Doordarshan Lucknow Industrial Training Report

Doordarshan Lucknow
Industrial Training Report
On
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelors of Technology
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Submitted by:
Name: NEHA
Roll no. : SG-14518
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HOSHIARPUR, PUNJAB
Name and Location of Company: DOORDARSHAN KENDRA LUCKNOW

Doordarshan Lucknow
…Table of Contents…
1. Introduction. 1
2. History. 2
3. Satellite Communication. 3
3.1 Satellite Orbits.
3.2Antenna.
4. Propagation modes. 6
5. TV Studio. 7
5.1 Procedure in recording.
5.2 Procedure in transmission.
5.3 Video Signal Generation.
5.4 CCVS.
5.5 Components of TV studio.
6. TV Camera. 9
6.1 Camera lens.
6.2 Transducer.
7. Lighting. 10

Doordarshan Lucknow
8. Microphone. 11
8.1 Types of microphone.
9. Video chain. 13
10. Audio chain. 13
11. Vision Mixer. 13
12. MSR. 14
13. Earth Station. 15
13.1 components.
14. Transmitter. 19
15. Receiver. 20
16. ENG. 20
17. OB Van. 21
18. DD Direct+ DTH. 22
19. Future scope. 23
20. Conclusion. 23

Doordarshan Lucknow
Abbreviation
CCVS COLORCOMPOSITEVIDEOCHAIN
ENG ELECTRONICSNEWSGATHERING
LOS LINEOFSIGHT
MSR MASTERSWITCHINGROOM
VM VIDEOMIXER
CG COMPUTERGRAPHICS
PDA PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA
IRD INTEGRATOR RECEIVER DECODER
LNA LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER
LNBC LOW NOISE BLOCK CONVERTER

Doordarshan Lucknow
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to thanks to the teachers of our college UIET,Hoshiarpur
because they provided me the right concept to complete the
summer training. Also I want to thanks Doordarshan Kendra
because different types of materials are present there help me a
lot .
Doordarshan Kendra has provided such a big support in marking
this training work because it would be possible without the books
available in the industry

Electronics & Communication
Doordarshan Lucknow | 6
Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION
Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharti,
and nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting
organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment and education media
source. Doordarshan, Lucknow is the Program Production Center and transmission.
The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the Lucknow.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and entertainment for
the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial transmitters covers more than 90.7% of India's
population.
Doordarshan logo was designed by Mr. Devashis Bhattacharya then a student
of Visual Communication, National Institute of Design (NID). It was made as a part of
classroom exercise to create logos. On September 15, 1959, logo celebrated the first
launch of program broadcasting in India.

Chapter 2- HISTORY
The birth of broadcasting in India has started on an experimental basis in
year 1921 when Times of India in collaboration with P&T department broadcasts a
musical programme. In the year 1930 radio broadcasting started operating under the
Indian broadcasting company. Government took over the charge of broadcasting in
March 1935; a separate office of the controller of broadcasting was created. The land
mark in the history of broadcasting is change of name of the Indian broadcasting to AIR
in 1936 and in same year Delhi station was formed. From 1936 onwards the
development of AIR was very slow, nine stations were opened up in different places like
Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lucknow and Tiruchi. From 1956 onwards AIR was
popularly known as Aakashwani.
On 12th November 1947 the voice of Gandhiji was broadcasted in AIR and since then it
is celebrated as broadcasting day. Television (Doordarshan) started in India in the
year 1959 with black and white transmission. The black & white transmission was
converted fully into colour in 1982 during Asian games.

Chapter 3- SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links
between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global
telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay
analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many
locations worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists
of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space
segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the
transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite
then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is
received and re-amplified by Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the
ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment,mobile reception equipment in
aircraft, satellite telephones, and hand held devices.
3.1 SATELLITE ORBITS:
a) GEOs = Geostationary Earth Orbits.
b) LEOs = Low Earth Orbits. c) MEOs = Medium Earth Orbits.
1. Geostationary orbit
A circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s Equator in which a
satellite’s orbital period is equal to Earth’s rotation period of 23 hours and 56 minutes.
A spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary in the sky.
This particular orbit is used for meteorological and communications satellites. The
geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit, which is any orbit with
a period equal to Earth’s rotation period.
2.Low- Earth-orbitingsatellites
A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400 kilometers above the
earth’s surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of
about 90 minutes. Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from
within a radius of roughly 1000 kilometers from the sub-satellite point. In addition,
satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly.
So even for local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission
requires uninterrupted connectivity.

Satellite communication
 Started in 1960.
 Uses Geo Stationary Satellite.
 Operates in C-Band & Ku-Band.
 Started in India in 1975.
 First Indian Satellite INSAT launched in 1982.
 Gulf War brought satellite television to prominence
3.2-ANTENNAS
Antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In
other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or vice
versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves.
Types of antenna:
€
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
 Radiates power equally in all directions
€
Dipole antennas
 Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
 Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
€

Parabolic Reflective Antenna
A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and data
communications, and also for radio location (radar),on the UHF and SHF parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
at these frequencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to exhibit the desired highly
directional response for both receiving and transmitting. A typical parabolic antenna
consists of a parabolic reflector with a small feed antenna a tits focus. To find the focus,
reflect the light of a flashlight off of the dish. When the reflected beam is parallel, the
flashlight is at the focus. The reflector is a metallic surface formed into a parabolic of
revolution and (usually) truncated in a circular rim that forms
the diameter of the antenna. This parabolic possesses a distinct focal point by virtue of
having the reflective property of parabolas in that a point light source at this focus
produces a parallel light beam aligned with the axis of revolution. The feed antenna at
the reflector's focus is typically a low-gain type such as a half-wave dipole or a small
waveguide horn.

Chapter 4- PROPAGATION MODES
 Ground-wave propagation
It is a method of radio frequency propagation that uses the area between the surface of
the earth and the ionosphere for transmission. The ground wave can propagate a
considerable distance over the earth's surface particularly in the low frequency and
medium frequency portion of the radio spectrum.
 Sky-wave propagation
In radio communication, skywave or skip refers to the propagation of
radio waves reflected or refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere, an electrically
charged layer of the upper atmosphere.
 Line-of-sight propagation
It is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation.
Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line. The
farthest possible point of propagation is referred to as the "radio horizon".

Chapter 5 - TV STUDIO
Doordarshan has two studio halls. One is used as News Room and the other one is
used for shooting various programs. Artificial sets are created in the studio hall
according to requirements of the program to be shooted.
5.1- PROCEDURE IN RECORDING
 Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program producer.
 Floor plan is envisaged.
 Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor plan.
 Pre testing of cameras, microphones, VCRs etc. is done before recording.
 Recording begins and desired camera / mike are selected through VM/ Audio
console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on VCR.
5.2- PROCEDURE IN TRANSMISSION
The programs are transmitted as per the daily cue sheet.
 Normal transmission hours are 1600-2000 Hrs.
 Cue sheet is discussed daily by program and technical staff for details in it and
for any last moment changes if any.
 After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from VCR /Server.
The program is uplinked by Earth Station.
During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted.
Around 2000 Hrs after getting linking caption from DD# 1, the signal
from DD#1 is selected and accordingly transmitted by HPT/ ES.
5.3- Video signal generation
Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we see is maintained in our eye
for 1/16sec. So if we see images at the rate more than 16 pictures/sec, our eyes cannot
recognize the difference and we see the continuous motion. In movies camera and
movie projector it is found that 24 fps is better for human eyes. TV system could also
use this rate but in PAL system 25fpm is selected. In TV cameras image is converted in
electrical signal using photosensitive material. Whole image is divided into many micro

particles known as pixels. These pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot
recognize pixels and we see continuous image. Thus, at any particular instance there
are almost infinite numbers of pixels that need to be converted in electrical signal
simultaneously for transmitting picture details. However this is not possible practical
because it is no feasible to provide a separate path for each pixel. In practice this
problem is solved by method known as “Scanning” in which information is converted
one by one pixel, line by line and frame by frame.
5.4- COLOUR COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL
Active waveform comprises of 2 signals:
Luminance(Y) - black and white
Chrominance(C) - colour signal
5.5-COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO
 Camera
 Lighting
 Microphones
 Vision mixer and Audio consoles
 MSR
 VCR /Servers
 Acoustics
 Post production and video effects
 supporting services like AC, UPS

Chapter 6- TV CAMERA
A TV Camera consists of three sections:
a) A Camera lens and optical block
b) A transducer or pick up device
c) Electronics
6.1- CAMERA LENS
The purpose of the camera lens is to focus the optical energy at the face plate of a
pickup device i.e. to form an optical image. The lens has following sections:
1. Main focus section
2. Zoom section with manual or servo mode operation.
3. Servo drives assembly for Zoom and iris control.
4. Aperture section with manual or auto mode.
5. Back focus section with adjustment facilities for back and micro focus.
6.2- TRANSDUCER PICK UP DEVICE
R, G & B signals, as separated by the optical block are converted to electrical signal in
the transducer section of the camera. It is then processed in camera electronics to give
CCVS (color composite video signal) output.

Chapter 7- LIGHTING
Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a
tremendous scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a kind
of electromagnetic radiation with a visible spectrum from red to violet i.e. wavelength
from 700 nm to 380 nm respectively.
Basic three pointing lighting
Key light: It gives shape and modeling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a “sun” in
the sky and should cast only one shadow.
Fill light: Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch
lights in the eyes.
Back light: Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the subject
and reveals texture.
Background lights: Separates person from the background and reveals background
interest and shape.
Lighting equipments:-
HMI lights compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light output
per watt. They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when shooting
inside in a confined space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-length Iodide).
The light on the left side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on the right a standard
quartz light.
Cycs (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with
cyclights.The one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background.

Chapter 8- MICROPHONES
A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound in to
an electrical signal.
8.1- TYPES OF MICROPHONES
1. CONDENSER MICROPHONE
In a condenser microphone also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic
microphone, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce
changes in the distance between the plates.
2. ELECTRET CONDENSER MICROPHONE
An electrets microphone is a relatively new type of capacitor microphone invented at
Bell laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West. An electret is a ferroelectric
material that has been permanently electrically charged or polarized. The name comes
from electrostatic and magnet; a static charge is embedded in an electret by alignment
of the static charges in the material, much the way a magnet is made by aligning the
magnetic domains in a piece of iron.
3. DYNAMIC MICROPHONE
Dynamic microphones work via electromagnetic induction. They are robust, relatively in
expensive and resistant to moisture. This coupled with their potentially high gain before
feedback makes them ideal for on-stage use. Moving-coil microphones use same
dynamic principle as in loudspeaker, only reversed.
4. RIBBON MICROPHONE
Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a
magnetic field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its

vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones
are similar to moving coil microphones in the sense that both produce sound by means
of magnetic induction.
5. PIEZOELECTRIC MICROPHONE
A crystal microphone or piezo microphone uses the phenomenon of piezoelectricity -
the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure - to
convert vibrations into an electrical signal.
6. LASER MICROPHONE
Laser microphones are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets. A laser beam is
aimed at the surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound. The
slight vibrations of this surface displace the returned beam, causing it to trace the sound
wave. The vibrating laser spot is then converted back to sound. In a more robust and
expensive implementation, the returned light is split and fed to an interferometer, which
detects movement of the surface.
7. FIBER OPTIC MICROPHONE
A fiber optic microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing
changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields
as with conventional microphones.

Chapter 9- VIDEO CHAIN
The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in studio or live telecasted. Block
diagram shown in fig illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback,
news, and live broadcasting. In First chain we will understand studio program recording.
Camera output from the studio hall is sent to CCU where many parameters of video
signals are controlled. Output signal of CCU after making all corrections is sent to VM in
PCR-1 (production control room).Output of 3 to 4 cameras comes here and final signal
is selected here using VM according to a director’s choice.
The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape
recording system. At the time transmitting this pre recorded program cassettes is played
in to respective in VTR room. Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2. PCR-2 has one VM,
video monitoring system, and CG (Computer Graphics). From PCR-2, signal travels
from MSR to Transmitter or Earth-station for terrestrial and satellite transmission.
MSR is the main control room between studio and transmitter or receiver.
Chapter 10-AUDIO CHAIN
In studio program, audio from studio microphones is directly fed to the “AUDIO
CONSOLE” place in PCR-1. It is used to mix audio from different sources and maintain
its output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with video signal in VTR. While
playing back audio is extracted from tape and fed to another audio console placed in
PCR-2 and then travels with the video signal.
Chapter 11- VISION MIXER
Vision mixer is the almost final equipment in programme (video) production and its
output is used either for recording or transmission.
Vision mixing is the process of providing a composite signal from various input sources.
It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/server, Graphics, and IRDs. Out of
these inputs, any source can be taken on o/p. It is used to switch or cut between 2 video
sources, or to combine them in a variety of ways.

Chapter 12- MASTER SWITCHING ROOM
Master switching room (MSR) is used for transmission media. It is the engineering co-
ordination center of activity for selecting & routing the signal from various sources to
transmitter and earth station. It is a room where all different sources from the outside
studio comes first here and enroots transmission to different destination like transmitter
& earth station. This room comprises of Routine switcher, Stab amplifier, Video/Audio
distribution amplifier etc.
It is the heart of the studio. Most of the switching electronics are kept here e.g. camera
base stations, switcher mainframe, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of
the patch panels. Signal is routed through MSR. Signal can be monitored at various
stages.
AUDIO CONSOLE
It has many input sources such as microphones, VCR/server, IRDs, tone generators.
Out of these input, any source can be taken on output Audio level of Sources can be
adjusted and audio effects can be added.

Chapter 13- EARTH STATION
The digital earth station operates in the frequency range of 5.85 GHz to 6.425 GHz
for transmission and 3.625 to 4.24 GHz for reception of signals. The whole system
operates with DVB/MPEG2 Standards. The base band processor subsystem and base
band monitoring subsystem operates in fully digital domain. An OFC carries digital base
band signal from studio to earth station site to minimize the noise and interference. It is
controlled by a PC called NMS PC. The compression segment has an MPEG encoder,
digital multiplexer and digital modulator. The monitoring and receiving segment
comprises of two digital receivers for receiving and decoding program. The output of
modulator (70 MHz) is sent to an up converter. The up converted signals are sent to an
HPA. Then this signal is given to a PDA (parabolic dish antenna) for up linking to
satellite. The uplinked signal is received again by the same PDA for monitoring
purposes. The signal between earth station and satellite are given along line of sight
which means there must be a clear path from earth to satellite. The uplink signal is fed
from the earth station by a large PDA. The satellite is equipped with its own dish
antenna which receives the uplink signals and feeds them to a receiver. The signal is
then amplified and changed to a different frequency which is downlink frequency. This is
done to prevent interference between uplink and downlink signals. The down linked
signal is then again sent to the transmitter which again retransmits it. Each satellite has
a transponder and a single antenna receives all signals and another one transmits all
signals back. A satellite transmits signals towards earth in pattern called the satellite
footprint of the satellite. The footprint is strongest at centre and the footprint is used to
see if the earth station will be suitable for the reception of the desired signal. Converts
The parts of the DES are Antenna subsystem including LNA Antenna control
unit, beacon tracking unit, beacon tracking receiver and up converter system high power
amplifier and power system. The system operates in 2+1 mode and is compliant with
DVBMPEG 2standards. The base band processor subsystem and base band
monitoring system operates in digital domain. An OFC contains the digital base band
signal for studio to earth station to minimize noise interference. The network
management system or NMS monitors and controls baseband equipments compression
equipments and test instruments like video audio generation and video audio analyzer.
They are provided to ensure quality of transmission and help trouble shoot. The base
band segment comprises of baseband subsystems at studio site and base band
subsystem at earth station site. This baseband segment processes two video
Programmes. The base band segment is monitored and controlled using a PC placed
near the base band earth station equipments called base band NMS PC. The
compression segments comprises of Mpeg encoders in 2 +1 configuration for providing
redundancy. It also comprises of digital multiplexers and digital modulators in 1+1

configuration. The compression segment is monitored and controlled by compression
NMS PC. The receive and monitoring segment consists of two digital receivers for
receiving and decoding of the video programs and one ASI to SDI decoder for decoding
of the transport stream for monitoring video programs at the multiplexers output. RF
NMS PC is placed near the receive monitoring segment and video audio generator
placed in the base band segment. For monitoring of video programs professional video
monitor, LCD video monitor and audio level monitor are provided in the base band
segment. An operator console has one 14” professional video monitor a video audio
monitor unit for quantitative monitor of video programs and a personal computer
for centralized merit and contention of earth station sub system.
13.1 COMPONENTS
 PDA (parabolic Dish Antenna)
 IRD (Integrator Receiver Decoder)
 Multiplexer
 Encoder
 FEED
 LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)/LNBC (Low Noise Block Converter)
 Waveguide
 HPA (TWTA, SSTA, Klystron)
 Up Converter
Digital Earth Station
Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up linking and
downlinking of the signal into/ from the satellite takes place for TV transmission. Earth
station is a purely digitization version. The signal is uplinked from the earth station and
received by many downlink centers in TV broadcasting. It is a very important part of
satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals. A ground-based receiving or
transmitting/ receiving station in a satellite communications system. The counterpart to
the earth station is the satellite in orbit, which is the "space station." Earth stations use
dish-shaped antennas, the diameters of which can be under two feet for satellite TV to

as large as fifty feet for satellite operators. Antennas for space exploration have
diameters reaching a hundred feet.
Multiplex, Modulate and Up convert
An earth station is generally made up of a multiplexer, a modem, up and down
converters, a High Power Amplifier (HPA) and a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). Almost all
transmission to satellites is digital, and the digital data streams are combined in a
multiplexer and fed to a modem that modulates a carrier frequency in the 50 to 180 MHz
range. An up converter bumps the carrier into the gigahertz range, which goes to the
HPA and dish.
Demodulate and De multiplex
For receiving, the LNA boosts the signals to the down converter, which lowers the
frequency and sends it to the modem. The modem demodulates the carrier, and the
digital output goes to the demultiplexing device and then to its destinations.
Earth Station classification
 Analog Earth Station
 Digital Earth Station
 ASNG
 DSNG
 C-band or Ku-band
Problems of Analog
 one programme per channel/transponder
 comparatively noisy
 ghosts in Terrestrial Transmission
 lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital medium
 fixed reception

Why Digital?
 More programmes per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.
 Noise-Free Reception.
 Ghost elimination.
 CD quality sound & better than DVD quality picture.
 Reduced transmission power.
 Flexibility in service planning.
Process involved in transmission of signal
 Up-Conversion
 High power amplification
 Transmission
Reception Up-Converters
The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band: C-
band, Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter is 70
MHz (output of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA. The up-conversion
may be done in stages or in one stage directly. The 70 MHz signal is first converted into
L -band and then L band signal raised to desired frequency band.
Highpoweramplification
The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal
in C-band/Ku band that is fed to the antenna. The important parameters of HPAs are:
1. Frequency range
2. Output power at flange
3. Bandwidth
4. Gain variation (1.0db (max.) for 40 MHz (narrow band)

5. 2.50db for full bandwidth.
The different types of HPAs are :
1. KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier
2. TWTA -Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier
3. SSPA- Solid state Power Amplifier
Chapter 14- TRANSMITTER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution.
For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are
also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
A small earth terminal, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one side
of the focus.
Large earth station antennas have a sub reflector at the focus. In the Cassegrain
design, the sub reflector is convex with an hyperboloid surface, while in the Gregorian
design it is concave with an ellipsoidal surface.
These antennas are used to transmit signal from earth station to satellite.

Chapter 15- RECEIVER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution.
1. For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are
also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
2. They are basically used to receive signals from the satellite which were transmitted by
transmitter.
3. All the waves which fall on receiver are being focused on the feeder which is placed at
the center of receiver antenna.
4. This feeder collects all the waves and sends to master switching room through cable
sand wires.
5. After that again down conversion and decoding of signals takes place and in this
manner we receive our information.
Chapter16- ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING
ENG gather news from different outside locations.
Its components:
1. Camera
2. Tripods
3. Mikes
4. Lights
5. Camera battery
6. Camera charger
7. Camera adapter
8. Headphone
9. Camera cassette
The job of journalists is fulfilled only when their news reaches the viewers, this is why
they long for great challenge ± “ability to be present anywhere, anything´. This means

faster news from anywhere anytime to everywhere. Further there is a need to send
news footages in the shortest possible time and practically from any location.
Technologically, Doordarshan has always been far ahead of its competitors. When it
came to remote newsgathering, Doordarshan has set precedence by using innovative
and cost effective methods.
Chapter 17- OB Van
Outside Broadcasting is the production of television or radio programmes (typically to
cover news and sports events) from a mobile television studio. This mobile control room
is known as an "Outside Broadcasting Van", "OB Van", "Scanner" (a BBC term), "mobile
unit", "remote truck", "live truck", or "production truck". Signals from cameras and
microphones come in to the OB Van for processing and transmission. A typical OB Van
is usually divided into 5 parts:
 The 1st and largest part is the production area where the director, technical
director, assistant director, character generator operator and producers usually
sit in front of a wall of monitors. This area is very similar to a Production control
room. The technical director sits in front of the video switcher. The monitors show
all the video feeds from various sources, including computer graphics, cameras,
video tapes, video servers and slow motion replay machines. The wall of
monitors also contains a preview monitor showing what could be the next source
on air and a program monitor that shows the feed currently going to air or being
recorded. Behind the directors there is usually a desk with monitors for the
editors to operate. It is essential that the directors and editor are in connection
with each other during events, so that replays and slow-motion shot scan be
selected and aired.
 The 2nd part of a van is for the audio engineer; it has a sound mixer. The audio
engineer can control which channels are added to the output and will follow
instructions from the director.
 The 3rd part of van is video tape. The tape area has a collection of VTRs and
may also house additional power supplies or computer equipment.

 The 4th part is the video control area where the cameras are controlled by 1 or 2
people to make sure that the iris is at the correct exposure and that all the
cameras look the same.
 The 5th part is transmission where the signal is monitored by and engineered for
quality control purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks.
Chapter 18- DD Direct+DTH
DD Direct:
 Carries all channels of DD directly to homes.
 Also carries few private channels and radio channels of AIR.
Features:-
 Cost effective alternate to cable TV.
 One time expenditure for procuring receives system by viewer.
 No monthly/activation charges from subscriber.
 No smart card/CAM module required for reception.
 Receive Eqpt. consists of a 60/90cm Dish Antenna, a Block converter and a Set
Top Box (STB). STB readily available in the open market.
 Dealers of the equipment available all over the country.
 Indicative cost of the receive system ± Rs 3000 to Rs 3500.
 Cost likely to come down further with volumes.

Chapter 19- Future Scope
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. Doordarshan is the
first ISO certified channel in India. The largest viewer of India, watching Doordarshan. It
has good future scope in communication world. Because largest network covered by the
Doordarshan only.
 As now a day there is a huge competition and everything is getting digitized there
is a wide scope for electronics and communication engineers to show their skills
and keep the technology up to date.
 In Doordarshan, all the electronic devices used are to be operated by skilled
engineers.
 It provides with good pay scales.
 The selection for the posts is through UPSC examinations.
Chapter 20- Conclusion
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting.
It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at
Doordarshan Kendra, Lucknow, I have gained useful knowledge which will surely be of
great help in future.
This training gave me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of
my field of interest, Electronics and communication.

Doordarshan Lucknow Industrial Training Report

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Doordarshan Lucknow Industrial Training Report