Stress arises due to an imbalance between demands placed on an individual and their capacity to meet those demands. It can have physical and psychological effects and influence everyone. Stress management techniques aim to help people change their perceptions of stressors and improve their ability to cope. Common techniques include cognitive therapy, meditation, exercise, time management, and relaxation methods.
Stress is a natural feeling of not being able to cope with specific demands and events. However, It’s natural and normal to be stressed sometimes but long-term stress can cause physical symptoms, emotional symptoms and unhealthy behaviors.
Stress is a natural feeling of not being able to cope with specific demands and events. However, It’s natural and normal to be stressed sometimes but long-term stress can cause physical symptoms, emotional symptoms and unhealthy behaviors.
Outline this presentation
Introduction of the company
What is the stress
What is Stress Management
Work stress and its management
Managing stress
Tips for reducing stress
Reducing stress in the work workplace
Conclusion
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
This presentation serves as an introduction to stress management. Nothing much in depth has been covered, but a solid foundation for an understanding has been made. It was made as per guidelines for an oral presentation and was uploaded in the same form.
To analyze and define what stress is,focus on specific work-stress related problems,practical solutions to them. Improving relationships & increase productivity in the workplace.
Stress Management (causes of stress n how to manage them) by Sukant GUptaSukant Gupta
this is all for the stress management in which i have tried to cover all the topics n facts that causes for the stress and how to manage the stress. This ppt is for the engineering student as well as for the management student.Hope it may help you :)
Stress is a normal physical response to events that make you feel threatened or upset your balance in some way.
Stress is the “wear and tear” in our minds and bodies experience as we attempt to cope with our continually changing environment
Stress is your body's way of responding to any kind of demand.
It can be caused by both good and bad experiences. When people feel stressed by something going on around them, their bodies react by releasing chemicals into the blood. These chemicals give people more energy and strength,
which can be a good thing if their stress is caused by physical danger.
Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body responds as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy.
This Stress Management presentation is based on the basics of "Stress Management" explained by several Stress management Specialists in the world and I used my own & unique examples to explain some important points in detail
Stress is a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psycho social and/or behavioral response due to various factor that have to managed so that it may not lead into fatal psychiatric conditions
Outline this presentation
Introduction of the company
What is the stress
What is Stress Management
Work stress and its management
Managing stress
Tips for reducing stress
Reducing stress in the work workplace
Conclusion
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
This presentation serves as an introduction to stress management. Nothing much in depth has been covered, but a solid foundation for an understanding has been made. It was made as per guidelines for an oral presentation and was uploaded in the same form.
To analyze and define what stress is,focus on specific work-stress related problems,practical solutions to them. Improving relationships & increase productivity in the workplace.
Stress Management (causes of stress n how to manage them) by Sukant GUptaSukant Gupta
this is all for the stress management in which i have tried to cover all the topics n facts that causes for the stress and how to manage the stress. This ppt is for the engineering student as well as for the management student.Hope it may help you :)
Stress is a normal physical response to events that make you feel threatened or upset your balance in some way.
Stress is the “wear and tear” in our minds and bodies experience as we attempt to cope with our continually changing environment
Stress is your body's way of responding to any kind of demand.
It can be caused by both good and bad experiences. When people feel stressed by something going on around them, their bodies react by releasing chemicals into the blood. These chemicals give people more energy and strength,
which can be a good thing if their stress is caused by physical danger.
Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body responds as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy.
This Stress Management presentation is based on the basics of "Stress Management" explained by several Stress management Specialists in the world and I used my own & unique examples to explain some important points in detail
Stress is a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psycho social and/or behavioral response due to various factor that have to managed so that it may not lead into fatal psychiatric conditions
Lazarus and Folkman Transactional model Andrew Scott
This file accompanies a Youtube clip - covering the Transational model of stress and coping. See the facebook page 'ePsychVCE.com' or the website www.ePsychVCE.com for link.
Stress Management PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: understanding the dynamics of stress, quickly and effectively managing stress, symptoms of stress, identifying sources of stress, negative and positive effects of stress, the five step system to tackle stress, 6 strategies to minimize burn-out, from distress to eustress, specific problems and associated treatments, 15 ways to make work less stressful, how to's and much more.
Know what is stress, what are the signs and symptoms of stress, also the causes and effects, what are stressors, how we have been reacting to stress, chronic stress and learn how to manage stress.
Notes on Stress Management, Conflict management & Knowledge Management in Org...Yamini Kahaliya
The document contents notes on Stress, Conflict & Knowledge Management .
1. Stress is defined as “a state of psychological and physiological imbalance resulting from the disparity between situational demand and the individual's ability and motivation to meet those needs.”
2. Conflict is a process, where perception (real or otherwise) leads to disruption of desirable state of harmony and stability in an interdependent world.
3. Knowledge management is the systematic management of an organization's knowledge assets for the purpose of creating value and meeting tactical & strategic requirements; it consists of the initiatives, processes, strategies, and systems that sustain and enhance the storage, assessment, sharing, refinement, and creation of knowledge.
Occupational Stress at Workplace: Study of the Corporate Sector in Indiaiosrjce
The main focus of this study is to identify the level of frequency of the job stressors for corporate
individuals surveyed and trace out the distressing factor that affects most individuals. The paper also throws
light onto the areas explored where changes can be made by the employees, managers, and the Human
Resources (HR) department so as to reduce the stress factors by making a change. The emphasis was mainly on
the corporate sector of India to assess the degree to which indicators of job stress at workplace (Work timings
stretched, Inadequate break times, Repeated heavy workload, Unfair distribution of work, Monotony at work,
Deadline Pressures, under utilization of skills and working relationships) influences Indian native’s mental and
emotional well being. The data was collected by surveying employees of various Corporate through a
structured questionnaire. The sample size was 62. Both primary and secondary sources of data were extensively
used for analyzing this study. 87% of the respondents felt stressed due to work related issues, 79% felt flexible
working hours relieves tension
140 Chapter 7 Stress and Well-Being at WorkChapter 7 .docxmoggdede
140 Chapter 7: Stress and Well-Being at Work
Chapter 7: Stress and Well-being at Work 123
7
STRESS and WELL-BEING at WORKChapter Scan
Stress can be beneficial or harmful. While some harmful stress is inevitable, the techniques and approaches available for dealing with that stress are increasing. Some individuals and some circumstances are more at risk for high stress than are others. This chapter also reviews the benefits of controlling stress in the workplace.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
1.
Define stress, distress, strain, and eustress.
2.
Compare four different approaches to stress.
3.
Explain the psychophysiology of the stress response.
4.
Identify work and nonwork causes of stress.
5.
Describe the benefits of eustress and the costs of distress.
6.
Discuss four moderators of the stress-strain relationship.
7.
Distinguish the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of preventive stress management.
8.
Discuss organizational and individual methods of preventive stress management.
Key terms
Chapter 7 introduces the following key terms:
stress
stressor
distress
strain
homeostasis
ego-ideal
self-image
eustress
participation problem
performance decrement
compensation award
Type A behavior pattern
personality hardiness
transformational coping
self-reliance
counterdependence
overdependence
preventive stress management
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
THE CHAPTER SUMMARIZED I.
LOOKING AHEAD: Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease
II.
WHAT IS STRESS?
Stress is the unconscious preparation to fight or flee that a person experiences when faced with any demand. Stress does not necessarily have to be destructive. A stressor is the person or the event that triggers the stress response. Distress refers to the adverse psychological, physical, behavioral, and organizational consequences that may arise as a result of stressful events.
A.
Four Approaches to Stress
1.
The Homeostatic/Medical Approach
Walter Cannon was the physiologist who discovered the stress response, and he initially named it "the emergency response,” or "the militaristic response." A steady state balance, or equilibrium, is homeostasis, which is upset when a person faces an external demand. The body has natural processes to keep it in homeostasis.
2.
The Cognitive Appraisal Approach
Richard Lazarus made contributions related to the psychology of stress. What is stressful for one person may not be stressful for another. Stress is a result of the person-environment interaction. The person's cognitive appraisal of a situation as stressful is a key part of the stress process.
3.
The Person(Environment Fit Approach
Robert Kahn determined that there is a person-environment fit when skills and abilities match role expectations. Stress occurs when expectations are conflicting or confusing, or when a person's resources are unable to me ...
A STUDY ON EMPLOYEES ATTITUDE TOWARDS VARIOUS LEVELS OF STRESSORSIAEME Publication
Stress is a person’s perception of an event, a perceived difference between the demands placed upon a person and his or her ability to handle it or previous experience in coping with it. Every job creates a certain amount of pressure and sometimes it is this pressure that motivates us does a job well. Stress in our body’s reaction to excessive pressure. Stress is also explained as an adaptive response, moderated by individual differences, this a consequences of any action, situation, or a force that places special physical demands, psychological demands or both on the individual stressors are explained as any demands or the Jack of them on the mind or body. This study aimed to ascertain the level of stresses of tea estates employees in the Chithirapuram at Kerla. The data as collected through a structured interview schedule from 300 respondents by using the convenience random sampling method.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. A person caught in a traffic jam while rushing to office is under stress. A student preparing for examinations is under stress. Stress is every where and influences everyone.
3. Stress is a physiological and psychological imbalance . It arises due to the demands on a person and that person’s inability to meet these demands. Stress is the body’s way of reacting to any situation and it can have serious repercussions on an individual's life.
4. “ stress is the result produced when a structure system, or organism is acted upon by forces that disrupt equilibrium or produce strain.”- By Taber’s cyclopedic Dictionary..
5. Stress in individuals is defined as anything that disrupts the normal person’s physical or mental well – being. It occurs when the body performs activities outside its capabilities or when a person faces extraordinary demands. A simple display of stress may be a bad mood while an extreme display may be an act of violence.
6. Stress is unavoidable and has become an inherent part of human life. It arises as a result of the imbalance between the demands placed on an individual and his her capacity to meet those demands. For instance if the demands are away below his her capacity , then the individual may feel bored and disinterested . Conversely , if demands are way above his er capacity , then the individual may feel overwhelmed and thus feel the pressure. One way to handle such a situation is find a balance between the demands and capacities.
9. INTERNAL STRESS Internal stress generally happens when individuals worry about things outside their control. The personality of an individual plays a vital role in stress management. Every individual can be categorized into two type A and type B personalities . An individual of type A personality has a continual sense of urgency and has an excessive competitive drive. He she is always in a hurry and is impatient . People with type A personality are are obsessive about winning and do not have the ability to spend leisure time productively. These people are likely to be under stress even in minor situation. People with type B personality never sense the urgency of time. They work at their own pace. With no need to prove their achivements. These people are less likely to be under stress.
10. External Stress This type of stress is the result of environmental influence on an individual. External stress is a result of stress from the environment. This can be stress from family , work , peers and friends . Physical conditions such as poor lighting , loud noise . Poor seating arrangements and extreme workplace temperatures (a too hot or too cold cabin ) are also stressors. Even the climate where one resides can be a significant contributor to one’s stress level. In particular , living in extreme climates can heighten an individual’s stress level. Temperature extremes and the amount of sunshine that exists on a daily , weekly , or monthly basis can affect the level of stress experienced.
13. Personal stress Family stress Health related stress Society – related Stress Family stress may arise from conflict of ideas or relationships with spouse, children , sibling, parents. This stress may also be caused by the ill heath of a family member , financial problems, a divorce, or the death of a dear one. This may be a result of undetected or neglected health problems. For example a person may neglect minor ill health , which over a period may develop into a serious health problem that may require immediate attention. Often people ignore heath and give importance to work . This results in loss of health andin stress. Society related stress occur due to the influence of the society on an individual . Here friends , colleagues and neighbors are the influencing factors .
14. WORK RELATED STRESS This is organizational stress . Work related stress relates to the working environment and policies of the organization . work related stress can be further classified into organizational stress and job stress.
15. 1. Lack of organizational skills Poor organization skill lead to confusion over delegation of authority and responsibility . For instance and employee may given many responsibilities without sufficient authority . This would result in stress in performing duties and responsibilities.
16. 2. Long work hours. Everyone has a natural body clock. Working against this clock can create stress . Attempt to alter the body clock result in stress . Studies on call center executives . Show clearly the toll long work hours take in terms of stress related illness.
17. Job insecurity Job insecurity is a major stress factor. This kind of insecurity and lack of growth or promotions act as stressors. The higher the uncertainty higher in the stress. A sudden change in management and work policies can also result in stress.
18. Time And Stress Stress is a result of doing things at the wrong times. It is a result of managing time and striving hard to stick to deadlines. By developing the art of time management people can reduce stress. Effective time management and stress management are inter dependent.
19. Job Stress Stress due to lack of resources or scare resources at the workplace is called job stress .
20.
21. 2. personal inadequacy. there can be lack of knowledge or skills to handle a particular task or job. This can create stress.
22. 2. Role conflict . This is a conflict between a person’s likes , values , and jobs requirements. For instance , a manager may have to take a decision regarding firing a subordinate keeping the organization interest in mind even though he she may like the subordinate’s work . This creates a conflict between his her likes and job responsibilities , resulting in stress.
23. 3. Setting high goals. Setting high goals for oneself is a major stressor. For example , a sales manager may fix some high sales target for self in a month. Not achieving the target may result in stress and in extreme cases may even lead to depression.
24. 4. Overwork and deadlines. Extended periods of work or continuous work can lead to extreme stress situations. Employees especially those in the BPO industry are required to work in shifts that result in stress. Strict deadlines and rigid plans create stress in employees.
25. Techno - stress Technological innovations like mobiles, laptops, and game stations are adding to the stress levels of individuals. E-Strees or techno-stress is a physical and psychological reaction to the changing technological environment. Some clinical psychologist. Have defined techno stress an any negative impact on attitudes , thoughts behaviours or body psychology caused directly or indirectly by technology.
27. The human body reaction to stress is natural . It results from the need to resist stressful situation. For example , when a person is nervous. There is an increase in his her pulse rate. however , things can go out of control if too much stress is present. the person may have a heart attack or a nervous breakdown.
30. Transactional model Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman suggested in 1984 that stress can be thought of as resulting from an “imbalance between demands and resources” or as occurring when “pressure exceeds one's perceived ability to cope”. Stress management was developed and premised on the idea that stress is not a direct response to a stressor but rather one's resources and ability to cope mediate the stress response and are amenable to change, thus allowing stress to be controllable. [3]
31. In order to develop an effective stress management programme it is first necessary to identify the factors that are central to a person controlling his/her stress, and to identify the intervention methods which effectively target these factors. Lazarus and Folkman's interpretation of stress focuses on the transaction between people and their external environment (known as the Transactional Model). The model conceptualizes stress as a result of how a stressor is appraised and how a person appraises his/her resources to cope with the stressor. The model breaks the stressor-stress link by proposing that if stressors are perceived as positive or challenging rather than a threat, and if the stressed person is confident that he/she possesses adequate rather than deficient coping strategies, stress may not necessarily follow the presence of a potential stressor. The model proposes that stress can be reduced by helping stressed people change their perceptions of stressors, providing them with strategies to help them cope and improving their confidence in their ability to do so.
32. Health realization/innate health model The health realization/innate health model of stress is also founded on the idea that stress does not necessarily follow the presence of a potential stressor. Instead of focusing on the individual's appraisal of so-called stressors in relation to his or her own coping skills (as the transactional model does), the health realization model focuses on the nature of thought, stating that it is ultimately a person's thought processes that determine the response to potentially stressful external circumstances. In this model, stress results from appraising oneself and one's circumstances through a mental filter of insecurity and negativity, whereas a feeling of well-being results from approaching the world with a "quiet mind," "inner wisdom," and "common sense" This model proposes that helping stressed individuals understand the nature of thought--especially providing them with the ability to recognize when they are in the grip of insecure thinking, disengage from it, and access natural positive feelings--will reduce their stress.
33. Techniques of stress management There are several ways of coping with stress. Some techniques of time management may help a person to control stress. In the face of high demands, effective stress management involves learning to set limits and to say "No" to some demands that others make. Techniques of stress management will vary according to the theoretical paradigm adhered to, but may include some of the following
34. Autogenic training Cognitive therapy Conflict resolution Exercise Meditation Deep Breathing Nootropic s Relaxation techniques Natural medicine Time management Listening to certain types of relaxing music
35. Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932. The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation . Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ( e.g. lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, etc. ). The technique can be used to alleviate many stress -induced psychosomatic disorders. Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation . It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system . Abbe Faria and Emile Coue are the forerunners of Schultz. There are many parallels to progressive relaxation .
36. Cognitive therapy Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapy developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s . Becoming disillusioned with long-term psychodynamic approaches based on gaining insight into unconscious emotions and drives, Beck came to the conclusion that the way in which his clients perceived and interpreted and attributed meaning—a process known scientifically as cognition —in their daily lives was a key to therapy.Beck initially focused on depression and developed a list of "errors" in thinking that he proposed could cause or maintain depression, including arbitrary inference , selective abstraction , over-generalization , and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives). Cognitive therapy seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic" ways of thinking, and therefore to influence emotion and behaviour. Beck outlined his approach in Depression: Causes and Treatment in 1967 . He later expanded his focus to include anxiety disorders, in Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders in 1976, and other disorders and problems. [2] He also introduced a focus on the underlying "schema"—the fundamental underlying ways in which people process information—whether about the self, the world or the future. Treatment is based on collaboration between client and therapist and on testing beliefs.
37. Conflict resolution Conflict resolution is the process of attempting to resolve a dispute or a conflict . Successful conflict resolution occurs by listening to and providing opportunities to meet the needs of all parties, and to adequately address interests so that each party is satisfied with the outcome. Conflict Practitioners talk about finding the win-win outcome for parties involved, vs. the win-lose dynamic found in most conflicts. While 'conflict resolution' engages conflict once it has already started , 'conflict prevention' aims to end conflicts before they start or before they lead to verbal, physical, or legal fighting or violence. Conflict itself has both positive and negative outcomes. Practitioners in the field of Conflict Resolution aim to find ways to promote the positive outcomes and minimize the negative outcomes. There is a debate in the field of conflict work as to whether or not all conflicts can be resolved, thus making the term conflict resolution one of contention. Other common terms include Conflict Management, Conflict Transformation and Conflict Intervention. Conflict management can be the general process in which conflict is managed by the parties toward a conclusion. However it is also referred to as a situation where conflict is a deliberate personal, social and organizational tool, especially used by capable politicians and other social engineers. Conflict Practitioners work on conflict in many arenas - internationally, domestically, interpersonally and intrapersonally.
38. Physical exercise A physical exercise is a bodily activity that develops and maintains physical fitness and overall health . It is often practiced to strengthen muscles and the cardiovascular system, and to hone athletic skills. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent diseases of affluence such as heart disease , cardiovascular disease , Type .
39. Meditation is a discipline in which the mind is focused on an object of thought or awareness . It usually involves turning attention to a single point of reference. The practice may engender a higher state of consciousness . Meditation is recognized as a component of almost all religions, and has been practiced for over 5,000 years.Meditative disciplines encompass a wide range of spiritual and/or psychophysical practices which can emphasize development of either a high degree of mental concentration, or the apparent converse, mental quiescence . The word meditation comes from the Latin meditatio , which originally indicated every type of physical or intellectual exercise, then later evolved into the more specific meaning " contemplation ."