The document outlines a comprehensive report on television broadcasting systems, focusing on the Doordarshan Kendra in Patna and its components like studios, earth stations, and outside broadcasting vans. It details the technical standards, systems, and processes involved in television production, including types of television signals and equipment used in broadcasting. The report highlights the role of Doordarshan as a significant public broadcaster in India, along with advancements in digital terrestrial television.

1. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE JHALAWAR
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
FROM
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, PATNA
ON TOPIC
TELEVISION BROADCAST SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY:-
RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR
B.TECH (FINAL YEAR)
ROLL NO- 14EEJEC014

2. INTRODUCTION
TV STUDIO EARTH STATION
TRANSMISSION
2

3. CONTENTS
 GLIMPSE OF DDK PATNA
 INTRODUCTION
 TELEVISION STANDARDS
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION SYSTEM
 TV STUDIO
 MSR
 EARTH STATION
 OB VAN
 ANTEENA & SATELLITE
 TRANSMITTER
 DD FREE DISH TV
 DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TV

4. GLIMPSE OF DDK PATNA

5. GLIMPSE OF DDK PATNA

6. INTRODUCTION
 Process of sending information to a distant place is
called Broadcasting.
 DOORDARSHAN = Distant + Show
 Means of Broadcasting in India:
1.Terrestrial.
2.Satellite.
3.Internet.
 Both AIR and DD make use of both Terrestrial and
Satellite.
 Doordarshan is a public broadcast terrestrial
Channel run by Prasar bharati.

7. INTRODUCTION cntd……
 Broadcasting started on 27th nov. 1975.
 The colour transmission service of National channel
started from 15th aug 1982.
 The regular colour transmission service from studio was
started in 1984.
 DD has 1500 Transmitters and 70 Production centers
across the Country.
 One of the largest broadcasting organizations in India in
terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
 Doordarshan Kendra, Patna was inaugurated on the 13th
October 1990.

8. DOORDARSHAN NETWORK

9. TELEVISION STANDARDS
• NTSC-National television standards
committee(US) (525 Horizontal & 60 vertical
lines)
• SECAM-System electronics for colour avec
memory(FRANCE)(625 vertical & 50horizantal
lines)
• PAL- Phase Alternating lines(GERMANY)(625
horizontal & 50 vertical line)
Television standards used in India is PAL

10. PAL ENCODER & DECODER
• Input is the primary colour (i.e. red, green,
blue) into matrix circuit as Y, R-Y, B-Y.
• Y=0.30R+0.59G+.11B
• U=0.477(R-Y)
• V=0.895(B-Y)
• Out of 625 horizontal line only 575 are active
• 50 vertical lines

11. FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION SYSTEM
PICTURE
FORMATION
GREY SCALE
AND
BRIGHTNESS
RESOLUTION
CONTRAST

12. PICTURE FORMATION
 SCANNING

13. RESOLUTION
 CAPABILITY TO RESOLVE MAX. PIXELS ALONG SCANNING
LINES
 VERTICAL RESOLUTION DEPENDS ON NO. OF SCANNING
LINES
GREYSCALE AND BRIGHTNESS
• MIXING OF BLACK AND WHITE AT A CONTRAST RATIO OF
20:1
• BRIGHTNESS = ILLUMINATION OF REPRODUCED IMAGE
• CAN BE CONTROLLED BY ADJUSTING VOLTAGE BETWEEN
GRID AND CATHODE
CONTRAST
• RELATIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE
• CONTROLLED BY ADJUSTING SIGNAL FED TO PICTURE
TUBE

14. COLOUR COMPOSITE VIDEO
SIGNAL(CCVS)
SYNC PULSES BLANKING
SIGNALS
ADDITIONAL
SIGNALS
SCANNING
SIGNAL
ADDITIONAL
SIGNALS
CCVS

15. COLOUR COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL

16. • Front porch is to crate horizontal blanking
Also contain sync pulse
• Back porch is the portion of each scan line
between end of horizontal sync pulse and
start of active video signal
• Colour burst is absent in the black and white
transmission of video signal

17. TELEVISION COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
FM MODULATOR
FM SOUND
TRANSMITTER
MIC.
CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR RF AMPLIFIER
POWER
AMPLIFIER
SCANNING CIRCUIT
COMBINING
NETWORK
DEPLEXER
CAME
RA
VIDEO
AMPLIFIER
AM
MODULATION
AMPLIFIER

18. ADDITIVE COLOUR
MIXING
Y = 0.3 R + 0.59 G + 0.11 B

19. 19
• A television studio, is an installation room in which video productions take
place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the
acquisition of raw footage for post-production.
• Studio hall contains many devices for shooting. Like lighting , microphone,
makeup room, Furniture, Cameras and sound absorbers
• DDK patna produce their own programs like “Bihar Bihan” and “Fursat
Ghar”.

20. Components of TV studio
• Camera
• Lighting
• Microphones
• Vision mixer and Audio consoles
• MSR
• VTR
• Acoustics
• Post production and video effects
• Supporting services like AC, UPS
20

21. CAMERA
 camera is an optical instrument that records images that can be stored
directly, transmitted to another location, or both. These images may be
still photographs or moving images such as videos or movies.
 A TV camera consist of three section.
 Optical part - To form optical image.
 Transducer - To convert optical image in to electrical signal.
 Electronic part - To process output of a transducer to get a
CCVS ( colour composite video signal).
 CCD Camera are used for recording.
21

22. Types
 Hard lighting
 Soft lighting
Use gels to control the which in
beyond control to match it.
Never avoid the lighting
mismatch

23. TYPE
INTENSITY OF
LIGHTING
KEY LIGHT 100%
FILL LIGHT 80%
BACK LIGHT 110%

24. Sound is important for establishing mood and
intensifying an event
The sound track helps us to connect the visual
fragments of the relatively small, low-definition
television image to form a meaningful whole

25. Major types
 Dynamic/moving coil
microphones
 Condenser microphones
 Ribbon/velocity microphones

26. VISION MIXER
• A vision mixer (also called video
switcher, video mixer or production
switcher) is a device used to select
between several different video sources and
in some cases mix video sources together
and add special effects.
• It has many input sources such as cameras,
VCR/ server, Graphics/Character
Generators,etc.
• Out of these input, any source can be taken
as output.
• Sources can be changed as cut to cut,
dissolve, wipe and other special effects.

27. TYPICAL VIDEO CHAIN
TYPICAL AUDIO CHAIN
DistributorVision Mixer LOGO
Generator
Earth station
through
Optical Fiber
STL
Link
Sources
DistributorAudio Console
Analog to
AES
Converter
Earth station
through
Optical Fiber
Sources
STL Link

28. PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM
• MONITOR
PROGRAM AND
GRAPHICS
• VISION MIXER
(to select video
sources)
• Audio console
• Add video
effect

29. Master Switching Room

30. MSR
• It is the heart of the studio.
• Most of the switching electronics is
kept e.g. camera base stations,
switcher main frame, SPG, Satellite
receivers, MW link, DDA & most of
the patch panels.
• Signal is routed through MSR.
• Signal can be Monitored at various
stages

31. MASTER CONTROL ROOM
It connect the of following equipment
• Camera control unit
• VTRs
• Patch panel
• Vision mixer

32. • CHARCTER GENERATORS
Names and graphics inserted into programs
• CONTROL APPARATUS ROOM
Includes the power supply unit
UPS room
Generator
• VIDEO TAPE RECORDER
Consists of recorded materials i.e. v.c.r

33. MSR-Workflow

34. Acoustic System
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 It is derived from a Greek word “akoustos” which means
“hearing”.
It is use to prevent sounds from it’s echo.
In Doordarshan studio , all the sound must have to be
done Acoustic treatment to preserve the originality of the
sound along with extending maximum pleasure to the
listener.

35. EARTH STATION

36. EARTH STATION
• Earth Station is a very important part of satellite
communication system for broadcasting of signals.
• It is an uplink center from which the signals are fed to
Satellite for distribution in a specified area covered by the
Satellite.
• The signal is up-linked from the Earth Station and
received by many down link centers in TV broad casting
via PDA.
• Two Types: 1) Analog, 2) Digital
• Digital Earth Stations are widely used because of various
advantages over analog.

37. Major Components of Digital Earth
Station
• PDA (Parabolic Dish Antenna)
• FEED
• Wave Guide / Low Loss Cable
• HPA (TWTA, Klystrons)
• Up converter
• Modulator
• Encoder
• Multiplexer
• IRD (Integrated Receiver Decoder)

38. EARTH STATION
Up linking process

39. EARTH STATION
Down Linking Process

40. EARTH
STATION TANSMITTER/RECEIVER
SATELLITE
DTH
RECEIVER
TV
UPLINKING
DOWNLINKING
THE PROCESS OF TRANSMISSION
40

41. OB Van
 Outside broadcasting (OB) is the
electronic field production (EFP) of
television or radio programmes
(typically to cover television news and
sports television events) from a
mobile remote broadcast television
studio.
41

42. OB VAN

43. OB Van & DSNG
• A typical OB Van is usually
divided into 4 parts.
• The first and largest part is the
production area or sitting area
for all directors & producers.
• The second part of a van is for
the audio engineer.
• The 3rd part of the van is video
tape.

44. • The 4th part is transmission where the signal is monitored
by and engineered for quality control purposes and is
transmitted or sent to other trucks.
• DSNG is a portable uplinking centre.

45. Block diagram of OB Van
45

46. 46

47. ANTENNA & SATELLITE
• An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer
designed to transmit or receive
electromagnetic waves. In other words,
antennas convert electromagnetic
waves into electrical currents and vice
versa.

48. TYPES
• Isotropic antenna (idealized)
o Radiates power equally in all directions.
• Dipole antennas-
o Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz
antenna)
o Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or
Marconi antenna)
• Parabolic Dish / Reflective Antenna

49. TRANSMITTER
 Aid of antenna
 Produces radio wave
 Connect earth station
to satellites
 Also connect
television

50. TRANSMITTER
 A television transmitter is a
device which broadcasts
an electromagnetic signal to
the television receivers.
 Television transmitters may
be analog or digital.
 Types of Transmitters
 (1)VLPT’s
 (2)LPT’s
 (3)HPT’s
 DDK Patna Has 6 HPT’s, 24
LPT’s ,2 VLPT’s.
50

51. DD Free Dish is India's only Free Direct-To-Home Service previously
known as DD Direct +. This service was launched in December,
2004. DD Free Dish DTH service is owned and operated by Public
Service Broadcaster Prasar Bharati (Doordarshan).

52. DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TV
Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT) is a technological evolution of broadcast
television and an advancement over analog television. DTTV broadcasts land-based (terrestrial)
signals. The advantages of digital terrestrial television are similar to digital versus analog in
platforms such as cable, satellite, and all telecommunications

53. Some advantages of DTT Transmission are as below:
1. Analog TV (ATV) is subject to interference, such as ghosting and snow, depending
on the distance and geographical location of the TV receiving the signal.
2. SDTV pictures are free from "ghosting" and "snowing", which are commonly found
in analogue TV pictures.
3. Digital digital TV supports Standard Digital TV (SDTV) High Definition TV
(HDTV) and Ultra High Definition TV (UHDTV).
4. DTT secures greater plurality in Platform ownership, ensuring that no single platform
owner is so powerful that they can exert undue influence on public opinion or political
agendas.
5. The DTT will provide signals for portable and mobile devices and also provide
signals for Vehicles etc.

54. 54
T V STUDIO PCR
Tx Room
MSR
Tx E/S
DTH Service
O B Van
DSNG
Van
Rx cable TV
Rx E/S H P Tx
Rx dish
TV
DD Archives
SAT
Feed Room

55. 55