embedded system is defined as any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer. The key characteristic is being dedicated to handle a particular task.
Notice Board is primary thing in any institution or organization or public utility places like bus stations, railway stations and parks. But sticking various notices day-to-day is a difficult process.
This presentation provides an overview of embedded systems and describes a collision avoidance robot project. It introduces embedded systems and gives examples. It then describes the key components of embedded systems like processors and memory. It discusses the software used for the project. It introduces the collision avoidance robot project, describing its sensors, control unit, actuators and working. It provides code snippets to show how the robot's movement is controlled based on sensor input to avoid collisions.
This document discusses hardware/software codesign. It introduces codesign concepts and benefits over traditional design processes. Codesign allows concurrent development of hardware and software to optimize design tradeoffs. The document outlines topics on codesign fundamentals, tradeoffs, past approaches, and future directions like multiprocessor system-on-chip applications. Codesign moves parts between software and hardware to improve performance while meeting design constraints like cost, power, and time-to-market.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
This document summarizes a senior design project report for a smart glove that translates hand gestures into vocalized speech. The project aims to help deaf and mute people communicate by converting sign language gestures into audio that can be understood by others. The smart glove uses flex sensors on the fingers and an accelerometer to detect hand and finger movements. An AVR microcontroller reads the sensor data and sends it to a speech synthesizer module that outputs the corresponding audio. The report describes the design process, including an overview of the hardware and software components, sensor testing and interfacing, gesture recognition algorithms, and prototype testing. The smart glove aims to improve communication for deaf and mute individuals and reduce barriers between them and others.
The document reports on a software controlled LED display board project completed by 5 students for their Design Engineering course. It includes an introduction, purpose, description of the LED modules, power supply, controller, software used, and applications of the scrolling LED display board. The students designed and built the LED display board and controlled it using LED Player 6.0 software.
wireless electronic notice board using GSMVijeeth Anitha
This project implements a wireless electronic notice board using GSM technology. A microcontroller receives SMS messages from a mobile phone via a GSM modem. It then displays the messages on an LCD screen. The system was designed, built and tested. It provides a low-cost, flexible way to remotely display messages and could be useful for applications like advertising, education and information sharing. Potential enhancements include displaying multiple messages simultaneously and adding priority levels to messages.
Final year project presentation IOT Based home security systemSarmadMalik18
The document describes a proposed low-cost IoT-based home security system using computer vision. The system would include door lock/unlock, RFID-based indoor access control, outer wall security, a fire alarm system, and power monitoring. A literature review found existing systems to be costly when using components like Raspberry Pi. The proposed framework would use cheaper alternatives like Arduino for an affordable solution. Next steps include integrating modules, implementing facial recognition with masks, and hardware integration in a prototype model.
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) : Training ReportAmber Bhaumik
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is a state-owned electronics company in India that was established in 1954 to meet the specialized electronics needs of the Indian defense services. It has since grown into a multi-product, multi-technology company serving customers in diverse fields in India and abroad. BEL started with manufacturing communication equipment and has expanded into areas like radars, semiconductors, integrated circuits, batteries, and more to support defense and development programs. It currently has nine manufacturing units across India and regional offices to procure components from overseas. BEL is recognized as a Navratna PSU for its achievements and contributions to India's defense sector.
The document describes a proposed smart glove system to help visually impaired people navigate safely. The system uses ultrasonic sensors, a microcontroller, and vibratory feedback to alert users to obstacles in front of them. It integrates these components into a glove, allowing blind users to detect obstacles from 2cm to 300cm away through vibrations in the glove. The goal is to provide a convenient and safe way for blind people to have independent mobility and explore their environment.
Heart attack and alcohol detection sensor using internet of thingsEditorIJAERD
—In this system we tend to implement a heart-beat observation and heart failure detection system victimization
using the Internet of things. Recently we have got enlarged range of heart diseases as well as enlarged risk of heart
attacks. The detector is then interfaced to a microcontroller that enables checking pulse rate readings and transmittal
them over web. The user might set the high likewise as low levels of heart beat limit. Once setting these limits, the system
starts observation as shortly as patient heart beat goes on top of an explicit limit, the system sends response to the
controller that then transmits this over the net and alerts the doctors likewise as involved. This technique is employed to
watch heartbeat rate of the motive force perpetually and prevents from the accidents by dominant through IOT. IOT
conveys the emergency message to the Owner, auto and therefore the Police. Arduino processor ATmega328 is ready to
handle a lot of functions than standard microcontrollers. This technique is intended for the protection of individuals
sitting within the vehicle.
The document discusses architectural support for high-level languages in ARM processors. It covers various topics like abstraction, data types, expressions, conditional statements, loops, and functions/procedures. For data types, it describes ARM's support for C data types like characters, integers, floating-point numbers, and derived types. It also discusses how expressions are efficiently evaluated using registers. Conditional statements like if/else and switches are supported. Loops like for and while can be implemented efficiently. Finally, it describes ARM's Procedure Call Standard which defines conventions for calling functions and passing arguments.
Wireless E-Notice Board Using Bluetooth Report.docxAbhishekGM10
This document describes the design of a wireless electronic notice board. It uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller connected to an LCD display and Bluetooth module. An Android application on a smartphone can send text messages to the Bluetooth module, which the Arduino then displays on the LCD. This allows notices to be updated in real-time wirelessly, replacing the need for physical paper notices on a traditional notice board.
This document proposes a metal detection robot that can detect metals ahead of it and avoid collisions using ultrasonic sensors. The robot uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller board to control two DC motors via a motor driver chip and detect metals using a metal detector coil. Ultrasonic sensors help the robot detect and avoid obstacles to provide a safe metal detecting robot that can operate in hazardous environments.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Akhil Garg to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller family. Specifically, it provides an introduction to embedded systems, compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, describes the architecture and features of the 8051 microcontroller, explains programming the 8051 in both assembly and C languages, and includes examples of programming the 8051 to control LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, keypads and more. It also discusses the tools needed for 8051 programming including the Keil compiler and Flash Magic programmer.
The document proposes a low-cost, wireless remote health monitoring system using sensors to measure vital signs like temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and lung capacity. The sensor data is sent to a monitoring system via wireless communication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing doctors to remotely monitor patients and reducing the need for frequent in-person visits. The proposed system aims to make healthcare more accessible and affordable for chronic disease patients.
The document discusses X-max Technology, a cognitive radio network developed by xG Technology to deliver mobile services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It uses advanced cognitive sensing to detect available channels and mitigate interference through dynamic spectrum access and 2x4 MIMO antenna configurations. The network architecture includes xMod devices, xAP base stations, an xMSC controller, and xMonitor/xDrive management tools. X-max can provide wireless broadband connectivity across wide areas at low power in a cost-effective way without licensed spectrum costs.
El documento proporciona información sobre un curso de VB.NET que se llevará a cabo los jueves por la noche y los sábados por la tarde en el laboratorio 02. El profesor Juan Sánchez Méndez enseñará sobre el lenguaje de programación VB.NET y el uso de librerías para bases de datos, con el objetivo de que los estudiantes aprendan a implementar aplicaciones que actualicen y consulten datos en bases de datos.
This document discusses hardware/software codesign. It introduces codesign concepts and benefits over traditional design processes. Codesign allows concurrent development of hardware and software to optimize design tradeoffs. The document outlines topics on codesign fundamentals, tradeoffs, past approaches, and future directions like multiprocessor system-on-chip applications. Codesign moves parts between software and hardware to improve performance while meeting design constraints like cost, power, and time-to-market.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
This document summarizes a senior design project report for a smart glove that translates hand gestures into vocalized speech. The project aims to help deaf and mute people communicate by converting sign language gestures into audio that can be understood by others. The smart glove uses flex sensors on the fingers and an accelerometer to detect hand and finger movements. An AVR microcontroller reads the sensor data and sends it to a speech synthesizer module that outputs the corresponding audio. The report describes the design process, including an overview of the hardware and software components, sensor testing and interfacing, gesture recognition algorithms, and prototype testing. The smart glove aims to improve communication for deaf and mute individuals and reduce barriers between them and others.
The document reports on a software controlled LED display board project completed by 5 students for their Design Engineering course. It includes an introduction, purpose, description of the LED modules, power supply, controller, software used, and applications of the scrolling LED display board. The students designed and built the LED display board and controlled it using LED Player 6.0 software.
wireless electronic notice board using GSMVijeeth Anitha
This project implements a wireless electronic notice board using GSM technology. A microcontroller receives SMS messages from a mobile phone via a GSM modem. It then displays the messages on an LCD screen. The system was designed, built and tested. It provides a low-cost, flexible way to remotely display messages and could be useful for applications like advertising, education and information sharing. Potential enhancements include displaying multiple messages simultaneously and adding priority levels to messages.
Final year project presentation IOT Based home security systemSarmadMalik18
The document describes a proposed low-cost IoT-based home security system using computer vision. The system would include door lock/unlock, RFID-based indoor access control, outer wall security, a fire alarm system, and power monitoring. A literature review found existing systems to be costly when using components like Raspberry Pi. The proposed framework would use cheaper alternatives like Arduino for an affordable solution. Next steps include integrating modules, implementing facial recognition with masks, and hardware integration in a prototype model.
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) : Training ReportAmber Bhaumik
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is a state-owned electronics company in India that was established in 1954 to meet the specialized electronics needs of the Indian defense services. It has since grown into a multi-product, multi-technology company serving customers in diverse fields in India and abroad. BEL started with manufacturing communication equipment and has expanded into areas like radars, semiconductors, integrated circuits, batteries, and more to support defense and development programs. It currently has nine manufacturing units across India and regional offices to procure components from overseas. BEL is recognized as a Navratna PSU for its achievements and contributions to India's defense sector.
The document describes a proposed smart glove system to help visually impaired people navigate safely. The system uses ultrasonic sensors, a microcontroller, and vibratory feedback to alert users to obstacles in front of them. It integrates these components into a glove, allowing blind users to detect obstacles from 2cm to 300cm away through vibrations in the glove. The goal is to provide a convenient and safe way for blind people to have independent mobility and explore their environment.
Heart attack and alcohol detection sensor using internet of thingsEditorIJAERD
—In this system we tend to implement a heart-beat observation and heart failure detection system victimization
using the Internet of things. Recently we have got enlarged range of heart diseases as well as enlarged risk of heart
attacks. The detector is then interfaced to a microcontroller that enables checking pulse rate readings and transmittal
them over web. The user might set the high likewise as low levels of heart beat limit. Once setting these limits, the system
starts observation as shortly as patient heart beat goes on top of an explicit limit, the system sends response to the
controller that then transmits this over the net and alerts the doctors likewise as involved. This technique is employed to
watch heartbeat rate of the motive force perpetually and prevents from the accidents by dominant through IOT. IOT
conveys the emergency message to the Owner, auto and therefore the Police. Arduino processor ATmega328 is ready to
handle a lot of functions than standard microcontrollers. This technique is intended for the protection of individuals
sitting within the vehicle.
The document discusses architectural support for high-level languages in ARM processors. It covers various topics like abstraction, data types, expressions, conditional statements, loops, and functions/procedures. For data types, it describes ARM's support for C data types like characters, integers, floating-point numbers, and derived types. It also discusses how expressions are efficiently evaluated using registers. Conditional statements like if/else and switches are supported. Loops like for and while can be implemented efficiently. Finally, it describes ARM's Procedure Call Standard which defines conventions for calling functions and passing arguments.
Wireless E-Notice Board Using Bluetooth Report.docxAbhishekGM10
This document describes the design of a wireless electronic notice board. It uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller connected to an LCD display and Bluetooth module. An Android application on a smartphone can send text messages to the Bluetooth module, which the Arduino then displays on the LCD. This allows notices to be updated in real-time wirelessly, replacing the need for physical paper notices on a traditional notice board.
This document proposes a metal detection robot that can detect metals ahead of it and avoid collisions using ultrasonic sensors. The robot uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller board to control two DC motors via a motor driver chip and detect metals using a metal detector coil. Ultrasonic sensors help the robot detect and avoid obstacles to provide a safe metal detecting robot that can operate in hazardous environments.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Akhil Garg to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller family. Specifically, it provides an introduction to embedded systems, compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, describes the architecture and features of the 8051 microcontroller, explains programming the 8051 in both assembly and C languages, and includes examples of programming the 8051 to control LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, keypads and more. It also discusses the tools needed for 8051 programming including the Keil compiler and Flash Magic programmer.
The document proposes a low-cost, wireless remote health monitoring system using sensors to measure vital signs like temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and lung capacity. The sensor data is sent to a monitoring system via wireless communication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing doctors to remotely monitor patients and reducing the need for frequent in-person visits. The proposed system aims to make healthcare more accessible and affordable for chronic disease patients.
The document discusses X-max Technology, a cognitive radio network developed by xG Technology to deliver mobile services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It uses advanced cognitive sensing to detect available channels and mitigate interference through dynamic spectrum access and 2x4 MIMO antenna configurations. The network architecture includes xMod devices, xAP base stations, an xMSC controller, and xMonitor/xDrive management tools. X-max can provide wireless broadband connectivity across wide areas at low power in a cost-effective way without licensed spectrum costs.
El documento proporciona información sobre un curso de VB.NET que se llevará a cabo los jueves por la noche y los sábados por la tarde en el laboratorio 02. El profesor Juan Sánchez Méndez enseñará sobre el lenguaje de programación VB.NET y el uso de librerías para bases de datos, con el objetivo de que los estudiantes aprendan a implementar aplicaciones que actualicen y consulten datos en bases de datos.
Este documento presenta un diseño de situación de aprendizaje basado en la didáctica crítica. La situación de aprendizaje se centra en el concepto de "estado" y tiene como objetivo que los estudiantes analicen los componentes y funciones del estado mexicano. Incluye preguntas generadoras, actividades para estudiantes y profesores, y concluye enfatizando la importancia de contextualizar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes.
A União Europeia está considerando novas regras para veículos autônomos. As propostas incluem exigir que os fabricantes garantam a segurança dos sistemas e que os veículos possam ser monitorados e controlados remotamente. As novas regras também visam estabelecer padrões comuns para testes e certificação de veículos autônomos na UE.
Este documento enumera tres días mundiales que ocurren en noviembre de 2011: el 14 de noviembre es el Día Mundial de la Diabetes, el 16 de noviembre es el Día Mundial de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica, y el 25 de noviembre es el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Violencia hacia la Mujer.
Sensory data and mental models are used along with heuristics to generate recommendations. Algorithms and heuristics can be improved for better and less biased results, and transparency and opt-out options should be provided so users can view non-customized results.
Jean Piaget fue un epistemólogo, psicólogo y biólogo suizo conocido por crear la epistemología genética y estudiar el desarrollo cognitivo infantil. Observó que los niños dan respuestas consistentes pero equivocadas a ciertas preguntas. Esto lo llevó a teorizar que el pensamiento infantil es cualitativamente diferente al de los adultos. Según Piaget, el desarrollo cognitivo ocurre en cuatro etapas asociadas con la edad debido a factores como la maduración bioló
La evolución de las carcasas de computadoras ha pasado por diferentes etapas: de las primeras cajas de escritorio rectangulares de color beige en los años 80 y 90, a las torres verticales más grandes a mediados de los 90, hasta las carcasas más estéticas y compactas de Apple en 1998 que marcaron una tendencia, así como el uso cada vez más común de colores negros y grises metalizados desde 2007.
The work is aimed at measurement of heartbeat and displays the information on an alphanumeric (or Graphical) LCD display. The heartbeat monitor uses LED and an LDR based sensor to determine the heartbeat.
This document describes a system to automatically monitor and display the level of bagasse in a silo at a sugar factory. Currently, workers must visually check the level through glass on the silo, which can lead to errors. The proposed system uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the bagasse level, and sends the measurement to an Arduino board connected to an LCD display. This allows the level to be digitally monitored without human involvement. A DC motor is also included to automatically open and close a door based on the measured level. The system aims to reduce human errors and provide an accurate method for determining the amount of bagasse available in the silo.
This project involves designing a real-time heart beat monitoring system using a PIC16F876 microcontroller. The system measures a subject's heart rate using an infrared sensor attached to the finger. It averages the measured heart rate and displays it on an LCD screen. The system is powered by a regulated 5V power supply. It uses a bridge rectifier and voltage regulator to provide stable power from a 230/12V step-down transformer. The microcontroller processes the heart rate signal from the sensor and sends the information to the LCD for display. An LED or buzzer can also be used for visual or audio indication of the measured heartbeat.
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Arnab Podder to fulfill the requirements of an electronics and instrumentation engineering course. It summarizes Arnab's 4 week training at the National Small Industries Corporation in Howrah, India, where he learned about industrial automation. The training covered familiarization with electronic components, RFID technology, infrared sensors, signal generators, relays, motion sensors, and the advantages and disadvantages of industrial automation.
Seminar Report on Airport Authority of India [AAI]Aditya Gupta
The document is a training seminar report submitted by Aditya Gupta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an overview of a training conducted at the Airport Authority of India in Jaipur, covering topics like communication equipment, IT systems, security systems, and navigational aids. The report also includes descriptions of work done at various AAI Jaipur sites and is based on lectures from AAI engineers.
Skinput is a technology developed by Microsoft Research that uses bio-acoustic sensing to detect finger taps on the skin and use the human body as an input surface. It involves wearing a sensor armband that can detect vibrations caused by taps and determine their location. This allows for an "always available" input method without needing to carry a separate device. The document provides background on Skinput and discusses its advantages over other mobile input methods in providing a large, portable input area using the human body and proprioception.
The document describes a 5-day internship program organized by the National Power Training Institute (NPTI) on Internet of Things applications in the power and energy sectors. The program will provide both theoretical and hands-on training on topics like IoT architecture, sensors, Arduino and Raspberry Pi programming, cloud computing, and IoT applications for renewable energy, smart metering, and condition monitoring. It will involve lectures, simulations, and projects implementing systems like weather stations and solar monitoring with cloud interfaces. The target audience are college students and engineers, and registration costs Rs. 2,360. The program aims to equip participants with skills for applying IoT in energy management and grid reliability.
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
IRJET- Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes an air and sound pollution monitoring system using IoT. The system uses sensors to measure air quality parameters like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sound pollution levels. The sensor data is sent to a Raspberry Pi module connected to a GPRS module to transmit the data via mobile networks. The data is stored on a cloud server for remote access and monitoring through a mobile app. The system aims to provide real-time pollution monitoring and alert authorities if fire is detected to help control pollution and ensure public safety.
This document summarizes a research paper on using the Internet of Things (IoT) for industrial automation. It describes a system that uses sensors to monitor industrial conditions and applications. The sensor data is sent to an Android device and compared to threshold values set by an administrator. If any uneven conditions are detected, alerts or alarms are generated and sent to the administrator by message or email. The system also uses artificial intelligence to take intelligent actions to address problems based on past experiences stored in a cloud database. The goal is to automatically monitor industries and generate alerts or make decisions without human intervention.
This document describes a public garden automation system that was developed to address problems in managing public gardens. The system uses IR sensors at the entry and exit gates to count the number of people entering and leaving the garden. It displays the total number of people currently in the garden on an LCD screen. The system also includes an LDR sensor that automatically turns the garden lights on when the sunlight levels go down at sunset. An RTC keeps track of the exact time and date. The system is controlled by an Arduino and overcomes management problems like inefficient lighting by automating processes. It has applications for counting people in various public facilities like offices, schools, and parking lots.
Dr. Shashikant Sadistap is a Senior Principal Scientist at the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute in Pilani, India. He has 27 years of experience developing embedded systems and real-time instrumentation for applications in water, aquaculture, power electronics, and agriculture. Some of his areas of expertise include intelligent instrumentation, embedded systems design, and soft computing for smart sensors and systems. He has successfully completed 16 major projects and transferred technologies to industries and government organizations.
COAL MINE SAFETY INTELLIGENT MONITORING BASED ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed wireless sensor network system for monitoring coal mine safety. The system would use sensors to monitor temperature, gas levels, and other factors. An ESP32 controller would collect data from the sensors. A LoRa module would transmit the sensor data wirelessly to a receiving station. The receiving station would analyze the data and alert workers if dangerous conditions were detected. The system aims to improve safety monitoring and response times in coal mines.
IRJET- Smart Ambulance with Traffic Control AbilityIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart ambulance system with traffic control capabilities and patient health monitoring. The system uses sensors to monitor a patient's health in the ambulance and send that data to the hospital. It also uses nodes like Arduino and Nod-MCU installed at traffic lights to automatically turn lights green when an ambulance approaches, in order to give the ambulance clear passage and reduce travel times, which could save lives. The system aims to address issues with traffic congestion delaying ambulances and potentially worsening a patient's condition. It sends patient health information to hospitals in advance and guides ambulances along the shortest routes using GPS.
IRJET- Level Loop Measurement using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for remotely monitoring liquid levels in tanks using ultrasonic sensors, WiFi modules, and an Arduino board. Ultrasonic sensors attached to the tops of tanks measure the distance to the liquid surface. These measurements are sent wirelessly via WiFi modules to an Arduino board, which stores and displays the liquid level data over time. The system allows liquid levels in tanks spread across large areas to be monitored remotely without needing wires, which is important for processes involving hazardous liquids.
Vibration Analysis for condition Monitoring & Predictive Maintenance using Em...IRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop a predictive maintenance system for industrial equipment using machine learning. The system uses an accelerometer and Arduino board to collect vibration data from equipment. The data is used to train a machine learning model to detect anomalies indicating potential failures. When deployed, the model makes predictions in real-time which are displayed on a mobile app along with sensor data, allowing users to remotely monitor equipment condition. The goal is to help improve equipment reliability and availability while reducing maintenance costs.
This document proposes the development of an "Artificial Electronic Nose" capable of detecting toxic gases, chemical vapors, smoke, and flammable oils through an array of sensors. The nose would not only detect the presence of these elements but also quantify their concentration. It aims to benefit those unable to detect hazards in their environment and would find application in industrial monitoring. The project is proposed to occur in two phases: first enhancing an existing industrial interface and integrating relevant sensors, then exploring a bio-electric interface for impaired patients. The feasibility lies in building upon commercially available gas detection technology and simulations show the design could accommodate 24 sensors with further resources.
Autonomous sensor nodes for Structural Health Monitoring of bridgesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using autonomous sensor nodes and wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring of bridges. It aims to detect damage in structures early through continuous monitoring. Sensor nodes containing microcontrollers, temperature, vibration and pressure sensors would be attached to bridges and transmit data wirelessly. This would make inspections more efficient and improve safety by identifying issues early. The document reviews related work using similar wireless sensor network systems for structural monitoring. It discusses the need for such monitoring in India given the increasing construction of large buildings and infrastructure. The objectives are outlined as detecting, locating, identifying and quantifying any damage. Hardware and software components are listed including ESP32 microcontrollers and sensors to measure temperature, vibration and pressure.
Design and fabrication of automated earthquake rescue machineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated earthquake rescue machine. The machine is intended to remove debris from disaster sites without human assistance in order to work more quickly and safely. It has a tracked chassis for navigating varied terrain and a robotic arm with a multi-joint gripper for lifting and manipulating debris. The arm is servo-operated and hydraulically assisted. Experimental results showed the machine could lift up to 2.278 kg. The conclusions were that the rescue machine accomplishes the goal of aiding in earthquake disaster response and has applications for other disaster situations.
Design and fabrication of automated earthquake rescue machine
FINAL CORRECT Report
1. DCRUST MURTHAL UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
1 RAJESH KUMAR(14001003908)
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this Report entitled “Advanced Material
and sensors Laboratory work with CSIO division”, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, submitted to Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of
Science and technology, Murthal, is an authentic record of my own work carried out
during the period from 13 June, 2016 to 28nd July, 2016 under the guidance of
Industrial guide Mr. Satish Kumar and academic guide Mr.Charanjeet Singh, A.P.
in ECE Department.
RajeshKumar
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2 RAJESH KUMAR(14001003908)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report gives the details of the study work done in one and half months of the
industrial training after sixth semester for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) ,under the supervision of Mr. Satish
Kumar. I have take efforts in this report. However , it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to
extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project and also for their support in
completing the project. I would also like to express our gratitude towards our parents for
their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this
industrial training
Rajesh Kumar
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3 RAJESH KUMAR(14001003908)
Introduction
CSIO was established in October 1959 as a laboratory which works on the research,
design, and development of scientific and industrial instruments. It was located in New
Delhi, and then moved to Chandigarh in 1962. The first Director was Piara Singh
Gill.[3] CSIO campus (spread over an area of approximately 120 acres) comprises office
buildings, R&D laboratories, Indo-Swiss Training Centre and a housing complex. A
building and the accompanying workshops were inaugurated in December 1967.
Another block was added in 1976 for housing the R&D Divisions and library. During
the mid-1980s the laboratory buildings and infrastructural facilities were modernized.
An Administration Block was inaugurated in September 1994.
With a view to meeting the demand for instrument technologists, the Indo-Swiss
Training Centre (ISTC) was started in December 1963 with the co-operation of Swiss
Foundation for Technical Assistance, Zurich, Switzerland.
CSIO is under the Physical Sciences Cluster of CSIR. CSIR-CSIO has signed anMoU
with CSIR-IMTECH Chandigarh on April 28, 2012 for collaborative research work.
CSIO has infrastructural facilities in the areas of microelectronics, optics, applied
physics, electronics, and mechanical engineering. R&D programmes are in food &
agriculture, health and rehabilitation, avionics, snow and seismic monitoring in
strategic sector, landslide and structure health monitoring for public safety, and bio and
nano sciences.
A large number of instruments have been developed by the Institute and their know-
how have been passed on to the industry for commercial exploitation.
The laboratory provides a two-year postgraduate research programme in Engineering
(PGRPE) in 'Advanced Instrumentation Engineering' the only such program in India.
The students are designated as Quick Hire Scientist Trainee QHS(T). The areas of
research are Optics and Photonics, Bio-Medical Instrumentation and Agrionics. After
the completion of 1-year course work taught by the senior scientists of the organization
they are given a one-year project work as their thesis.
Major R&D areas
Strategic and Defence Applications
Optics &Opto-Electronics
Computational Instrumentation
Geo-Scientific Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation
Analytical Instrumentation
Advanced Materials & Science
Agri-Electronic Instrumentation
Energy Management, Condition Monitoring & Quality Control
Environmental Monitoring Instrumentation
Microelectro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Sensors
Biomolecular Electronics and Nanotechnology
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Live Projects
Portable Reading Machine for Blind
Laboratory Name CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation,
Chandigarh
Brief Profile of Portable Reading Machine (PRM) is an assistive
Technology/Produc device for visually impaired that helps them reading
t printed documents, e-books, or recorded speech. It is
based on the principle of contact scanning of a printed
document and converting it into speech.
The device is stand-alone, portable, completely
wireless and uses open source hardware and
software. The device can analyze a multi-column
document and provide seamless reading. It is capable
of page, sentence and word level navigation while
reading.
Returns/Benefits It helps visually impaired to read print media as well
as electronic files such as eBooks.
It has support for speaking Hindi, English and is
further compatible for other Indian languages such as
Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi,
Tamil, Telugu, etc. The device may also be readily
configured for major foreign languages.
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Validation Level Prototype of the Reading Machine has been tested at
Institute for the Blind Sec 26, Chandigarh and Saksham,
New Delhi.
IPR Status [also Copyright under process
indicating the
status of the patent
(if any)
End product price Rs. 10,000/ (approx.)
(if not available,
estimated price)
Technology/Produc BEL, Panchkula under Corporate Social Responsibility
t Collaborator
Relevance of Available technologies are very expensive and does not
Technology in cater multi-functionality as available in this developed
present times technology. Also similar technology is not available in
Indian market, hence not cater the need for Indian users.
Similar Commercial available technology:
technology/product SARA
developed ReadEasy+
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CSIR Developed Earthquake Warning System alerted Delhi Metro about
the recent earthquake in real time
CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh developed an Earthquake
Warning System (EqWS). It senses and records the event and generates SMS to the concerned action
points, in real time.
In the case of the earthquake of magnitude 6.8 on the Richter scale with the epicentre at Hindukush
region, Afghanistan occurred on Sunday, the 10th April 2016, as reported by India Meteorological
Department on its website the following figure show the earthquake data from the node at Huda City
Centre, recorded at 16:01:08 (IST) and a report is generated by the system. The earthquake took place at
15:58:57 (IST) origin time at epicentre.
Tremors of this earthquake were felt at various parts of North India including Delhi-NCR region. The
distance from the epicentre to Delhi is approximately 1000 km.
The CSIR-CSIO developed EqWS, consists of five seismic sensing nodes at different locations in Delhi
and is in operation for Delhi Metro Rail Corporation since August 2015. This is an outcome of a
sponsored project. This network of five seismic sensing nodes consisting of seismic sensors,
communication module, processing units is devised for regional notification of a substantial earthquake
while it is in progress. The five nodes are strategically located to gather information about seismic
activity and communicate it to the central control located at Operation Control Centre (DMRC-OCC)
regarding potential earthquake incidence. The central control takes a final decision based on the
response of all the individual nodes and generates an audio visual alarm and sends the event details via
email and SMS to the registered users.
CSIR-CSIO has established this network of five nodes at Mundka, Botanical Garden, Huda City Centre,
Metro Bhawan and Faridabad, comprising seismic warning systems with LAN connectivity with the
DMRC network for generation of alarm signal on major earthquake.
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Automatic Target Reorganization Projects (DRDO Project)
This Project detect any unwanted motion which is coming towards the base camp by using
sensors placing on the ground. When any motion detected, the output of sensor goes to
receiving section in which it first apply to the input of anti-alising filter which pass some
range of frequency and rejects all other frequency. The signal output from anti-alising filter
converted to digital signal and applied to the input of microcontroller. The microcontroller
process the output signal and output is plotting on display in the camp. The receiving section
is shown below:
Anti-Alising filter
The MAX7400/MAX7403/MAX7404/MAX7407 8th-order, lowpass, elliptic, switched-capacitor filters
(SCFs) oper-ate from a single +5V (MAX7400/MAX7403) or +3V (MAX7404/MAX7407) supply.
These devices draw 2mA of supply current and allow corner frequencies from 1Hz to 10kHz,
making them ideal for low-power anti-aliasing and post-DAC filtering applications. They fea-ture a
shutdown mode that reduces the supply current to 0.2µA.
Two clocking options are available: self-clocking (through the use of an external capacitor) or
external clocking for tighter cutoff-frequency control. In addition, an offset adjustment pin (OS)
allows for the adjustment of the DC output level.
The MAX7400/MAX7404 provide 82dB of stopband rejection and a sharp rolloff with a transition
ratio of 1.5. The MAX7403/MAX7407 provide a sharper rolloff with a transition ratio of 1.2, while
still delivering 60dB of stop-band rejection. The fixed response of these devices simplifies the
design task to corner-frequency selection by setting a clock frequency. The MAX7400/
MAX7403/MAX7404/MAX7407 are available in 8-pin SO and DIP packages.
Applications
ADC Anti-Aliasing Speech Processing
Post-DAC Filtering Air-Bag Electronics
CT2 Base Stations
Anti-Aliasing
Filter
ADC converter Microcontroller
Real time
Plotting of Data
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A technique known as oversampling is commonly used in audio ADCs. The idea is to use a
higher intermediate digital sample rate, so that a nearly-ideal digital filter can sharply cut
off aliasing near the original low Nyquist frequency, while a much simpler analog filter can stop
frequencies above the new higher Nyquist frequency. Because analog filters have relatively high
cost and limited performance, relaxing the demands on the analog filter can greatly reduce both
aliasing and cost. Furthermore, because some noise is averaged out, the higher sampling rate can
moderately improve SNR.
Alternatively, a signal may be intentionally oversampled without an intermediate frequency to
reduce the requirements on the anti-alias filter. For example, CD audio typically extends up to
20 kHz, but is sampled with a 22.05 kHz Nyquist rate. By oversampling by 2.05 kHz, both
aliasing and attenuation of higher audio frequencies can be prevented even with less than ideal
filters.
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Introduction
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are
able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific
instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals -
has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount
of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students
without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino
board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to
products for IOT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are
completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their
particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.
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Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands of different
projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost
scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and
robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for
installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of
the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things.
Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step
instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical computing.
Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in
an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:
1. Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller
platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
2. Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
3. Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
4. Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-
C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
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The Arduino-Uno Board
The Arduino-uno board features an Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating at 5 V with 2 Kb of
RAM, 32 Kb of flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb of EEPROM for storing parameters. The
clock speed is 16 MHz, which translates to about executing about 300,000 lines of C source code per
second. The board has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input pins. There is a USB connector for talking
to the host computer and a DC power jack for connecting an external 6-20 V power source, for example
a 9 V battery, when running a program while not connected to the host computer. Headers are provided
for interfacing to the I/O pins using 22 g solid wire or header connectors. For additional information on
the hardware, see http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno.
The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know C, programming the
Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a few commands are needed to
perform useful functions.
An important feature of the Arduino is that you can create a control program on the host PC, download it
to the Arduino and it will run automatically. Remove the USB cable connection to the PC, and the
program will still run from the top each time you push the reset button. Remove the battery and put the
Arduino board in a closet for six months. When you reconnect the battery, the last program you stored
will run. This means that you connect the board to the host PC to develop and debug your program, but
once that is done, you no longer need the PC to run the program.
What You Needfor a Working System
Arduino Uno Development board
USB programming cable (A to B)
9V battery or external power supply (for stand-alone operation)
Solderless breadboard for external circuits, and 22 g solid wire for connections
Host PC running the Arduino development environment. Versions exist for Windows, Mac
and Linux
1.3 Installing the Software
Follow the instructions on the Getting Started section of the Arduino web site,
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage.Go all the way through the steps to where you see the pin13 LED
blinking. This is the indication that you have all software and drivers successfully installed and can start
exploring with your own programs.
1.4 Connecting a Battery
For stand-alone operation, the board is powered by a battery rather than through the USB connection to
the computer. While the external power can be anywhere in the range of 6 to 24 V (for example, you
could use a car battery), a standard 9 V battery is convenient. While you could jam the leads of a battery
snap into the Vin and Gnd connections on the board, it is better to solder the battery snap leads to a DC
power plug and connect to the power jack on the board. Here is what this looks like.
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Realtime or Recentlycompleted Projects.
Automatic TargetRecognization (DRDO Project)
Anti-Alising Filter(Max7400 IC)
A/D converter
Microcontroller(Arduino-uno)
Realtime Plotting
Arduino-uno microcontroller
Introduction
Specifications
Advantages and Applications
Programming concepts
Interfacing with I/O devices.
Introduction to GPS and their interfacing with arduino.
Tracking systemusing Ardiuno-uno development board
Introduction
Circuit Diagram
Working Operation
Programming Structure
References
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Warning: Watch the polarity as you connect your battery to the snap as reverse
orientationcould blow out your board.
Disconnect your Arduino from the computer. Connect a 9 V battery to the Arduino power jack
using the battery snap adapter. Confirm that the blinking program runs. This shows that you can
power the Arduino from a battery and that the program you download runs without needing a
connection to the host PC
Moving On
Connect your Arduino to the computer with the USB cable. You do not need the battery for
now. The green PWR LED will light. If there was already a program burned into the Arduino, it
will run.
Warning: Do not put your board down on a conductive surface; you will short out the pins
onthe back!
Start the Arduino development environment. In Arduino-speak, programs are called
“sketches”, but here we will just call them programs.
In the editing window that comes up, enter the following program, paying attention to where
semi-colons appear at the end of command lines.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Hello
World");
}
void loop() {}
Your window will look something like this
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Click the Upload button or Ctrl-U to compile the program and load on the Arduino board.
Click the Serial Monitor button . If all has gone well, the monitor window will show your
message and look something like this
Congratulations; you have created and run your first Arduino program!
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Push the Arduino reset button a few times and see what happens.
Hint: If you want to check code syntax without an Arduino board connected, click the Verify
button or Ctrl-R.
Hint: If you want to see how much memory your program takes up, Verify then look at the
message at the bottom of the programming window.
Troubleshooting
If there is a syntax error in the program caused by a mistake in typing, an error message will
appear in the bottom of the program window. Generally, staring at the error will reveal the
problem. If you continue to have problems, try these ideas
Run the Arduino program again
Check that the USB cable is secure at both ends.
Reboot your PC because sometimes the serial port can lock up
If a “Serial port…already in use” error appears when uploading
Ask a friend for help
Solderless Breadboards
A solderless breadboard is an essential tool for rapidly prototyping electronic circuits.
Components and wire push into breadboard holes. Rows and columns of holes are internally
connected to make connections easy. Wires run from the breadboard to the I/O pins on the
Arduino board. Make connections using short lengths of 22 g solid wire stripped of insulation
about 0.25” at each end. Here is a photo of a breadboard showing which runs are connected
internally. The pairs of horizontal runs at the top and bottom are useful for running power and
ground. Convention is to make the red colored run +5 V and the blue colored run Gnd. The
power runs are sometimes called “power busses”.
Horizontal runs connected
Vertical runs
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Warning: Only use solid wire on the breadboard. Strands of stranded wire can break off and fill
the holes permanently.
Hint: Trim wires and component leads so that wires and components lie close to the board.
To keep the Arduino board and breadboard together, you can secure both to a piece of fom-
core, cardboard or wood using double-stick foam tape or other means.
2 Flashing an LED
Light emitting diodes (LED's) are handy for checking out what the Arduino can do.. For this
task, you need an LED, a 330 ohm resistor, and some short
pieces of 22 or 24 g wire. The figure to the right is a sketch
of an LED and its symbol used in electronic schematics
Using 22 g solid wire, connect the 5V power pin on the
Arduino to the bottom red power bus on the breadboard and
the Gnd pin on the Arduino to the bottom blue power buss
on the breadboard. Connect the notched or flat side of the LED (the notch or flat is on the rim
that surrounds the LED base; look carefully because it can be hard to find) to the Gnd bus and
the other side to a free hole in main area of the breadboard Place the resistor so that one end is in
the same column as the LED and the other end is in a free column. From that column, connect a
wire to digital pin 2 on the Arduino board. Your setup will look something like this
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TRAINING REPORT
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To test whether the LED works,
temporarily disconnect the wire from pin
2 on the Arduino board and touch to the
5V power bus. The LED should light up.
If not, try changing the orientation of the
LED. Place the wire back in pin 2.
On the LED, current runs from the anode
(+) to the cathode (-) which is marked by
the notch. The circuit you just wired up
is represented in schematic form in the
figure to the right.
Create and run this Arduino program
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
}
void loop()
{}
Gnd
PIN 2 330
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Did the LED light up for one second? Push the Arduino reset button to run the program again.
Now try this program, which will flash the LED at 1.0 Hz. Everything after the // on a line is a
comment, as is the text between „/*‟ and „*/‟ at the top. It is always good to add comments to a
program.
/*---------------------------
Blinking LED, 1.0 Hz on pin 2
----------------------------*/
void setup() // one-time actions
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT); // define pin 2 as an output
}
void loop() // loop forever
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH); // pin 2 high (LED on)
delay(500); // wait 500 ms
digitalWrite(2,LOW); // pin 2 low (LED off)
delay(500); // wait 500 ms
}
The pinMode command sets the LED pin to be an output. The first digitalWrite command says
to set pin 2 of the Arduino to HIGH, or +5 volts. This sends current from the pin, through the
resistor, through the LED (which lights it) and to ground. The delay(500) command waits for
500 msec. The second digitalWrite command sets pin 2 to LOW or 0 V stopping the current
thereby turning the LED off. Code within the brackets defining the loop() function is repeated
forever, which is why the LED blinks.
This exercise shows how the Arduino can control the outside world. With proper interface
circuitry the same code can turn on and off motors, relays, solenoids, electromagnets,
pneumatic valves or any other on-off type device.
3 Reading a switch
The LED exercise shows how the Arduino can control
the outside world. Many applications require reading
the state of sensors, including switches. The figure to
the right shows a picture of a pushbutton switch and its
schematic symbol. Note that the symbol represents a
switch whose contacts are normally open, but then are
shorted when the button is pushed. If you have a
switch, use the continuity (beeper) function of a digital
multi-meter (DMM) to understand when the leads are
open and when they are connected as the button is
pushed.
For this exercise, the Arduino will read the state of a normally-open push button switch and
display the results on the PC using the serial.println() command. You will need a switch, a 10
kohm resistor and some pieces of 22 g hookup wire. If you don't have a switch, substitute two
wires and manually connect their free ends to simulate a switch closure. The figure below
shows the schematic for the circuit on the left and a realization on the right.
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+5 V
10K
PIN 3
Gnd
Create and run this Arduino program
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(digitalRead(3));
delay(250);
}
Open the Serial Monitor window. When the switch is open, you should see a train of 1's on the
screen. When closed, the 1's change to 0's. On the hardware side, when the switch is open, no
current flows through the resistor. When no current flows through a resistor, there is no voltage
drop across the resistor, which means the voltage on each side is the same. In your circuit,
when the switch is open, pin 3 is at 5 volts which the computer reads as a 1 state. When the
switch is closed, pin 3 is directly connected to ground, which is at 0 volts. The computer reads
this as a 0 state.
Now try this program which is an example of how you can have the computer sit and wait for
a sensor to change state.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
while (digitalRead(3) == HIGH)
;
Serial.println("Somebody closed the switch!");
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while (digitalRead(3) == LOW)
;
Serial.println("The switch is now open!");
}
Watch the activity in the Serial Monitor window as you press and release the switch.
4 Controlling a Small DC Motor
The Arduino can control a small DC motor through a transistor switch. You will need a TIP120
transistor, a 1K resistor a 9V battery with battery snap and a motor.
The TIP120 pins look like this and on a schematic the pins are like this
Here is the schematic diagram for how to connect the motor
And here is a pictorial diagram for how to connect the components. The connections can be
soldered or they can be made through a solderless breadboard.
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Pin 2
Gnd
Pin 2 can be any digital I/O pin on your Arduino. Connect the minus of the battery to the emitter
of the transistor (E pin) and also connect the emitter of the transistor to Gnd on the Arduino
board.
To check if things are working, take a jumper wire and short the collector to the emitter pins of
the transistor. The motor should turn on. Next, disconnect the 1K resistor from pin 2 and jumper
it to +5V. The motor should turn on. Put the resistor back into pin 2 and run the following test
program:
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
}
void loop() {}
The motor should turn on for 1 second.
5 Arduino Hardware
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The power of the Arduino is not its ability to crunch code, but rather its ability to interact with the
outside world through its input-output (I/O) pins. The Arduino has 14 digital I/O pins labeled 0 to 13
that can be used to turn motors and lights on and off and read the state of switches.
Each digital pin can sink or source about 40 mA of current. This is more than adequate for
interfacing to most devices, but does mean that interface circuits are needed to control devices
other than simple LED's. In other words, you cannot run a motor directly using the current
available from an Arduino pin, but rather must have the pin drive an interface circuit that in turn
drives the motor. A later section of this document shows how to interface to a small motor.
To interact with the outside world, the program sets digital pins to a high or low value using C
code instructions, which corresponds to +5 V or 0 V at the pin. The pin is connected to external
interface electronics and then to the device being switched on and off. The sequence of events
is shown in this figure.
Program sets pin digitalWrite(4,HIGH); high/low
(1/0) digitalWrite(4,LOW);
+5V
0V
Board pin
set to +5V/0V
+12 V
Interface
electronics use
signal voltages and
1K
power supply to PIN 4
TIP120
switch motor
on/off
To determine the state of switches and other sensors, the Arduino is able to read the voltage value
applied to its pins as a binary number. The interface circuitry translates the sensor signal into a 0 or
+5 V signal applied to the digital I/O pin. Through a program command, the Ardiunp interrogates
the state of the pin. If the pin is at 0 V, the program will read it as a 0 or LOW. If it is at +5 V, the
program will read it as a 1 or HIGH. If more than +5 V is applied, you may blow out your board, so
be careful. The sequence of events to read a pin is shown in this figure.
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Interacting with the world has two sides. First, the designer must create electronic interface
circuits that allow motors and other devices to be controlled by a low (1-10 mA) current signal
that switches between 0 and 5 V, and other circuits that convert sensor readings into a switched 0
or 5 V signal. Second, the designer must write a program using the set of Arduino commands
that set and read the I/O pins. Examples of both can be found in the Arduino resources section of
the ME2011 web site.
When reading inputs, pins must have either 0 or 5V applied. If a pin is left open or "floating", it will read random
voltages and cause erratic results. This is why switches always have a 10K pull up resistor connected when
interfacing to an Arduino pin.
Note: The reason to avoid using pins 0 and 1 is because those pins are used for the serial communications between
the Arduino and the host computer.
The Arduino also has six analog input pins for reading continuous voltages in the range of 0 to 5
V from sensors such as potentiometers.
6 Programming Concepts
This chapter covers some basic concepts of computer programming, going under the assumption
that the reader is a complete novice.
A computer program is a sequence of step-by-step instructions for the computer to follow. The
computer will do exactly what you tell it to do, no more no less. The computer only knows
what's in the program, not what you intended. Thus the origin of the phrase, "Garbage in,
garbage out".
The set of valid instructions comes from the particular programming language used. There are
many languages, including C, C++, Java, Ada, Lisp, Fortran, Basic, Pascal, Perl, and a thousand
others. The Arduino uses a simplified variation of the C programming language.
For any programming language, the instructions must be entered in a specific syntax in order for
the computer to interpret them properly. Typically, the interpretation is a two step process. A
compiler takes the language specific text you enter for the program and converts it into a
machine readable form that is downloaded into the processor. When the program executes, the
processor executes the machine code line by line.
6.1 Basics of Programming Languages
All sequential programming languages have four categories of instructions. First are operation
commands that evaluate an expression, perform arithmetic, toggle states of I/O lines, and many
other operations. Second are jump commands that cause the program to jump immediately to
another part of the program that is tagged with a label. Jumps are one way to break out of the
normal line-by-line processing mode. For example, if you want a program to repeat over and
over without stopping, have the last line of the program be a jump command that takes the
program back to its first line. Third are branch commands that evaluate a condition and jump if
the condition is true. For example, you might want to jump only if a number is greater than zero.
Or, you might want to jump only if the state of an i/o line is low. Fourth are loop commands that
repeat a section of code a specified number of times. For example, with a loop you can have a
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light flash on and off exactly six times.
Most programming languages contain a relatively small number of commands. The complexity
of computers comes from combining and repeating the instructions several million times a
second.
Here's a generic program.
1. Do this
2. Do that
3. Jump to instruction 6
4. Do the other thing
5. All done, sleep
6. If switch closed, do that thing you do
7. Jump to instruction 4
The computer will execute this line by line. The art of programming is simply a matter of
translating your intent into a sequence of instructions that match.
Here is an example of a for loop command followed by a branch command that uses an IF
statement
for (i=0;i<6,i++) {
instructions
}
if (j > 4) gotolabelinstructions
The commands inside the loop will be repeated six times. Following this, if the value of
the variable j is greater than 4, the program will skip to the instruction tagged with the
specified label, and if not, the line following the if statement will be executed.
In addition to the basic commands, languages have the ability to call functions which are
independent sections of code that perform a specific task. Functions are a way of calling a
section of code from a number of different places in the program and then returning from
that section to the line that follows the calling line. Here's an example
apples();
instructions
apples();
more instructions
void apples(){
instructions
}
The function apples is everything between the set of braces that follows “apples()”. When
the function completes, the program jumps back to the line following the line that called the
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function.
6.2 Digital Numbers
When working with a microcontroller that interacts with the real world, you have to dig a
little below the surface to understand numbering systems and data sizes.
A binary (base 2) variable has two states, off and on, or 0 and 1, or low and high. At their
core, all computers work in binary since their internal transistors can only be off or on and
nothing between. Numbers are built up from many digits of binary numbers, in much the
same way that in the base 10 system we create numbers greater than 9 by using multiple
digits.
A bit is one binary digit that can take on values of either 0 or 1. A byte is a number comprised
of 8 bits, or 8 binary digits. By convention, the bits that make up a byte are labeled right to left
with bit 0 being the rightmost or least significant bit as shown below
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
Thus, in the binary number 011, bits 0 and 1 are 1 while bit 2 is 0. In the binary
number 1000001, bits 0 and 7 are 1 and the rest are zero.
Here are a few binary to decimal conversions for byte size numbers.
Binary Decimal
00000011 3
00000111 7
11111111 255
In a computer, variables are used to store numbers. A bit variable can take on two values, 0 and
1, and is typically used as a true/false flag in a program. A byte variable can take on integer
values 0-255 decimal while a 16-bit word variable can take on integer values 0-65,535.
Variables can be either signed (positive and negative values) or unsigned (positive only).
7 Arduino Programming Language
The Arduino runs a simplified version of the C programming language, with some extensions
for accessing the hardware. In this guide, we will cover the subset of the programming language
that is most useful to the novice Arduino designer. For more information on the Arduino
language, see the Language Reference section of the Arduino web site,
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage.
All Arduino instructions are one line. The board can hold a program hundreds of lines long and
has space for about 1,000 two-byte variables. The Arduino executes programs at about 300,000
source code lines per sec.
7.1 Creating a Program
Programs are created in the Arduino development environment and then downloaded to the
Arduino board. Code must be entered in the proper syntax which means using valid
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command names and a valid grammar for each code line. The compiler will catch and flag
syntax errors before download. Sometimes the error message can be cryptic and you have to
do a bit of hunting because the actual error occurred before what was flagged.
Although your program may pass cleanly through the syntax checker, it still might not do what
you wanted it to. Here is where you have to hone your skills at code debugging. The Arduino did
what you told it to do rather than what you wanted it to do. The best way to catch these errors is
to read the code line by line and be the computer. Having another person go through your code
also helps. Skilled debugging takes practice.
7.2 Program Formatting and Syntax
Programs are entered line by line. Code is case sensitive which means "myvariable" is different
than "MyVariable".
Statements are any command. Statements are terminated with a semi-colon. A classic mistake
isto forget the semi-colon so if your program does not compile, examine the error text and see if
you forgot to enter a colon.
Comments are any text that follows “//” on a line. For multi-line block comments, begin
with“/*” and end with “*/”
Constants are fixed numbers and can be entered as ordinary decimal numbers (integer only)
orin hexadecimal (base 16) or in binary (base 2) as shown in the table below
Decimal Hex Binary
100 0x64 B01100100
Labels are used to reference locations in your program. They can be any combination of
letters,numbers and underscore (_), but the first character must be a letter. When used to mark a
location, follow the label with a colon. When referring to an address label in an instruction line,
don't use the colon. Here's an example
repeat:digitalWrite(2,HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
delay(1000);
goto repeat;
Use labels sparingly as they can actually make a program difficult to follow and challenging to
debug. In fact, some C programmers will tell you to never use labels.
Variables are allocated by declaring them in the program. Every variable must be declared. If
avariable is declared outside the braces of a function, it can be seen everywhere in the program. If it
is declared inside the braces of a function, the variable can only be seen within that function.
Variables come in several flavors including byte (8-bit, unsigned, 0 to 255), word (16-bit,
unsigned, 0 to 65,536), int (16-bit, signed, -32,768 to 32,767), and long (32-bit,
signed, -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647). Use byte variables unless you need negative numbers
or numbers larger than 255, then use int variables. Using larger sizes than needed fills up
precious memory space.
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Variable declarations generally appear at the top of the program
byte i;
word k;
int length; int
width;
Variable names can be any combination of letters and numbers but must start with a letter.
Names reserved for programming instructions cannot be used for variable names and will give
you an error message
Symbols are used to redefine how something is named and can be handy for making the
codemore readable. Symbols are defined with the "#define" command and lines defining
symbols should go at the beginning of your program. Here's an example without symbols for
the case where an LED is connected to pin 2.
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH); // turn LED on
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2,LOW); // turn LED off delay(1000);
}
Here is the same using a symbol to define "LED"
#define LED 2 // define the LED pin
void setup()
{
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(LED,LOW);
delay(500);
}
Note how the use of symbols reduces the need for comments. Symbols are extremely useful to
define for devices connected to pins because if you have to change the pin that the device
connects to, you only have to change the single symbol definition rather than going through the
whole program looking for references to that pin.
7.3 Program Structure
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All Arduino programs have two functions, setup() and loop(). The instructions you place in the
startup() function are executed once when the program begins and are used to initialize. Use it to
set directions of pins or to initialize variables. The instructions placed in loop are executed
repeatedly and form the main tasks of the program. Therefore every program has this structure
void setup()
{
// commands to initialize go here
}
void loop()
{
// commands to run yourmachine go here
}
The absolute, bare-minimum, do-nothing program that you can compile and run is
void setup(){} void loop() {}
The program performs no function, but is useful for clearing out any old program. Note that the
compiler does not care about line returns, which is why this program works if typed all on one
line.
7.4 Math
The Arduino can do standard mathematical operations. While floating point (e.g. 23.2) numbers
are allowed if declared as floats, operations on floats are very slow so integer variables and
integer math is recommended. If you have byte variables, no number, nor the result of any math
operation can fall outside the range of 0 to 255. You can divide numbers, but the result will be
truncated (not rounded) to the nearest integer. Thus in integer arithmetic, 17/3 = 5, and not 5.666
and not 6. Math operations are performed strictly in a left-to-right order. You can add
parenthesis to group operations.
The table below shows some of the valid math operators. Full details of their use can be found
in the Arduino Language Reference.
Symbol Description
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus (division remainder)
<< left bit shift
>> right bit shift
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
8 The Simple Commands
This section covers the small set of commands you need to make the Arduino do something
useful. These commands appear in order of priority. You can make a great machine using only
digital read, digital write and delay commands. Learning all the commands here will take you
to the next level.
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If you need more, consult the Arduino language reference page at h
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage.
pinMode
This command, which goes in the setup() function, is used to set the direction of a digital I/O
pin. Set the pin to OUTPUT if the pin is driving and LED, motor or other device. Set the pin to
INPUT if the pin is reading a switch or other sensor. On power up or reset, all pins default to
inputs. This example sets pin 2 to an output and pin 3 to an input.
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,INPUT);
}
void loop() {}
Serial.print
The Serial.print command lets you see what's going on inside the Arduino from your computer.
For example, you can see the result of a math operation to determine if you are getting the right
number. Or, you can see the state of a digital input pin to see if the Arduino is a sensor or switch
properly. When your interface circuits or program does not seem to be working, use the
Serial.print command to shed a little light on the situation. For this command to show anything,
you need to have the Arduino connected to the host computer with the USB cable.
For the command to work, the command Serial.begin(9600) must be placed in the setup()
function. After the program is uploaded, you must open the Serial Monitor window to see the
response.
There are two forms of the print command. Serial.print() prints on the same line while
Serial.println() starts the print on a new line.
Here is a brief program to check if your board is alive and connected to the PC
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Hello
World");
}
void loop() {}
Here is a program that loops in place, displaying the value of an I/O pin. This is useful for
checking the state of sensors or switches and to see if the Arduino is reading the sensor properly.
Try it out on your Arduino. After uploading the program, use a jumper wire to alternately
connect pin 2 to +5V and to Gnd.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
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void loop()
{
Serial.println(digitalRead(2));
delay(100);
}
If you wanted to see the states of pins 2 and 3 at the same time, you can chain a few print
commands, noting that the last command is a println to start a new line.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.print("pin 2 = ");
Serial.print(digitalRead(2)); Serial.print(" pin 3 =
"); Serial.println(digitalRead(3));
delay(100);
}
You may have noticed when trying this out that if you leave one of the pins disconnected, its
state follows the other. This is because a pin left floating has an undefined value and will wander
from high to low. So, use two jumper wires when trying out this example.
Here's one that checks the value of a variable after an addition. Because the calculation is done
just once, all the code is in the setup() function. The Serial.flush()
inti,j,k; void
setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
i=21;
j=20;
k=i+j;
Serial.flush();
Serial.print(k);
}
void loop() {}
digitalWrite
This command sets an I/O pin high (+5V) or low (0V) and is the workhorse for commanding the
outside world of lights, motors, and anything else interfaced to your board. Use the pinMode()
command in the setup() function to set the pin to an output.
digitalWrite(2,HIGH); // sets pin 2 to +5 volts
digitalWrite(2,LOW); // sets pin 2 to zero volts
delay
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Delay pauses the program for a specified number of milliseconds. Since most interactions with
the world involve timing, this is an essential instruction. The delay can be for 0 to 4,294,967,295
msec. This code snippet turn on pin 2 for 1 second.
digitalWrite(2,HIGH); // pin 2 high (LED on)
delay(1000); // wait 500 ms
digitalWrite(2,LOW); // pin 2 low (LED off)
if
This is the basic conditional branch instruction that allows your program to do two different
things depending on whether a specified condition is true or false.
Here is one way to have your program wait in place until a switch is closed. Connect a switch to
pin 3 as shown in Section 3. Upload this program then try closing the switch
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
if (digitalRead(3)== LOW) { Serial.println("Somebody closedthe switch!");
}
}
The if line reads the state of pin 3. If it is high, which it will be for this circuit when the switch is
open, the code jumps over the Serial.println command and will repeat the loop. When you close
the switch, 0V is applied to pin 3 and its state is now LOW. This means the if condition is true so
this time around the code between the braces is executed and the message is printed
The syntax for the if statement is
if (condition) {
//commands
}
If the condition is true, the program will execute the commands between the braces. If the
condition is not true, the program will skip to the statement following the braces.
The condition compares one thing to another. In the example above, the state of pin 1 was
compared to LOW with ==, the equality condition. Other conditional operators are != (not equal to),
> (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or equal to), and <= (less than or equal to).
You can have the program branch depending on the value of a variable. For example,
this program will print the value of i only when it is less than 30.
int i;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
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i=0;
}
void loop()
{
i=i+1;
if (i<30) { Serial.println(i);
}
}
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FOR
The for statement is used to create program loops. Loops are useful when you want a chunk of
code to be repeated a specified number of times. A variable is used to count the number of times
the code is repeated. Here is an example that flashes an LED attached to pin 2 five times
int i;
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT); for
(i=0;i<5;i++) {
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(250);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
delay(250);
}
}
void loop() {}
The variable i is the loop counter. The for() statement has three parts: the initialization, the check
and the increment. Variable i is initialized to zero. The check is to see if i is less then 5. If so, the
commands between the braces are executed. If not, those commands are skipped. After the
check, i is incremented by 1 (the i++ command). While the for statement could read for
(i=1;i==5;i++), it is convention to start the counter variable at zero and use less than for the
condition check.
You can have the loop counter increment by two or by three or by any increment you want.
For example, try this code fragment.
int i;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); for
(i=0;i<15;i=i+3) {
Serial.println(i);
}
}
void loop() {}
Loops can be nested within loops. This example will flash the LED 10 times because for each
of the five outer loops counted by i, the program goes twice through the inner loop counted by j.
inti,j; void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT); for
(i=0;i<5;i++) {
for(j=0;j<2;j++) {
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(250);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
delay(250);
}
}
}
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void loop() {}
while
The while statement is another branch command that does continuous looping. If the condition
following the while is true, the commands within the braces are executed continuously. Here
is an example that continuously reads a switch on pin 3, and then when the switch is pressed,
the condition is no longer true so the code escapes the while command and prints.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); while(digitalRead(3) ==
HIGH) {
}
Serial.println("Switch was pressed");
}
void loop() {}
goto
The goto statement commands the computer to jump immediately to another part of the
program marked by an address label. The goto should be used sparingly because it makes the
program hard to follow, but is handy for breaking out of nested loops or other complex control
structures. Here is an example
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
while(true){
if (digitalRead(3) == LOW) {
gotowrapup;
}
}
wrapup:
Serial.println("Switch was pressed");
}
void loop() {}
The while(true) statement runs continuously, checking the state of pin 3 each time. When pin 3
is low (pressed), the if condition is true and the goto statement executed, breaking out of the
while loop.
functions
Functions are a powerful programming feature that are used when you want to set up an action
that can be called from several places in the program. For example, let's say you wanted an
LED connected to pin 2 to flash 3 times as an alert, but that you needed to execute the alert at
three different places in the program. One solution would be to type in the flashing code at the
three separate program locations. This uses up precious code space and also means that if you
change the flash function, for example changing from 3 flashes to 4, you have to change the
code in three places. A better solution is to write the flash function as a subroutine and to call it
from the main body of the code. Here is an example
int i;
void setup()
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{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Welcome to my program"); delay(1000);
flasher(); // call flasher function Serial.println("I hope you like
flashing"); delay(1000);
flasher(); // call flasher again Serial.println("Here it is one more
time"); delay(1000);
flasher();
}
void loop() {}
void flasher()
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++) {
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(250);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
delay(250);
}
}
Several things should be noted here. The function flasher() is defined outside the setup() and
loop() functions. When the main program encounters a flasher(); command, the program
immediately jumps to the function and starts executing the code there. When it reaches the end
of the function, the program returns to execute the command that immediately follows the
flasher(); command. It is this feature that allows you to call the subroutine from several
different places in the code. Parameters can be passed to and returned from functions, but that
feature is for the advanced programmer.
This concludes the section on basic program commands. You can write some awesome
programs using just what was described here. There is much more that the Arduino can do and
you are urged to read through the complete Arduino Language Reference page on-line
9 Coding Style
Style refers to your own particular style for creating code and includes layout, conventions
for using case, headers, and use of comments. All code must follow correct syntax, but there
are many different styles you can use. Here are some suggestions:
Start every program with a comment header that has the program name and perhaps a
brief description of what the program does.
Use indentation to line things up. Function name and braces are in column one, then use
indents in multiples of 2 or 4 to mark code chunks, things inside loops and so on.
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Mark major sections or functions with a comment header line or two
Have just the right number of comments, not too few and not too many. Assume the reader
knows the programming language so have the comment be instructive. Here is an example of
an instructive comment
digitalWrite(4,HIGH) // turn on motor
and here is a useless comment
digitalWrite(4,HIGH) // set pin 4 HIGH
You need not comment every line. In fact, commenting every line is generally bad practice.
Add the comments when you create the code. If you tell yourself, "Oh, I'll add the comments
when the code is finished", you will never do it.
10 Common Coding Errors
Forgetting the semi-colon at the end of a statement
Misspelling a command
Omitting opening or closing braces
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How to find a position using GPS
Orbiting the Earth are a number of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites that can help
determine your location on the planet. The concepts behind GPS positioning are very simple, but
the application and implementation require amazing precision.
GPS positioning works on two basic mathematical concepts. The first is called trilateration,
which literally means positioning from three distances. The second concept is the relationship
between distance traveled, rate (speed) of travel and amount of time spent traveling, or:
Distance = Rate × Time
The first concept, trilateration, is the focus of this activity. It centers around finding your position
on the Earth by knowing the location of orbiting GPS satellites and the distance from those
satellites to your location on the planet. However, there is no way to actually take a yardstick,
tape measure, etc., and measure the distance from your location up to the satellites. So how can
we use trilateration if we can't physically measure the distances? The answer lies in the second
concept, relating distance, rate and time. The trick lies in the fact that GPS satellites are always
sending out radio signals.
In GPS positioning the rate is how fast the radio signal travels, which is equal to the speed of
light (299,792,458 meters per second). Time is determined by how long it takes for a signal to
travel from the GPS satellite to a GPS receiver on earth. With a known rate and a known time we
can solve for the distance between satellite and receiver. Once we have the distance from at least
3 satellites, we can determine a 3 dimensional position on the surface of the earth.
To teach you the basic concept of how GPS works, we will conduct an exercise to demonstrate
trilateration. Trilateration is determining a position by knowing your distance from at least 3
known points. In GPS those known points are the satellites themselves. It is important to
understand that this is a simple exercise in trilateration itself, and not an exact representation of
how the process of GPS positioning works. We will be using a flat map and string, when in
reality the earth is round and the satellites are in the sky, not on the ground. Also, one often can
"see" many more than three GPS satellites in the sky at any time, so we are going to use four
points instead of just 3, to exemplify some of the issues surrounding extra satellites. This
exercise should give you and your students a good example of how GPS positioning works.
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This exercise is best done in groups of 3-4 people.
Materials:
4 pieces of different color string (pre-cut)
Pencil or pen for marking the potential position of each signal
A large map (provided)
Overview:
In this exercise we are going to simulate GPS positioning using 4 satellites. You are going to
pretend to be a GPS receiver somewhere on the map and will figure out where you are based on
the 4 "signals" you receive. But for you (and for a GPS receiver) all those signals tell you is
where the satellite was when it sent the signal, and how long it took for the signal to get from the
satellite to you. In other words, you have the time elapsed from when the signal left the satellite
to when it arrived at your location. You also know where the satellite was when it sent you the
signal, since the positions of the satellites are shown on the map. You need to determine where
you could be, based on that amount of time elapsed. Since we know the speed of the signal (R),
and the elapsed time (T), we can figure out the distance (D).
Distance = Rate × Time
In true 3 dimensional GPS positioning, the signals from the satellites are represented by spheres.
For this exercise, we are going to use circles since we are on a 2 dimensional map. So, as a GPS
receiver you need to figure out just how far from each satellite you are. Keep in mind you could
be anywhere!
Directions:
1. Lay the provided map flat on your table and tape down all four corners.
2. Get 4 pieces of string, about 1/2 meter long,1 each of 4 colors. (We need to know how far
away you are from 4 different points which are represented by the length of 4 different
colors of string.)
3. Determine exactly how long each string is supposed to be by solving our D = R × T
equation. The speed of light (R) is 299,792,458 m / s. Use the amount of time that it takes
for each signal to get from the satellites to the receiver provided below to solve for D.
Time for the Signals to reach the GPS receiver:
1. A = .00505783 seconds
2. B = .00423206 seconds
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3. C = .00836090 seconds
4. D = .00712225 seconds
Once you have figured out the distance each of our satellites is from our position on the
ground, proceed to step 4 where you will calculate the scaled distances.
SATELLITE
A
STRING
COLOR
SATELLITE
B
STRING
COLOR
SATELLITE
C
STRING
COLOR
SATELLITE
D
STRING
COLOR
TIME (IN
SECONDS)
.00505783 .00423206 .00836090 .00712225
DISTANCE (M)
1516299.2878
4614
1268739.6698
0348
2506534.7620
922
2135196.8339
905
SCALED
DISTANCE (M)
.07124 0.05961 0.11776 0.10032
SCALED
DISTANCE (CM)
7.12 5.96 11.76 10.03
4. Now you know how long each string is supposed to be but the distances are a lot longer
than the strings we cut. You need to account for the scale factor of the map. This map has
a scale factor of 1:21,283,839. This means that 1 meter on the map equals 21,283,839
meters on the earth's surface. Using a simple proportion, figure out what the scaled
version of your string should be. Convert the units to centimeters for easier measuring.
[Note: In this shorter exercise, all the math has been done for you.] The single most
important thing in this exercise is to make your string lengths as accurate as possible
because you are going to be using your string to draw a circle showing all the possible
places where the satellite signal could have gone in the given amount of time. In some
cases, the circle may not fit on the paper and may just show up as an arc. You and your
team should come up with a way to make those circles and arcs as precise as possible.
Think about that for a minute before you cut your strings. Is there some inventive
technique you can come up with to make your circles and arcs more precise? Cut your
strings and get ready for the next step.
5. Now you have four different strings, representing the distances from 4 satellites. Using
whatever technique you came up with, go ahead and draw your circles and arcs using the
satellite as the center point. This arc is a representation of where the satellite signal would
be given the elapsed time. Remember, our position could be anywhere along that arc
since that signal is traveling in all directions. Repeat this for String B and Dot B. You
should see that there are at least two places where you could be! What were those two
places?
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Complete the process for Strings C and D.
6. Now you have a series of arcs and circles that overlap in a few places. But there should
only be one place on the map where they all intersect each other.
Where are you?
Why didn't your lines all cross in exactly the same spot?
Take a look at how close you came. What would you say your level of accuracy was?
How does your accuracy compare to consumer grade GPS receivers?
How does your accuracy compare to Survey grade GPS receivers?
Wrap Up:
Of course GPS positioning is not quite that simple. In order to know the distance from the
satellite to the receiver you need to know exactly where the satellite was when it sent its signal.
That positional information is included in the signal that travels from the satellites. Also, the rate
is not exactly the speed of light (it's really close though), as there are a variety of things that can
cause delays, such as atmospheric conditions. There is also the problem of multi-path (signals
bouncing off the ground or off of buildings), dilution of precision (really bad distribution of
satellites in the sky) and other potential sources of error that was covered in the lecture. But for
the most part, it really is that simple.
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Project Based on Arduino-uno microcontroller
Tracking of vehicle is a process in which we track the vehicle location in form of Latitude and
Longitude (GPS coordinates). GPS Coordinates are the value of a location. This system is very
efficient for outdoor application purpose.
This kind of Vehicle Tracking System Project is widely in tracking Cabs/Taxis, stolen vehicles,
school/colleges buses etc.
Components Required:
Arduino-uno microcontroller
GSM Module
GPS Module
16x2 LCD
Power Supply
Connecting Wires
10 K POT
GPS Module and Its Working:
GPS stands for Global Positioning System and used to detect the Latitude and Longitude of
any location on the Earth, with exact UTC time (Universal Time Coordinated). GPS module is
the main component in our vehicle tracking system project. This device receives the
coordinates from the satellite for each and every second, with time and date.
Orbiting the Earth are a number of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites that can help
determine your location on the planet. The concepts behind GPS positioning are very simple, but
the application and implementation require amazing precision.
GPS positioning works on two basic mathematical concepts. The first is called trilateration,
which literally means positioning from three distances. The second concept is the relationship
between distance traveled, rate (speed) of travel and amount of time spent traveling, or:
Distance = Rate × Time
The first concept, trilateration, is the focus of this activity. It centers around finding your position
on the Earth by knowing the location of orbiting GPS satellites and the distance from those
satellites to your location on the planet. However, there is no way to actually take a yardstick,
tape measure, etc., and measure the distance from your location up to the satellites. So how can
we use trilateration if we can't physically measure the distances? The answer lies in the second
concept, relating distance, rate and time. The trick lies in the fact that GPS satellites are always
sending out radio signals.
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In GPS positioning the rate is how fast the radio signal travels, which is equal to the speed of
light (299,792,458 meters per second). Time is determined by how long it takes for a signal to
travel from the GPS satellite to a GPS receiver on earth.
GPS module sends the data related to tracking position in real time, and it sends so many data in
NMEA format (see the screenshot below). NMEA format consist several sentences, in which we
only need one sentence. This sentence starts from $GPGGA and contains the coordinates, time
and other useful information. This GPGGA is referred to Global Positioning System Fix
Data. Know more about Reading GPS data and its strings here.
We can extract coordinate from $GPGGA string by counting the commas in the string. Suppose
you find $GPGGA string and stores it in an array, then Latitude can be found after two commas
and Longitude can be found after four commas. Now these latitude and longitude can be put in
other arrays.
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Below is the $GPGGA String, along with its description:
$GPGGA,104534.000,7791.0381,N,06727.4434,E,1,08,0.9,510.4,M,43.9,M,,*47
$GPGGA,HHMMSS.SSS,latitude,N,longitude,E,FQ,NOS,HDP,altitude,M,height,M,,checksum
data
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Identifier Description
$GPGGA Global Positioning system fix data
HHMMSS.SSS Time in hour minute seconds and
milliseconds format.
Latitude Latitude (Coordinate)
N Direction N=North, S=South
Longitude Longitude(Coordinate)
E Direction E= East, W=West
FQ Fix Quality Data
NOS No. of Satellites being Used
HPD Horizontal Dilution of Precision
Altitude Altitude from sea level
M Meter
Height Height
Checksum Checksum Data
Circuit Explanation:
Circuit Connections of this Vehicle Tracking System Project is simple. Here
Tx pin of GPS module is directly connected to digital pin number 10 of Arduino.
By using Software Serial Library here, we have allowed serial communication on
pin 10 and 11, and made them Rx and Tx respectively and left the Rx pin of GPS
Module open. By default Pin 0 and 1 of Arduino are used for serial
communication but by using SoftwareSerial library, we can allow serial
communication on other digital pins of the Arduino. 12 Volt supply is used to
power the GPS Module.
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GSM module’s Tx and Rx pins of are directly connected to pin Rx and Tx of
Arduino. GSM module is also powered by 12v supply. An optional LCD’s data
pins D4, D5, D6 and D7 are connected to pin number 5, 4, 3, and 2 of Arduino.
Command pin RS and EN of LCD are connected with pin number 2 and 3 of
Arduino and RW pin is directly connected with ground. A Potentiometer is also
used for setting contrast or brightness of LCD.
Working Explanation:
In this project, Arduino is used for controlling whole the process with a GPS
Receiver and GSM module. GPS Receiver is used for detecting coordinates of
the vehicle, GSM module is used for sending the coordinates to user by SMS.
And an optional 16x2 LCD is also used for displaying status messages or
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coordinates. We have used GPS Module SKG13BL and GSM Module
SIM900A.
When we ready with our hardware after programming, we can install it in our
vehicle and power it up. Then we just need to send a SMS, “Track Vehicle”, to
the system that is placed in our vehicle. We can also use some prefix (#) or suffix
(*) like #Track Vehicle*, to properly identify the starting and ending of the
string, like we did in these projects: GSM Based Home Automation and Wireless
Notice Board
Sent message is received by GSM module which is connected to the system and
sends message data to Arduino. Arduino reads it and extract main message from
the whole message. And then compare it with predefined message in Arduino. If
any match occurs then Arduino reads coordinates by extracting $GPGGA String
from GPS module data (GPS working explained above) and send it to user by
using GSM module. This message contains the coordinates of vehicle location.
Programming Explanation:
In programming part first we include libraries and define pins for LCD &
software serial communication. Also define some variable with arrays for storing
data. Software Serial Library is used to allow serial communication on pin 10
and 11.
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#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystallcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerialgps(10,11); // RX, TX
charstr[70];
String gpsString="";
... ....
.... ....
Here array str[70] is used for storing received message from GSM module
and gpsString is used for storing GPS string. char *test=”$GPGGA” is used to
compare the right string that we need for coordinates.
After it we have initialized serial communication, LCD, GSM & GPS module in
setup function and showed a welcome message on LCD.
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
gps.begin(9600);
lcd.print("Vehicle Tracking");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
... ....
.... ....
In loop function we receive message and GPS string.
void loop()
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{
serialEvent();
if(temp)
{
get_gps();
tracking();
}
}
Functions void init_sms and void send_sms() are used to initialising and sending
message. Use proper 10 digit Cell phone no, in init_sms function.
Function void get_gps() has been used to extract the coordinates from the
received string.
Function void gpsEvent() is used for receiving GPS data into the Arduino.
Function void serialEvent() is used for receiving message from GSM and
comparing the received message with predefined message (Track Vehicle).
voidserialEvent()
{
while(Serial.available())
{
if(Serial.find("Track Vehicle"))
{
temp=1;
break;
}
... ....
.... ...
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Initialization function ‘gsm_init()’ is used for initialising and configuring the
GSM Module, where firstly, GSM module is checked whether it is connected or
not by sending ‘AT’ command to GSM module. If response OK is received,
means it is ready. System keeps checking for the module until it becomes ready
or until ‘OK’ is received. Then ECHO is turned off by sending the ATE0
command, otherwise GSM module will echo all the commands. Then finally
Network availability is checked through the ‘AT+CPIN?’ command, if inserted
card is SIM card and PIN is present, it gives the response +CPIN: READY. This
is also check repeatedly until the network is found. This can be clearly
understood by the Video below.
Check all the above functions in CodeSection below.
Code:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystallcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerialgps(10,11); // RX, TX
//String str="";
char str[70];
String gpsString="";
char *test="$GPGGA";
String latitude="No Range ";
String longitude="No Range ";
int temp=0,i;
booleangps_status=0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
gps.begin(9600);
lcd.print("Vehicle Tracking");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" System ");
delay(2000);
gsm_init();
lcd.clear();
Serial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0");
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send_data(longitude);
send_data("Please take some action soon..nThankyou");
send_sms();
delay(2000);
lcd_status();
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REFERENCES
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno
https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX7400-MAX7407.pdf
https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/instrumentation/analog-
discovery-2/reference-manual
http://www.gps.gov/students/