This document summarizes Swati Joshi's summer training report on a humidity detector project completed at ONGC in Dehradun, India. The report describes the circuit design and implementation of a humidity sensor using LEDs and ICs CA3130 and LM3914. It discusses the working principles of capacitive and resistive humidity sensors. Key aspects of the project include calibrating the sensor circuit by adjusting a potentiometer to activate a set number of LEDs based on the user's baseline moisture level. Changes in skin resistance from increased moisture due to stress or deception would unbalance the circuit and cause additional LEDs to light.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
This project uses soil moisture sensor and if the soil is dry, a mechanism to water the soil is set into motion. The whole circuit is controlled by the micro-controller based Arduino Uno Development Board.
This document discusses Class A power amplifiers. Key points:
- Class A amplifiers conduct for the entire signal cycle, resulting in the lowest efficiency. The quiescent point is in the middle of the load line.
- A series fed Class A power amplifier uses a fixed bias circuit to set the operating point. The dc bias current and voltage determine the quiescent point.
- In AC operation, an input signal causes the output to vary above and below the quiescent point. The output swings until current or voltage limits are reached.
Maximum efficiency can be calculated using the maximum possible voltage and current swings given the supply voltage and load resistance. An example problem calculates input power
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
Home Security System using Arduino & GSM Aditya Nag
The need for home security alarm systems nowadays is a serious demand. As
the number of crimes is increasing every day, there has to be something that
will keep us safe. We are all aware of the high end security systems present in
the market but they are not easily available to everyone. We therefore intend to
provide a solution by constructing a cost efficient electronic system that has the
capability of sensing the motion of the intruders, also detecting LPG gas
leakage (cooking gas) and setting on the alarm. The basic idea behind this
project is that all the bodies generate some heat energy in the form of infrared
which is invisible to human eyes. But, it can be detected by the electronic motion
sensor. The project involves the use of Arduino, a motion sensor, a gas
sensor,buzzer, LCD display and a simple program. The sensor detects any
motion in its permissible range and triggers the alarm by calling the owner and
sending him a message. It will also send the signal to Arduino which processes
the signal and set off the alarm along with a detection message on display. With
this system, we can easily set up a security alarm in our home for unwanted
intruders and gas leakage.
It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
This project uses soil moisture sensor and if the soil is dry, a mechanism to water the soil is set into motion. The whole circuit is controlled by the micro-controller based Arduino Uno Development Board.
This document discusses Class A power amplifiers. Key points:
- Class A amplifiers conduct for the entire signal cycle, resulting in the lowest efficiency. The quiescent point is in the middle of the load line.
- A series fed Class A power amplifier uses a fixed bias circuit to set the operating point. The dc bias current and voltage determine the quiescent point.
- In AC operation, an input signal causes the output to vary above and below the quiescent point. The output swings until current or voltage limits are reached.
Maximum efficiency can be calculated using the maximum possible voltage and current swings given the supply voltage and load resistance. An example problem calculates input power
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
Home Security System using Arduino & GSM Aditya Nag
The need for home security alarm systems nowadays is a serious demand. As
the number of crimes is increasing every day, there has to be something that
will keep us safe. We are all aware of the high end security systems present in
the market but they are not easily available to everyone. We therefore intend to
provide a solution by constructing a cost efficient electronic system that has the
capability of sensing the motion of the intruders, also detecting LPG gas
leakage (cooking gas) and setting on the alarm. The basic idea behind this
project is that all the bodies generate some heat energy in the form of infrared
which is invisible to human eyes. But, it can be detected by the electronic motion
sensor. The project involves the use of Arduino, a motion sensor, a gas
sensor,buzzer, LCD display and a simple program. The sensor detects any
motion in its permissible range and triggers the alarm by calling the owner and
sending him a message. It will also send the signal to Arduino which processes
the signal and set off the alarm along with a detection message on display. With
this system, we can easily set up a security alarm in our home for unwanted
intruders and gas leakage.
It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
The document discusses the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications in agriculture. It defines IoT and describes how physical objects can be connected to collect and exchange data. Some key applications of IoT in agriculture mentioned include monitoring soil moisture and temperature for controlled irrigation, livestock monitoring, pest monitoring, and mobile money transfers. However, constraints for implementing IoT in Indian agriculture include small land holdings, connectivity and affordability issues. Some case studies on precision agriculture and reducing water usage through IoT are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to radar surveillance systems. It explains that radar uses radio waves to detect objects by emitting signals that bounce off objects and return to the receiver. The time it takes allows the radar to calculate distance. The document outlines the components of a radar system including ultrasonic sensors to collect data, an Arduino microcontroller to calculate distance, a servo motor to direct the sensor, and an LCD display to output results. It provides code snippets and diagrams of the system and discusses applications in security, traffic control, and more. In conclusion, the document discusses the advantages of radar and potential future applications like self-driving cars.
A signal is a pattern of variation that carry information.
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of one or more independent variable
basic concept of signals
types of signals
system concepts
This document describes a laser light security system that uses a laser beam, light dependent resistor (LDR), transistor, LED, and buzzer. When the laser beam is interrupted, the resistance of the LDR changes and triggers the transistor to activate the LED and buzzer, alerting of an intrusion. The system provides effective perimeter security for homes inside and out in a discreet and easy to install way. Advancements in technology continue to improve home security systems.
This document provides an overview of an anti-sleep alarm circuit project. It includes a circuit diagram, descriptions of the main components used including an IC555 timer, relay, push button switch, buzzer, resistor, capacitor, transistor and diode. It describes the power supply, including the transformer, rectifier and filter. It explains how the circuit operates to sound an alarm after a set time interval if the push button is not pressed. The conclusion states that the circuit can be used to automatically switch home appliances on and off to save time and electricity.
The document describes the operation of a dual slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It consists of an integrator, comparator, counter, and reference voltage. In dual slope ADC, the analog input voltage is integrated for a fixed time and compared against the counter. Then, a reference voltage is integrated in the opposite direction until the integrator output reaches zero, at which point the counter value represents the digital output. The speed is slow but accuracy is high, as it corrects for drifts in the integrator.
Automatic liquid filling and mixing process using PLCAMIT KUMAR SINGH
In this project, a discussion about Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) application will be explained in more details and specified. This project deals with filling and mixing of different colour liquids or chemicals in bottles/ container using PLC by the application of selector switch. System is fully controlled by Bosch Rexroth IndraLogic PLC. This prototype is used in
1. Pharmaceutical Industry
2. Paint Industry
3. Food Processing Industry etc....
Ultrasonic based distance measurement systemMrinal Sharma
Ultrasonic waves, which have a frequency above the human hearing range, can be used to measure distance. An ultrasonic transducer sends ultrasonic pulses and receives echoes to determine the distance to an object. A piezoelectric crystal is commonly used in ultrasonic transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves. In this ultrasonic distance measurement system, an 80251 microcontroller analyzes the time of flight for ultrasonic pulses to calculate the distance to a target and displays it on an LCD screen. The system provides an inexpensive, compact solution for distance measurement.
This document describes an obstacle avoiding car project created by Utkarsh Bingewar, Shubham Thakur, and Rupesh Rote, with guidance from their assistant professor Mrs. Varsha Nanaware. The car uses an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino board to detect obstacles and navigate around them. When an obstacle is detected, the Arduino controls the motors to turn the car left or right to avoid the obstacle. The obstacle avoiding car has applications in areas like surveillance, hazardous environments, and unmanned vehicle navigation.
project presentation on cell phone operated land roversunanda kothari
The objective of this project is to enable the users to control a robot by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the robot. The operations performed by the cell phone operated land rover includes forward, backward, stop, left and right turn.
The document discusses the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. It begins by explaining how the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and its inverse can be computed on a digital computer, but require O(N2) operations for an N-point sequence. The FFT was discovered to reduce this complexity to O(NlogN) operations by exploiting redundancy in the DFT calculation. It achieves this through a recursive decomposition of the DFT into smaller DFT problems. The FFT provides a significant speedup and enables practical spectral analysis of long signals.
Overlap Add, Overlap Save(digital signal processing)Gourab Ghosh
In DSP to solve a convolution of a long duration sequence there are two popular methods. Overlap Add, Overlap Save. In this presentation i've discussed about both.
- Gourab Ghosh
This document describes a project to create a "Smart Dustbin" that uses sensors and communication technologies to monitor garbage levels and notify authorities when bins are full. The system uses infrared sensors to detect garbage levels in bins and sends SMS alerts to municipal authorities. When a bin reaches 90% capacity, a buzzer sounds and LED lights indicate the full status. The lid also prevents additional garbage from being added. The goal is to improve waste management and support cleanliness initiatives through automated monitoring of public garbage bins.
RC oscillators are a type of feedback oscillator; they consist of an amplifying device, a transistor, vacuum tube, or op-amp, with some of its output energy fed back into its input through a network of resistors and capacitors, an RC network, to achieve positive feedback, causing it to generate an oscillating
“IOT based smart irrigation system” is for to create an IOT base automated irrigation mechanism which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF pass command through IOT platform.
AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO BASED PPTrishav164
So what is this project? What does it do? Basically this is a soil moisture monitoring system, which detects if the moisture content in the soil is above or below a certain satisfactory threshold value. If it goes below a certain critical point, it is time to water the plant until the soil surrounding the plant is moist enough. An arrangement of a DC motor relay is used to control the watering mechanism.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high-gain electronic voltage amplifiers used for mathematical computations. They have differential inputs that amplify the difference between the voltages and provide an output proportional to that difference. Op-amps aim to have infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and other ideal characteristics. They are made up of stages like input, intermediate, level shifting, and output stages. Common applications include audio amplification, instrumentation, and analog computing.
This document describes a portable humidity reader project. The objectives are to design an electronic device that can read humidity and temperature levels using a PIC microcontroller and display them on an LCD. A humidity sensor will produce an analog voltage that is converted to a digital reading by the microcontroller's ADC. The microcontroller will then drive an LCD to display the humidity and temperature levels. The device will be powered by batteries and include voltage regulation. Programming will be done using MPLAB to load software onto the PIC microcontroller.
The document introduces different types of humidity sensor technologies, including thermoset and thermoplastic sensors, lithium chloride sensors, and aluminum oxide sensors. It compares various sensor materials and discusses their accuracy, temperature range, response time, and other specifications. Finally, it provides information on Honeywell's humidity sensor product portfolio and recommendations for selecting the appropriate sensor.
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
The document discusses the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications in agriculture. It defines IoT and describes how physical objects can be connected to collect and exchange data. Some key applications of IoT in agriculture mentioned include monitoring soil moisture and temperature for controlled irrigation, livestock monitoring, pest monitoring, and mobile money transfers. However, constraints for implementing IoT in Indian agriculture include small land holdings, connectivity and affordability issues. Some case studies on precision agriculture and reducing water usage through IoT are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to radar surveillance systems. It explains that radar uses radio waves to detect objects by emitting signals that bounce off objects and return to the receiver. The time it takes allows the radar to calculate distance. The document outlines the components of a radar system including ultrasonic sensors to collect data, an Arduino microcontroller to calculate distance, a servo motor to direct the sensor, and an LCD display to output results. It provides code snippets and diagrams of the system and discusses applications in security, traffic control, and more. In conclusion, the document discusses the advantages of radar and potential future applications like self-driving cars.
A signal is a pattern of variation that carry information.
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of one or more independent variable
basic concept of signals
types of signals
system concepts
This document describes a laser light security system that uses a laser beam, light dependent resistor (LDR), transistor, LED, and buzzer. When the laser beam is interrupted, the resistance of the LDR changes and triggers the transistor to activate the LED and buzzer, alerting of an intrusion. The system provides effective perimeter security for homes inside and out in a discreet and easy to install way. Advancements in technology continue to improve home security systems.
This document provides an overview of an anti-sleep alarm circuit project. It includes a circuit diagram, descriptions of the main components used including an IC555 timer, relay, push button switch, buzzer, resistor, capacitor, transistor and diode. It describes the power supply, including the transformer, rectifier and filter. It explains how the circuit operates to sound an alarm after a set time interval if the push button is not pressed. The conclusion states that the circuit can be used to automatically switch home appliances on and off to save time and electricity.
The document describes the operation of a dual slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It consists of an integrator, comparator, counter, and reference voltage. In dual slope ADC, the analog input voltage is integrated for a fixed time and compared against the counter. Then, a reference voltage is integrated in the opposite direction until the integrator output reaches zero, at which point the counter value represents the digital output. The speed is slow but accuracy is high, as it corrects for drifts in the integrator.
Automatic liquid filling and mixing process using PLCAMIT KUMAR SINGH
In this project, a discussion about Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) application will be explained in more details and specified. This project deals with filling and mixing of different colour liquids or chemicals in bottles/ container using PLC by the application of selector switch. System is fully controlled by Bosch Rexroth IndraLogic PLC. This prototype is used in
1. Pharmaceutical Industry
2. Paint Industry
3. Food Processing Industry etc....
Ultrasonic based distance measurement systemMrinal Sharma
Ultrasonic waves, which have a frequency above the human hearing range, can be used to measure distance. An ultrasonic transducer sends ultrasonic pulses and receives echoes to determine the distance to an object. A piezoelectric crystal is commonly used in ultrasonic transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves. In this ultrasonic distance measurement system, an 80251 microcontroller analyzes the time of flight for ultrasonic pulses to calculate the distance to a target and displays it on an LCD screen. The system provides an inexpensive, compact solution for distance measurement.
This document describes an obstacle avoiding car project created by Utkarsh Bingewar, Shubham Thakur, and Rupesh Rote, with guidance from their assistant professor Mrs. Varsha Nanaware. The car uses an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino board to detect obstacles and navigate around them. When an obstacle is detected, the Arduino controls the motors to turn the car left or right to avoid the obstacle. The obstacle avoiding car has applications in areas like surveillance, hazardous environments, and unmanned vehicle navigation.
project presentation on cell phone operated land roversunanda kothari
The objective of this project is to enable the users to control a robot by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the robot. The operations performed by the cell phone operated land rover includes forward, backward, stop, left and right turn.
The document discusses the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. It begins by explaining how the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and its inverse can be computed on a digital computer, but require O(N2) operations for an N-point sequence. The FFT was discovered to reduce this complexity to O(NlogN) operations by exploiting redundancy in the DFT calculation. It achieves this through a recursive decomposition of the DFT into smaller DFT problems. The FFT provides a significant speedup and enables practical spectral analysis of long signals.
Overlap Add, Overlap Save(digital signal processing)Gourab Ghosh
In DSP to solve a convolution of a long duration sequence there are two popular methods. Overlap Add, Overlap Save. In this presentation i've discussed about both.
- Gourab Ghosh
This document describes a project to create a "Smart Dustbin" that uses sensors and communication technologies to monitor garbage levels and notify authorities when bins are full. The system uses infrared sensors to detect garbage levels in bins and sends SMS alerts to municipal authorities. When a bin reaches 90% capacity, a buzzer sounds and LED lights indicate the full status. The lid also prevents additional garbage from being added. The goal is to improve waste management and support cleanliness initiatives through automated monitoring of public garbage bins.
RC oscillators are a type of feedback oscillator; they consist of an amplifying device, a transistor, vacuum tube, or op-amp, with some of its output energy fed back into its input through a network of resistors and capacitors, an RC network, to achieve positive feedback, causing it to generate an oscillating
“IOT based smart irrigation system” is for to create an IOT base automated irrigation mechanism which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF pass command through IOT platform.
AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO BASED PPTrishav164
So what is this project? What does it do? Basically this is a soil moisture monitoring system, which detects if the moisture content in the soil is above or below a certain satisfactory threshold value. If it goes below a certain critical point, it is time to water the plant until the soil surrounding the plant is moist enough. An arrangement of a DC motor relay is used to control the watering mechanism.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high-gain electronic voltage amplifiers used for mathematical computations. They have differential inputs that amplify the difference between the voltages and provide an output proportional to that difference. Op-amps aim to have infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and other ideal characteristics. They are made up of stages like input, intermediate, level shifting, and output stages. Common applications include audio amplification, instrumentation, and analog computing.
This document describes a portable humidity reader project. The objectives are to design an electronic device that can read humidity and temperature levels using a PIC microcontroller and display them on an LCD. A humidity sensor will produce an analog voltage that is converted to a digital reading by the microcontroller's ADC. The microcontroller will then drive an LCD to display the humidity and temperature levels. The device will be powered by batteries and include voltage regulation. Programming will be done using MPLAB to load software onto the PIC microcontroller.
The document introduces different types of humidity sensor technologies, including thermoset and thermoplastic sensors, lithium chloride sensors, and aluminum oxide sensors. It compares various sensor materials and discusses their accuracy, temperature range, response time, and other specifications. Finally, it provides information on Honeywell's humidity sensor product portfolio and recommendations for selecting the appropriate sensor.
Solving Common Sensor Application ProblemsDesign World
This document provides an overview of common sensor application issues and solutions presented in a webinar. The webinar agenda covers temperature effects on humidity, solder sensitivity, dust and liquid protection, dealing with multiple devices on an I2C bus, and development tools. Common sensor applications include remote monitoring, home automation, automotive, industrial equipment, and healthcare. Silicon Labs' Si7013/20/21 sensors address issues with legacy humidity sensor solutions by being low-cost, small, reliable, and easy to use.
Humidity sensors have many applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, medical equipment, automobiles, agriculture, and general industry. There are different types of humidity sensors classified by their measurement techniques, including relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Relative humidity sensors can be ceramic, semiconductor, or polymer-based, with ceramic sensors being the most common type. Ceramic humidity sensing materials include Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, spinel compounds, and other materials like MnWO4 and Fe2O3. Each material has advantages and limitations for humidity detection depending on factors like temperature range, response time, and minimum detectable humidity level.
This document describes a moisture sensor circuit that uses an operational amplifier (IC 741) and transistors (BC547) to indicate the presence of moisture. When moisture is detected by the sensor, the op-amp changes states and turns on a green LED while turning off a red LED. The circuit diagram and components used are shown. It then explains how the op-amp acts as a voltage comparator and how the transistors are used to switch the LEDs on and off depending on the sensor reading. Finally, some applications of moisture sensors are listed such as in chemical processing, weather monitoring, and greenhouse humidity control.
Design Development of Water Monitoring Systems by Using Arduino and SensorsSai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
The document discusses the design and development of a water monitoring system using various sensors. It begins with an acknowledgment section thanking those involved in the project. It then provides an abstract that outlines the need for effective water management and monitoring. The document goes on to discuss different types of sensors that can be used for monitoring water levels, soil moisture, and temperature/humidity. It describes contact sensors like soil moisture sensors and non-contact sensors like ultrasonic sensors. It also discusses the arduino processing platform and components like the GSM module for data transmission. The document appears to provide details on setting up water monitoring systems using the various sensors connected to an arduino.
Arduino and sensors for water level, soil moisture, temperature & relative humidity for application in the ClimaAdapt Project areas - Nagarjuna Sagar Project Left and Right Canals in the States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for water use efficiency - Canal and On Farm
Team LUMINOUS from Government Engineering College, Modasa participated in the SAEINDIA Efficycle event of 2014. They designed a hybrid-electric trike using a tadpole layout with a recumbent seating position. Over 225 teams participated virtually, with only 90 selected for the main event. There, teams' designs were evaluated on technical inspection, static events, and dynamic tests like acceleration and endurance. Team LUMINOUS placed 17th overall nationally after passing all tests, gaining valuable experience in collaborative design, manufacturing, and competition.
This internship report summarizes Muhammad Sajid's 4-week internship at Sitara Chemical Industries Limited (SCIL). SCIL produces caustic soda through an electrolysis process using brine from rock salt. The report describes the various sections of SCIL's caustic soda production process, including primary and secondary brine treatment, electrolysis in the cell room, dechlorination, evaporation, and solidification. It also provides details on SCIL's corporate social responsibility initiatives in healthcare, education, and skills training.
The document summarizes the activities of an entrepreneurship development cell at a government engineering college in Rajkot, India. It outlines details of the college's student startup and innovation policy funding, pre-incubation center, supported startups and proof of concepts. It also describes major events conducted by the cell including seminars, competitions and workshops. Highlighted achievements include student teams winning prizes at various hackathons and an award received by a faculty member for mentorship.
FOOD DELIVERY APP is a application designed primarily for use in the food delivery industry. This application will allow hotels, café, street food vendors and restaurants to increase scope of business by reducing the labor cost involved. Application presents an interactive and up-to-date menu with all available options in an easy to use manner. Customer can choose one or more items to place an order which will land in the cart before checking out. At the end customer can gets order confirmation details. Once the order is placed it is entered in the database and retrieved in pretty much real time.
Objective -
Develop a application that will allow customers to place their food order online and provide them with feedback, a generic image of the meal, a list of side dishes, main course ingredients, and cost information.
The Indian foundry industry produces metal castings and components for various sectors like automotive, machinery, and energy. It contributes over $18 billion annually to the economy. The Indian Institute of Foundrymen promotes the development of the foundry industry through research, training, and knowledge sharing on new technologies to produce lighter automotive components and improve fuel efficiency.
This document summarizes a project titled "Placement Management System" submitted by Mehul Ranavasiya and Devashish Vaghela towards fulfilling requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The project was developed under the guidance of Dr. Madhuri Bhavsar and aims to develop a web-based system for managing student and company information related to training and placement activities. The document includes sections on introduction, system analysis, design, testing, future enhancements, and bibliography.
S. Venkatesh has over 14 years of experience in health, safety, and environment roles. He has expertise in safety training, developing training programs, and handling diverse operations. He has a background in civil engineering and industrial safety management. Venkatesh seeks to achieve zero harm and complete additional training to become a professional HSE director. He has worked on numerous projects in India and helped achieve over 45 million safe man hours.
This document provides a case study and business plan proposal for an improved Tulsi mala beads making device developed by RuTAG at IIT Delhi. The plan aims to promote entrepreneurship and increase incomes for women in Bharatpur, Rajasthan currently making beads manually. Key points discussed include:
- The current manual process causes health issues like back/neck pain which the improved device addresses.
- A business plan is proposed to manufacture and sell 10 of the improved devices in the first year, estimated to earn Rs. 9,000-18,000.
- The plan covers market analysis, operations, budget, sales forecast, and financial projections to repay loans if needed. Field testing by RuTAG found the
The document describes a project titled "Smart Facility" submitted by two students, Md Sohag Miah and Md. Rakibul Islam, to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Daffodil International University. The project aims to develop a web application that provides various facilities to improve daily life, including increasing security, by allowing users to secretly report criminal activities while keeping their identity concealed.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Kishore Kumar R.D.S. that provides details about his career objective, academic and technical qualifications, strengths, employment history, roles and responsibilities, and personal profile. He has over 15 years of experience in environmental health and safety roles. Currently he works as an EHS Manager at ShrinathRotopackPvt. Ltd. in Hyderabad, where he is responsible for managing safety, environmental, and quality compliance.
project on smart car parking. automatic bill generation technique. individual timer system to calculate time. even odd day wise parking as per parking rule by government of india
This is an InHouse project report on the Android Application I made on Fitness MAnagement, This Application Tracks BMI, BMR, Calorie intake and also tracks the calories in different food items.
Food item names can be selected from a list and can be tracked on a daily basis.
This document provides an overview of the URJAVARAN-2k15 technical conference organized by the Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE). Dr. PS Kaushik welcomed attendees and provided background on ISHRAE, which was founded in 1981 and has over 12,000 professional members. The conference objectives are advancing HVAC engineering and providing continuing education. It will focus on energy efficiency and utilization of renewable resources. Expert speakers will discuss topics like hybrid cooling systems, VRF vs chillers, net zero energy buildings, and energy savings in buildings. It will take place in Meerut and provide a platform for experts to share knowledge on green technologies.
The document summarizes the UAA Annual Day Celebrations held on December 22, 2012. It provides details of the event program, addresses given by dignitaries, and awards presented to distinguished alumni. It also discusses the ICT Foundation Day celebrations and key points from speeches given, including a call to mentor 5 more educational institutions and the need for ICT to create a long-term vision and roadmap with a focus on excellence and relevance.
The document provides advice and perspectives on maintaining a positive outlook in life. It discusses:
1) Seeing life as half-full rather than half-empty and having a positive attitude for success.
2) Building substance through continuous self-improvement and effort despite failures, rather than judging others.
3) Viewing life as a gift to enjoy rather than a cigarette to finish, and focusing conversations on positives.
4) Shifting one's attitude to be grateful and smile despite challenges, rather than constantly complaining.
5) Facing problems as they arise without unnecessary worrying about future challenges.
Similar to project report on humidity detector (20)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
1. A Summer Training Report
On
HUMIDITY DETECTOR
IN
KDMIPE,ONGC,DEHRADUN
Submittedto
AmityUniversity Uttar Pradesh
Inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
Bachelorof Technology
By
SWATI JOSHI
Underthe guidance of
Ms.DIVYA GUPTA Ms. GARIMA VYAS
Asst. Prof. Dept. of ECE Asst. Prof. Dept. of ECE
DEPARTMENTOF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, NOIDA(U.P.)
2.
3. OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION
(ONGC)
In august 1960, the oil and natural gas and commission were formed. Rising from mere
directorate status to commission, it has enhanced power. In 1959, these powers were further
enhanced by converting the commission into a statutory body by an Act of Indian Parliament.
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) (incorporated on 23 June 1993) is an
Indian public sector and gas company. It is Fortune Global 500 com [any ranked 152nd, and
contributes 77% of India’s crude oil production and 81% of India’s natural gas production. It
is the highest profit making corporation in India. It was set up as a commission on 14 August
1956. Indian government holds 74.14% equity stake in this company.
ONGC is one of Asia’s largest and most active companies involved in exploration and
production of oil. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26
sedimentary basins of India. It produces about 30% of India’s crude oil requirement. It owns
and operates more than, 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in India.
Fig:1An ONGC vessel carrying on an off-shore exercise
4. INSTITUTES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION (ONGC)
ONGC has institutionalized R&D in the oil and gas, and related sectors and established
separate institution to undertake specific activities in key areas of exploration, drilling,
reservoir management, production technology, ocean engineering, safety and environment
protection in the form of 9 independent managed R&D centers, regional laboratories also
support these institutes.
LIST OF INSTITUTIONS
1. GEOPIC: Geodata processing and interpretation center, Dehradun 1897
2. KDMIPE: Keshav Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Dehradun since
1962.
3. IDT: Institute of Engineering and Ocean technology
4. IEOT: Institution of engineering and Ocean Technology
5. ONGC Academy: oil and natural gas academy since 1982 in Dehradun
6. INBIGS: Institute of Biotechnology and geotectonics studies, Jorhat since 1989
7. IOGPT: Institute of oil and gas production technology
8. IPSHEM: Institute of petroleum safety, health and environment management, Goa since
1989
9. IRS: Institute of reservoir studies, Ahmedabad since 1978
5. KESHAV DEVA MALAVIYA INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM
EXPLORATION (KDMIPE)
Keshava Dev Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration is located in picturesque valley of
Dehradun in the state of Uttrakhand.It was founded in 1962 with an objective to provide geo
scientific back up to the exploratory efforts of Indians national oil comapny,ONGC.
The institute was rechristened as Keshava Deva Malaviya institute of petroleum exploration
on 19th December 1981 by the then prime minister of India late Mrs. Indira Gandhi in the
memory of the father of Indian petroleum industry and first chairman of ONGC-Late Shri
Keshava Deva Malaviya. Since its inception the institute is continuously providing is
geoscientific support towards finding more oil and gas in various basins in India and globally
wherever ONGC is seeking business.
Fi 2:A group of students undergoing training at the
Institutealong withinstructor (Mr. Manjeet Singh)
6. ROLE OF IT DIVISION
Information Technology division of KDMIPE provides repair and maintenances
services to various equipment installed at different labs of KDMIPE through in-house
expertise.
This division can be termed as one of the most important divisions of the Institution.
Without the support and assistance of this division, the labs are incapable of
functioning properly.
It provides repair and maintenance service through OEM|OESthrough outsourcing.
Various companies are employed by the institute for the repair and maintenance. The
institute itself is not capable of taking care of all such activities.
It also caters IT services at KDMIPE users for complete IT infrastructure such as
repair and maintenance of computers, printers,LAN etc.
It provides various communication services such as EPABX connections, audio
visual, services in various auditorium of KDMIPE. Many meetings and conferences
are held by KDMIPE and as such there is a huge requirement of Electronic Private
Automatic Branch Exchange, audio-visual projectors services, etc.
7. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
I hereby certify that “SWATI JOSHI” Enrollment No. A2305112073 of AMITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMITY UNIVERSITY has
undergone six weeks industrial training from 18th May to 3rd July at our organization to
fulfill the requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech. (ECE). She worked on
HUMIDITY DETECTOR project during the training under the supervision of MR. R.K
Verma. During her tenure with us we found her sincere and hard working.
Wishing her a great success in the future.
Signature of the Student Signature of Supervisor
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed
in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts
during the course of study.
I am thankful to Mr.R.KVerma for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided to
me, during the training and for continuous inspiration, presence and blessings.
The constant guidance and encouragement received from Mr.R.KVerma been of great
help in carrying out the project work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my
friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions
that improved my quality of work.
SWATI JOSHI
Date:
Place: Noida
9. DECLARATION
I, SWATI JOSHI student of B.TECH studying in 7THSEMESTER hereby declare that the
Industrial Training report on “HUMIDITY DETECTOR” submitted to “AMITY SCHOOL
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMITY UNIVERSITY” in partial fulfillment of
degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY is the original work conducted by me, at ONGC
(OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION), DEHRADUN.
The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This
industrial training report is not being submitted to any other place for award of any other
degree, diploma and fellowship.
SWATI JOSHI
Date:
Place: Noida
11. ABSTRACT
The quantity of moisture in the air is called humidity. Various physical, chemical, and
biological processes are affected by volume of water in air. Measurement of humidity in
various industries is important as it disturb the business value of the products.
Therefore, humidity sensing plays acrucial role, in the control system invarious
manufacturinghuman ease and processes.
Governing or observing it is of chief significance in various applications in domestic and
industrial field. During wafer processing moisture levels needs to be taken care in
semiconductor industry. In medical field too humidity sensing has many uses. It is used for
respiratory apparatus, disinfectants, incubators, pharmacological processing, and life
products. Chemical gas cleansing, dryers, kilns,paper, film drynessand nutrition processing
also requires humidity sensing. Agriculture field requires measurement of humidity for
plantation guard, soil dampness observing, etc. In domestic uses, it is essential for existing
atmosphere in constructions, cookery switch for heat up ovens, etc. Therefore humidity
sensors have uses in all these fields.
12. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Humidity sensor senses the existence of moisture in our hands, and indicates the moisture
with the aid ofLED’s.The circuit can be used to examine theemotion, stressit can also be used
as lie indicator. Heart beat does not reflect emotion and stress,blood pressure and body
temperature but in that case skin moisture also elevates. The resistance decreases when the
body is moist.
When a person speaks lie its body resistance decreases. Therefore stress level can be
indicated by skin resistance.Physiological changes occur when a person speaks a lie due to
which body resistance decreases. We can relate it with the outcome for normal question.
Restrictingthe amount of moisture in air is very important in many industrial & domestic
uses. In various factories where semiconductors are made, moisture needed to be correctly
controlled throughoutmanufacturing process.
In various medical usages, moisture balance is need for breathingequipment’s, incubating
dispensation, etc. Dampnesscheck is mandatory for gas cleansing and food dispensation. In
agricultural industry, quantity of moisture is of wide importance aimed at plants, soil
protection, etc. In households, dampness control is needed for existingsituation in buildings,
etc.
In all such things, humidity sensors are used to giveasign of the moisture level present inair.
To make a mention of moisture level, a many terms are required. Psychometrics is the
learning of the amount of water vapour in air depending uponpressure and temperature.
Humidity measurement tells us the quantity of water vapour existing in the gas.
13. Table 1: The table below shows the terminologies used to specify the level of moisture:
Veryusually employed units required forthe magnitude of humidity are Parts per Million
(PPM), Dew/Frost point (D/F PT) and Relative Humidity (RH). Relative Humidity is
temperature reliant. Dew point is dependent on thegas pressureand is free from the
temperature and so it is known as absolutedampness measurement.
Parts per Million is a part of absolute measurement.
When the dryness of the gas is of crucial importance, dew pointas well as frost points are
used.
The dew point is employed as a measure of water vapour inmore temperatureprogressions
likethe dying in industries.
The Correlation amidthe above mentioned points are:
Fig 3: Correlation of the above mentioned points
CHAPTER 2
14. HUMIDITY SENSING
– CLASSIFICATION & PRINCIPLES
According to measurement units, humidity sensors can be divided into two types: Relative
humidity (RH) sensors and absolute humidity (moisture) sensors. Most of the available
humidity sensors are relative humidity sensors.
Table 2: The following table shows important parameters of different types of humidity
sensors:
CHAPTER 3
SENSING PRINCIPLE
15. Humidity measurement is performed by using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew point
hygrometers, and electronic hygrometers.
Electronic type hygrometers are broadly divided into two categories: one employs capacitive
sensing principle and the other use resistive effects.
Fig 4: A flowchart depicting categorization of Humidity Sensors
CHAPTER 3.1
SENSORS BASED ON CAPACITIVE EFFECT:
Humidity sensors based on this principle are made of a hygroscopic dielectric material which
is put in between a pair of electrodes which further make a small capacitor. Usually all
capacitive sensors make use of a plastic as the dielectric material, having a dielectric constant
having values from 2 to 15. Without moisture, the dielectric constant of the dielectric material
and the sensor geometry determines the magnitude of capacitance.
At room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapour is 80 which is much larger than
the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Hence, absorption of water vapour by the sensor
makes an increase in the capacitance of the sensor.
At equilibrium, moisture present in a hygroscopic material depends on the temperature and
the water vapour pressure. It is true for the hygroscopic dielectric material which is used on
the sensor.
16. Relative humidity is a dependent on the temperature and water vapour pressure. Hence, there
is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of moisture present in the sensor, and
sensor capacitance.
Fig 5:Structure of capacitive humidity
CHAPTER 3.2
SENSORS BASED ON RESISTIVE EFFECT:
Resistive type humidity sensors sense a change in the resistance value of the sensor element
with change in the change in the humidity.
17. Fig 6:Basic structure of resistive type humidity sensor
Thick film conductor of gold, ruthenium oxide is printed and can bemade in the shape of the
comb in order to make an electrode.
Then a polymeric film can be applied on the electrode and then the film acts as a humidity
sensing film because of the existence of movable ions.
Difference in impedance takes place becauseof the change in the number of movable ions.
CHAPTER 4
DESCRIPTION
This circuit of Humidity detector is based on LED's and two ICs that is CA3130 and
LM3914.It is used asa stress meter with various extra components.
IC CA3130 is operational amplifier which combines the advantage of both CMOS and
bipolar transistor on a single chip. The operating voltage ranges from 4.5V to 16V. The
advantage of using CA3130 is that they can be phased compensated with use of a single
18. external capacitor. To adjust the offset voltage they have terminals. The reference voltage can
be tuned at non-inverting and inverting pin so that when voltage at non-inverting pin is less
than inverting pin it will make the out pin high and vice versa.
Fig 7:Internal structure of IC CA3130
LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit. It senses the analog voltage and also derives ten
LED's providing a linear analog display.
Advantages of IC LM3914 are:
1.By changing a single pin user can easily select the dot or bar graph on the display.
2. LCD, LED’s or vacuum fluorescent display can be driven by this IC.
3. ICs can be cascaded up to hundred steps.
4. This IC can also work on low voltage as 3V power supply.
5. Resistor with LED is not needed in this IC becausethe currentrequired to drive LED’s is
controlled and programmed.
6. Wide temperature range is supported by it. The temperature range is from 0 degree to +70
degree Celsius.
20. Fig 9: Circuit Diagram
CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF CIRCUIT
The First step is the calibration of the circuit as moisture content in handvaries from people to
people so we have to regulate the bridge network with the aid of VR1 and R1. Grasp the
21. electrodes in your hand normally and alter VR1 so that merely two or three LED glows.
There is no need to set it up once it is set up.
The circuit is ready and now it can be used. Interrogate a person and if he tells a lie than there
will be changes in body and resistance of body decreases.
This will cause a misbalance in our bridge network formed around VR1 and R1. Output of
pin sixof IC1 will become high which is given to pin 5 of IC2.LM3914 IC has the most
important work to convert the voltage into digital form and LED's starts to glow.
Therefore input voltages at IC1, IC2 act and various number of LED's glow. Generally IC2
has internal stable voltage of 1.2Vwhich meansthat after each 1.2V the other LED will glow.
The reference voltage can be varied by the variable resistor VR2.
The dot display can be changed to bar display by doing the following changes-
1. Link pin 9 directly to pin 3 for Bar graph display-
2. Leave the pin 9 exposed for dot display.
CHAPTER 7
COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER 7.1
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) are semiconductor light sources. A light-
emitting diode is made up of two lead semiconductor source of light. It is a form of very
22. fundamental pn-junction diode that produces light when switched on. Electrons go for
recombination with electron holes within the device when the fitting voltage is applied to
the leads which leads to release of energy in the form of photons. Hence this effect is
known as electroluminescence and the color of the light is decided by the
semiconductor’s energy band gap.Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons
when electrons recombine with holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are
anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive
terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal.The forward voltage
of LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit. Using
an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate.
Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor,
either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is
used to drive the LED. Get details about internal structure of a LED.
Fig 10:LED
CHAPTER 7.2
RESISTOR:Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a
circuit. Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its
terminals to the current passing through it. Thus a particular value of resistor,
for fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They are omnipresent in
electronic circuits.The different value of resistances are used to limit the
23. currents or get the desired voltResistage drop according to the current-voltage
rating of the device to be connected in the circuit. For example, if an LED of
rating 2.3V and 6mA is to be connected with a supply of 5V, a voltage drop of
2.7V (5V-2.3V) and limiting current of 6mA is required. This can be achieved
by providing a resistor of 450 connected in series with the LED.Resistors
can be either fixed or variable. The low power resistors are comparatively
smaller in size than high power resistors. The resistance of a resistor can be
estimated by their color codes or can be measured by a multimeter. There are
some nonlinear resistors also whose resistance changes with temperature or
light. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC), positive temperature
coefficient (PTC) and light dependent resistor (LDR) are some suchresistors.
These special resistors are commonly used as sensors.
Fig 11: Resistors varying from few Ohms to Mega Ohms
CHAPTER 7.3
CAPACITOR:A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component. It is
used to store up energy in an electric field. The types of practical capacitors vary widely,
but all includes at least two electrical conductors estranged by dielectric
(insulator); for example, Capacitor one common construction consists of
metal foils estranged by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors may be non-
polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized
24. while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non-polarized capacitors.
Since capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before
troubleshooting the circuits. The maximum voltage rating of the capacitors
used must always be greater than the supply voltage.
Fig 12:Different varieties of Capacitors
CHAPTER 7.4
POTENTIOMETER: In an informal way a potentiometer can be
defined as a pot in electronics technology which is a component bearing
a three-terminal resistor having a contact in the form of slide that help in
forming an adjustable voltage divider. However if only the two terminals
are being used the one end and the wiper thus acting as a variable resistor.
26. Fig 14: Breadboard Implementation
CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS
Relative Humidity Sensors find use in various fields. It has many importance and plays
acrucial role in calculating Humidity from our surrounding environment. They are also
27. beneficial in various applications where humidity compensation is desired. It is basically used
to make the following applications:
Office Automation Applications
Automotive Cabin Applications
Air Control Applications
Home Appliances Applications
Industrial Process Control Systems & Applications
Refrigeration And Cooling Systems & Applications
Drying Systems & Applications
Meteorology Applications
Battery Powered Systems Applications
OEM Assemblies and Applications
Official Applications
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense (that is, to detect) some characteristic of its
environs. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output,
generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a thermocouple converts temperature
to an output voltage. But a mercury-in-glass thermometer is also a sensor; it converts the
28. measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a
calibrated glass tube.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor)
and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of
which most people are never aware. With advances in micro-machinery and easy-to-
use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the more traditional
fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement,[1] for example into MARG sensors.
Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely
used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars,
medicine and robotics.
Sensor technologies are emerging fast with time and novel technology. This field is one of
the most fascinating areas which when revealeduninterruptedly so many sensor designs will
come out and advance in the coming days.This increases the competition between researchers
.This project humidity sensor is a contribution to the interest of people .It also gives a very
basic understanding about the sensor which will provide a good learning stage the beginner
29. CHAPTER 11
LABORATORY VISITS & KEY FEATURES
ROCK EVALUATION LABORATORY
Source rock identification, characterization and mapping.
Organic petrography of sediments.
Simulation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion.
SEM LABORATORY
Scanning electro-microscope with dispersive x-ray.
XRF spectrometry
ISOTOPE LABORATORY
Testing of isotopes present in rock for knowing its age
Special machinery brought from oxford.
KDMIPE MEUSEUM
Various rock structure from which oil is extracted.
Samples of oil.
TEL BHAWAN
Headquarters of ONGC.
CORE LIBRARY
About 35000 books on geosciences, basic science and humanities.
81 journals.
Online database for petroleum abstracts, SPE and ASTM.
CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
30. The project has been accomplished by referring to various sources both online as well as
offline. They are listed below:
www.electric garage.com
www.slideshare.com
Wikipedia
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/adc0804-datasheet
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=capacitors&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=
UxaUVeTIJ8eIuASdqqmYDA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#imgrc
=Z5QGrFH6W0JqgM%3A