Sulfadiazine is a synthetic sulphonamide derivative that acts as a competitive inhibitor of p-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle of bacteria, inhibiting their multiplication. It is readily absorbed orally but parenteral administration is difficult due to its alkaline nature. Sulfadiazine is widely distributed throughout tissues, achieving high levels in fluids like the pleural, peritoneal, synovial and ocular fluids. It is used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients and newborns with congenital infections.
In 1935, Gerhard Domagk discovered the first sulphonamide--prontosil rubrum. Four years later he received the Noble Prize.
Developed mouse model of sepsis with Streptococcus hemolyticus infection
Lethal model with most mice dead in 24 hours
Tested azo-dyes directly in this model.
Others had shown some azo dyes to be active in vitro against a number of bacteria but not to have any in vivo activity
Sulfonamides (sulphonamides) are a group of man-made (synthetic) medicines that contain the sulfonamide chemical group. They may also be called sulfa drugs. Many people use the term sulfonamide imprecisely to refer only to antibiotics that have a sulfonamide functional group in their chemical structure.
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
In 1935, Gerhard Domagk discovered the first sulphonamide--prontosil rubrum. Four years later he received the Noble Prize.
Developed mouse model of sepsis with Streptococcus hemolyticus infection
Lethal model with most mice dead in 24 hours
Tested azo-dyes directly in this model.
Others had shown some azo dyes to be active in vitro against a number of bacteria but not to have any in vivo activity
Sulfonamides (sulphonamides) are a group of man-made (synthetic) medicines that contain the sulfonamide chemical group. They may also be called sulfa drugs. Many people use the term sulfonamide imprecisely to refer only to antibiotics that have a sulfonamide functional group in their chemical structure.
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
Chemistry of Anti Anginal Drugs by Professor BeubenzProfessor Beubenz
This presentation will give you an idea about the chemistry of Anti-anginal drugs along with its classification, mechanism of action & Structural Activity Relationship.
#Professor_Beubenz
For more such videos do
#Subscribe
#Share
#Like
to the Channel Professor Beubenz
Thank You.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7yjQm4zzX8&t=1183s
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Chemistry of Anti Anginal Drugs by Professor BeubenzProfessor Beubenz
This presentation will give you an idea about the chemistry of Anti-anginal drugs along with its classification, mechanism of action & Structural Activity Relationship.
#Professor_Beubenz
For more such videos do
#Subscribe
#Share
#Like
to the Channel Professor Beubenz
Thank You.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7yjQm4zzX8&t=1183s
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Sulphonamindes and Cotrimoxazole Chemotherapy.pdfsudhaunmesh
Chapter 50 of the K. D. Tripathi textbook has information on sulphonamide and cotrimaxazole. In short, I'v used his insights to explore the specifics of sulphonamide and cotrimaxazole in antimicrobial therapy, including their historical background, mechanism of action, clinical applications and more, in using this simple to grasp poerpoint presentation.
Sulphonamides Pharmacology For Pharmacy studentsMalay Pandya
This is the PowerPoint presentation of the Antimicrobial drug - SULPHOANMIDE.
Sulphonamide is the first antimicrobial agent
It Can be employed for suppressive therapy of chronic urinary tract infection, streptococcal pharyngitis and gum infection.
Combined with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole) sulfamethoxazole is used for many bacterial infections.
This will be useful to all Pharmacy Student ...
sulfonamides are the antimicrobial agents.It's act by folic acid synthesis inhibitors.It is PABA analogue competitive antagonist. first synthesised drug is prontosil.
In this slide contents history, mechanism of action, SAR, classification of drugs, some structure of important drugs, choice of drugs in different purpose, side effect, adverse effect.
The presentation include semisynthetic penicillin introduction and classification.
Contents
Semisynthetic penicillins- Introduction
Classification
Acid-resistant alternative to Penicillin G
Penicillinase- resistant penicillins
Extended spectrum penicillins
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
4. Sulphonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as
competitive inhibitors of p-aminobenzoic acid in the folic
acid metabolism cycle.
Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulphonamides, and
resistance to one sulphonamide indicates resistant to all.
Most sulphonamides are readily absorbed orally.
However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble
sulphonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues.
The sulphonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues.
5. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular
fluids.
Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF
levels are high in meningeal infections.
Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus.
Sulfadiazine is a synthetic pyrimidinyl sulphonamide derivative,
short-acting bacteriostatic Sulfadiazine inhibits bacterial folic
acid synthesis by competing with para amino benzoic acid.
It is used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat
toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome and in new-borns with congenital infections.
