Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster and one of the largest broadcasting organizations in India in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure. It began experimental broadcasts in 1959 and became a daily broadcaster in 1965. Doordarshan now broadcasts through nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters, reaching over 90% of India's population. It has 46 studios producing television programs and manages production, storage, transmission, and maintenance of channels through departments like studio, ENG section, NLE, OB, earth station, and transmitter.

2. • Introduction
• Training Module
• Studio
• E.N.G
• OB
• Earth Station
• Transmitter
• Conclusions
• Refrences

3. Doordarshan is an Indian public service broadcaster, a division of Prasar Bharati. It is
one of the largest broadcasting organisations in India in terms of
the studio and transmitter infrastructure. Doordarshan had a modest beginning with an
experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959, with a small transmitter
and a make shift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All
India Radio. National telecasts were introduced in 1982. Recently, it has also started
broadcasting on Digital Terrestrial Transmitters. On 15 September 2009, Doordarshan
celebrated its 50th anniversary. The DD provides television, radio, online and mobile
services throughout metropolitan and regional India, as well as overseas through the
Indian Network and Radio India. For the London Olympics, live telecasts of the opening
and closing ceremonies of the games were broadcast on its national channel. DD
sports channel has provided round the clock coverage of sport events. Now more than
90 percent of the Indian population can receive Doordarshan (DD National)
programmes through a network of nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters. There are about
46 Doordarshan studios producing TV programmes today.

4. Doordarshan has the following main departments which manage the production,
storage transmission and maintenance of the Channels:
 STUDIO
 ENG Section
 NLE
 OB
 EARTH STATION
 TRANSMITTER
Each of these departments are discussed in detail with due stress to the relevant
engineering aspects.

5. A studio is an artist's or worker's workroom, or the catchall term for an artist and
their employees who work within that studio. This can be for the purpose
of photography, graphic design, filmmaking, animation, industrial
design, radio or television production broadcasting or the making of music. The
term is also used for the workroom of dancers, often specified to dance studio.
In doordarshan studio’s is divided into different sections:
• C.A.R(Central Apparatus Room)
In broadcast facilities, a central apparatus room (CAR, pronounced "C-A-R"),
central machine room, or central equipment room (CER), or central technical
area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment common to all technical
areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms. It should
be air-conditioned, however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatments are optional. Equipment is connected either directly with an attached
foldout monitor, keyboard and mouse or remotely via KVM switch, or remote
desktop.

6. • P.C.R(Production Control Room)
The production control room (PCR)or studio control room (SCR) is the place in a
television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place.(An SCR is
also often the acronym for the Satellite Control Room, from here TV feeds are sent to &
received from the local Satellite used by the TV station) The production control room is
occasionally also called a studio control room (SCR) or a "gallery" Master control is distinct
from a PCR in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to
camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is
a scaled down version of central casting.
• M.C.R(Master Control Room)
The Master control room (MCR) houses equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for
the Production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire
lengths and installation requirements keep within manageable lengths, since most high-quality
wiring runs only between devices in this room.

7. Electronic news-gathering (ENG) is a broadcast news industry description
of television producers, reporters and editors making use of electronic video and
audio technologies for gathering and presenting news. Recording and reporting
events and activities as they happen is what news is all about.
The various equipments used in ENG section are:
 ENG Camera
 Camcorder
 VCR
 Editing Booths

8. • E.N.G Camera • Camcorder
• VCR
• Editing Booths

9. Non-linear editing enables direct access to any video frame in a digital video clip, without
needing to play or scrub/shuttle through adjacent footage to reach it, as was necessary
with historical video tape linear editing systems.
In Doordarshan Kendra, eight non-linear editing booths are there.
Two kind of operating system are used in NLEs.
• DPS Velocity (Windows - O.S.)
• Adobe Premiere (Windows - O.S.)
• Grass Valley Edius (Windows - O.S.)
• Final Cut Pro (FCP) (MAC - O.S.)

10. Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP)
of television or radio programmes (typically to cover television news and sports
television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional video
camera and microphone signals come into the production truck for processing, recording and
possibly transmission. The mobile production control room (PCR) is known as a OB van.

11. The earth station is the link between the terrestrial data sources and the remote satellite
resource. Its most familiar component is the earth station antenna, which can be tens of
meters in diameter or a small portable dish. In addition, there are numerous, less obvious
devices in the chain of devices that transmit or receive the signal.
BASEBAND RACK:
 Fiber optic receiver to receive embedded signal from
studio(CAR)
 Signal generator
 Audio level monitor
 Video monitor

12. COMPRESSION RACK:
 Encoders
 Multiplexers
 Modulators
 Redundancy switch
 NMS
Rx Monitoring Rack
 UP convertor
 RF power divider
 I.R.D
 Spectrum Analyzer

13. HPA Rack
 HPA
 Waveguide

14. A television transmitter is a device which broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to
the television receivers. Television transmitters may be analog or digital.
Transmitter station refers to terrestrial infrastructure for transmitting radio frequency signals.
The station maybe used for wireless communication, broadcasting, microwave link, mobile
telephone or other purposes.
Terrestrial transmission:
A transmission from point A to point B that doesn’t make use of satellites.
If the transmission is straight from point A to point B, then the maximize range it's a bit more
of the horizon (depending on what frequency are you transmitting)
Use of repeaters can extend the range.
LF MF HF VHF UHF are the most common frequencies used for terrestrial communications.

17. The technology currently in use at PrasarBharati has improved significantly. At this stage there has
been advancement in signal reception quality as systems are changing from analog to digital with
the advancement in different audio and video compression techniques. For Doordarshan, DTH
(Direct To Home Service) satellite services have become more user friendly and also evolution of
SDTV into HDTV have made it a popular product among the people of India. It is also accessible
from remote areas with more channel and better reception.

18. 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/studio
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_apparatus_room
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/production_control_room
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/outside_broadcasting
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter
6. http://prasarbharati.gov.in/
7. Antennas & Propagation,CS 6710, Spring 2010, Rajmohan Rajaraman
8. Electromagnetic Radiations and antennas, whites EE 382
9. Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting By Hikmet Sari,
Georges Karan and Issabelle Jeanclaude